Total Number Of Authors Research Articles

Over twenty years of publications in Ecology: Over-contribution of women reveals a new dimension of gender bias

Biographical features like social and economic status, ethnicity, sexuality, care roles, and gender unfairly disadvantage individuals within academia. Authorship patterns should reflect the social dimension behind the publishing process and co-authorship dynamics. To detect potential gender biases in the authorship of papers and examine the extent of women’s contribution in terms of the substantial volume of scientific production in Ecology, we surveyed papers from the top-ranked journal Ecology from 1999 to 2021. We developed a Women’s Contribution Index (WCI) to measure gender-based individual contributions. Considering gender, allocation in the author list, and the total number of authors, the WCI calculates the sum of each woman’s contribution per paper. We compared the WCI with women’s expected contributions in a non-gender-biased scenario. Overall, women account for 30% of authors of Ecology, yet their contribution to papers is higher than expected by chance (i.e., over-contribution). Additionally, by comparing the WCI with an equivalent Men’s Contribution Index, we found that women consistently have higher contributions compared to men. We also observed a temporal trend of increasing women’s authorship and mixed-gender papers. This suggests some progress in addressing gender bias in the field of ecology. However, we emphasize the need for a better understanding of the pattern of over-contribution, which may partially stem from the phenomenon of over-compensation. In this context, women might need to outperform men to be perceived and evaluated as equals. The WCI provides a valuable tool for quantifying individual contributions and understanding gender biases in academic publishing. Moreover, the index could be customized to suit the specific question of interest. It serves to uncover a previously non-quantified type of bias (over-contribution) that, we argue, is the response to the inequitable structure of the scientific system, leading to differences in the roles of individuals within a scientific publishing team.

Scientific production in sexual and reproductive health and rights research according to gender and affiliation: An analysis of publications from 1972 to 2021.

Peer-reviewed literature is commonly used to assess academic progress and research excellency. However, representation in authorship of global health publications is biased and unfair. In order to shed light on current gaps towards attaining gender equality in scientific production and shift power asymmetries in global health research, we conducted an assessment of authorship trends from 1972 to 2021 with a focus on gender and geographic representation in scientific articles authored or co-authored by researchers affiliated with UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP). We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and HRP public reports for publications where at least one author was affiliated with HRP. Our main outcome measures were author gender and location of author affiliation, classified by region and country income group. We used descriptive statistics to characterize the publications under analysis as well as the total number of authors from the included papers. We applied a logistic regression model to explore associations between author gender and other characteristics of published articles and a time series analysis to assess how time can influence the inclusion of women as authors in a publication. Python and R were used for all analyses. A total of 1,484 publications with 14,424 listed authors representing 5,950 unique authors were included in our analysis: 42.5% were female, 35.1% male, and 22.4% unknown (p<0.0001). First authorship was more likely female (56.9%) and from a high-income country (74.6%, p<0.0001) while last authorship was mostly male (53.7%) also from a high-income country (82.5%, p<0.0001). Females more frequently published papers using qualitative data (61.4%) and reviews/estimates (59.4%) while men published more case control (70.7%) and randomised controlled studies (53.0%), p<0.0001. The adjusted odds of there being a female author increased 4% for every additional year that passed. While there are more females authoring articles as compared to the past, they are still lagging behind with regards to seniority and prestige. Likewise, female representation is closely tied to what institution they are affiliated with and where that institution is located. Global health research institutions need to actively promote change by ensuring women are included in research and research outputs, giving them opportunities to lead.

Analysis of retracted articles by Jordanian authors

Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze retracted articlespublished by Jordanian authors in the period between 2001 to2022.&#x0D; &#x0D; Method: This paper was done by using data from the Retraction Watch database filtered to include papers where one of the authors was affiliated to Jordan covering the period between2001 to 2022.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results: The search yielded a total of 40 articles retracted with authors affiliated to Jordan for papers published from 2001 to 2022, as reported in the retraction watch database. The number of retractions in the last 5 years has been increasing. Regardingfields, medicine was the most common with 50% of retractions, followed by technology and engineering. The total number of authors in this research was 132, out of them 79 authors were from Jordan. Five authors had two retractions, while the rest had one retraction. Of the total retractions, 7(18%) were from the University of jordan. Followed by Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) with 6 (15%.) retractions. In regard to the reason for retraction, author and data related disputes were the most common.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion: retractions in articles published by Jordanian authors has been increasing throughout the last few years, with highest researching universities having highest number of retractions. Awareness about data and author related reasons for retractions may lower retractions in Jordan.

Repairing the scaffolding: women authors in Paleobiology

AbstractWomen are underrepresented in paleontology. Despite more women students, representation at senior levels remains low. To advance professionally, scientists must disseminate their research through peer-reviewed publications. We examine gendered authorship patterns in Paleobiology to ask whether the publishing infrastructure supports the Paleontological Society's gender-equity goals. We reviewed all papers published in Paleobiology from its inception in 1975 through 2021. For each paper, we recorded each author, the author's position in the author list, and the total number of authors on each paper. We coded gender based on a combination of personal communication and pronouns used in publicly available information. We compared author demographics with anonymized membership data from the Paleontological Society. Over the journal's run, the number of authors per paper increased due to cultural shifts toward collaborative work and acknowledging student contributions with coauthorship. These trends contribute to proportionally more women authors, beginning in the early 2000s. Despite these increases, women remain chronically underrepresented. In 2018, 2019, and 2021, the proportion of women authors in Paleobiology paralleled membership in the Paleontological Society. However, in 2020, Paleobiology published fewer women authors than expected based on society membership. This echoes declines in women's scholarly productivity in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic observed across many disciplines. We offer four recommendations: (1) practice double-anonymous peer review; (2) recruit editors from diverse backgrounds who invite reviewers with diverse backgrounds; (3) democratize manuscript review by selecting reviewers from a disaggregated reviewer database; and (4) gather and analyze demographic data for both submissions and publications.

THE CONCEPT OF CRYPTOCURRENCY IN ISLAM

Digital money obtained by converting physical money into digital is often used in electronic transactions. However, modern technology has also produced virtual currencies, known as cryptocurrencies. Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are unregulated and have not received official approval by Indonesian law. Research to know and analyze the concept of crypto according to Islam. With the method of literature review combined with bibliometric analysis. Data was collected using Publish or Perish (PoP) software from the Google Scholar database. Table 1 shows the number of author citations for works discussing cryptocurrencies and Islamic studies. Based on search results obtained by PoP software. The number of citations from authors who have more than 10 citations is calculated from the total number of authors. Use keywords as a foundation. Nine clusters were found as a result of keyword mapping: red, blue, yellow, green, purple, orange, brown, and pink.

Studies on intramedullary nailing over 40 years by science mapping method.

As the amount of knowledge in literature continues to increase. Seeing research as a whole and determining its development and direction has become increasingly difficult. To overcome this challenge, new methods are needed. Among the methods developed, bibliometric methods that allow for evaluating research models from different perspectives and identifying collaborations stand out. This article it is aimed to identify the main research themes and trends, highlight the gaps in the literature, and explore the potential for research in this field. Bibliometric analyses are conducted in databases that contain high-quality data. In this regard, the Web of Science Core Collection (WoS) was chosen in our study. The search was covered the years between 1982-2022. A total of 2556 articles. In our research, articles were examined in two sections. The first section provides an overview of articles on the intramedullary nailing. In the second stage, content analyses were conducted. A total of 2556 articles were published in 352 journals. The total number of authors is 8992, and the average citation per article is 18.87. The United States, China, and England are the top three countries. Based on the H-index most influential authors are Schemitsch EH and Bhandari M. The Injury-International Journal of the Care of the Injured journal has published 10.44% of all articles. Our study sheds light on the 40-year development dynamics of intramedullary nailing.

Abstract 9931: Women Representation in Authorship of European Society of Cardiology Guidelines: Temporal Trends and a Geographic Perspective

Introduction: Diversity of authors of the international Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) will ensure raising broader concerns and contributing different perspectives. There is lack of data regarding gender and global distribution of authors of cardiovascular CPG. Purpose: To assess gender and geographic distribution of authors of ESC CPG and compare these over the contemporary years (2015 - 2021) vs earlier years (prior to 2015). Methods: ESC website was searched to include CPG. Sex and affiliating country of authors were determined by searching ESC 365 platform, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, LinkedIn platforms, social media or author’s affiliating institution website. Results: Thirty-eight documents were analyzed (26 contemporary documents vs 12 earlier documents). The documents included 28 CPG and 10 non-CPG documents (i.e., position papers, expert consensus, scientific statements, or task force reports). Total number of authors =748, 18.85% were women (21.84% in contemporary documents vs 8.02% in earlier documents, p&lt;0.001). Total number of chair/co-chair position was 67, 10.44% were women (11.32% in contemporary vs 7.14% in earlier documents, p&lt;0.001). Lowest proportion of women authors was in interventional cardiology CPG (13.3%) while highest proportion was in pediatric cardiology CPG (37.5%). Highest proportion of total authors (regardless gender) was from UK, Italy and Germany in 11.9%, 11.1%, and 10.3% respectively. Highest number of women authors were from UK, Netherlands and Italy in 15.5%, 12.7% and 11.3% respectively. Highest percentage of women authors among total authors from each specific country were from Austria 46.7%, Netherlands 37.5% and Sweden 35.1% Conclusion: Despite trends showing an overall increase in female authorship over years, there still remain gender and geographic disparities in writing committee/ task force shares, indicating potential for enhanced efforts to improve diversity within professional societies.

Amplifying research influence through the social network, open access publishing, and international collaboration: A mediation analysis on nursing studies literature.

Research impact and influence are commonly measured quantitatively by citation count received by research articles. Many institutes also use citation count as one of the factors in faculty performance appraisal and candidate selection of academic positions. Various strategies were recommended to amplify and accelerate research influence, particularly citation counts, by bringing research articles to a wider reach for potential readers. However, no prior empirical study was conducted to examine and valid effects of those strategies on nursing studies. This study examines and verifies the direct effects and mediation effects of some strategies, namely, the use of Twitter, international collaboration, the use of ResearchGate, and open access publishing, for amplifying the citation of research and review articles in nursing studies. Cross-sectional study design. Articles published in top nursing journals in 2016 were identified in PUBMED and the citation metrics for individual articles until 2021 were extracted from Scopus. The primary outcome was the citation count of the article, while the tweet count on Twitter of the article was considered a mediator. The predictors included paper type, the total number of authors, the proportion of authors with a ResearchGate account in the article, funding support, open-accessed article, and the number of different countries stated in the authors' affiliation. A mediation analysis was conducted to examine the predictors' direct and indirect effects (i.e., via tweet count) on the citation count of the article. A total of 2210 articles were included in this study, of which 223 (10.1%) were review articles. The median (IQR) number of Scopus citations, tweets, countries, and percentage of authors with ResearchGate accounts were 12 (6-21), 2 (0-6), 1 (1-1), and 75% (50%-100%) respectively. In the mediation analysis, tweet count, article type, number of countries, percentage of authors with a ResearchGate account, and journal impact factors in 2014 were positively associated with the Scopus citation count. The effects of article type, open access, and journals' impact factors in 2014 on Scopus citation count were mediated by the tweet count. This study provides empirical support for some strategies researchers may employ to amplify the citation count of their research articles. The methodology of our study can be extended to compare research influence between entities (e.g., across countries or institutes). The citation refers to the research work cited by peers and is one of the indicators for research impact. Higher citations implied the research work is read and used by others, therefore, understanding the associated factors with higher citations is critical.

Analysis of Ecuador's SCOPUS scientific production during the 2001–2020 period by means of standardized citation indicators

An analysis of the scientific production of Ecuador is performed by means of the composite indicator computed for Ecuador-based authors as compared to their counterparts of other South American countries. The dataset employed was obtained from the Databricks platform of the ELSEVIER's International Center for Science Research, ICSR. Therefore, this analysis is limited to the metadata of the documents published in journals indexed in SCOPUS. Comparison of the results obtained for two decades: 2001–2010 and 2011–2020 showed that the number of Ecuador-based researchers has significantly increased in different areas of knowledge. Moreover, comparison between the total number of authors that worked in Ecuador at any given year of the 2011–2020 period and the number of authors that are still working in this country up to the date of the data extraction (i.e., June 2021) showed an average of ∼68% of permanency. Analysis of the percentage distribution in terms of range quarters of the composite indicator (i.e., Q4: 0–1.5, Q3: 1.5–3.0, Q2: 3.0–4.5, and Q1: 4.5–6.0) showed that nearly the totality of the Ecuador-based researchers has composite indicators that lay in the Q4 and Q3 ranges for all the scientific fields considered. The latter was observed to be an effect of the scientific impact of South American countries, with larger investments in science and technology in comparison to Ecuador (i.e., Argentina, Brazil, and Chile). Exclusion of this group of countries in the calculation of the composite indicator of Ecuador-based authors resulted in a noticeable increment of scientists with composite indicators within Q2. Finally, our results suggest, in agreement with previous studies, a correlation between the sustained growth of scientific productivity in the decade 2011–2020 with the scientific programs and policies created by the state, where the initiative of scientific culture is shown as a strategy for growth and development.

Bibliometric Analysis of Top 100 Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses in Orthopaedic Literature.

We performed a bibliometric analysis of top 100 systematic reviews (SR) and meta-analyses (MA) in orthopaedic literature and also evaluated articles with maximum average citation per year, which were unable to make up in the present top 100 cited list, but may have a promising future in the world of citations. This bibliometric study was performed by searching Web of Science database according to a specific search strategy by two independent authors according to eligibility criteria of the studies. Articles with more than 100 citations were eligible for analysis and were evaluated for following parameters: number of citations, journal name, publication date and year, first author, the total number of authors, average citations per year, methodological design of the study, geographic origin and institute associated. Inter-rater reliability was evaluated using Kappa coefficient. The number of citations ranged from 1073 to 198 with a total citation count of 30,589. Inter-rater reliability came to out in the good agreement (Kappa value-0.8). There was visible up-gradation of the research from the 2000year till today. Spine journal had the maximum articles (26) followed by Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-America (12 articles). The topics "Spine" and "Sports Medicine" were the most frequently cited topics with 41 and 20 articles, respectively. USA has the maximum articles in the top 100 cited SR and MA. Based on the maximum average citations per year, 34 old articles were replaced in the list with the latest articles that have a bright future ahead and can be predicted to be in the top 100 cited SR and MA of Orthopaedics soon. This study recognizes those articles that have contributed significantly to the growth of knowledge and influenced clinical practices in orthopaedics. We believe that this will facilitate and encourage researchers and clinicians in their future research. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43465-022-00604-9.

A Bibliometric Study of the Pediatric Inguinal Hernia Publication Landscape from the Web of Science Database.

The number of times a research work gets cited by another article is one of the article-level metrics for assessing the quality of a research publication. Citation analysis by bibliometric review has been performed in several disciplines. The current study was aimed to systematically review the literature available on pediatric inguinal hernia since 1960 in terms of the 25 most cited articles in this field and analyze the bibliometric variables author and organizational collaborative patterns. Thomson Reuters Web of Science citation indexing database and research platform were used to retrieve the most cited articles in pediatric inguinal hernia (PIH) using appropriate search strings. The characteristics (name of authors, the total number of authors, the title of publication, journal of publication, year of publication, etc.) of the 25 top-cited articles were recorded. Specific bibliographical parameters were derived and analyzed. Visualization maps were generated using VOSviewer software. The analysis revealed that the Journal of Pediatric Surgery was leading the choice of journal for publication. While most of the publications originated from the United States of America, Schier was the most influential author. Five of the eight top-productive authors are also the most connected. Articles on laparoscopic repair in PIH have been heavily cited. Following the United States of America, Turkey stands out as the topmost productive country in PIH. The publications on PIH show that "collaboration" is the bridging force between productivity and influence on the academic community.

Fifty Most Influential Articles on Anorectal Malformations: A Tribute through Bibliometric Ranking.

Background:With the global assimilation of “publish and perish” culture into institutional academics, there has been an exponential rise in the publication numbers. There are ~2500 PUBMED entries related to “anorectal malformation (ARM).” The young clinician in his pursuit to translate experimental research to bedside often finds himself lost “in the midst of plenty.” This bibliometric analysis has been conducted to codify the seminal work on ARM for future reference and pay tribute to the most impactful articles.Materials and Methods:Thomson Reuters Web of Science citation indexing database and research platform was used to retrieve the most cited articles in ARM using appropriate search strings. The characteristics (name of authors, the total number of authors, the title of publication, journal of publication, year of publication, etc.,) of the 50 top-cited articles were analyzed.Results:The analysis revealed that the Journal of Paediatric Surgery was leading the choice of journal for publication. While most of the publications originated from the United States of America, Alberto Pena was the most influential author. The most studied topic was on associated malformations, and the most common study design was cohort studies.Conclusion:The approach of citation analysis provided us an opportunity to retrieve the most influential articles on ARM. The trends in research in ARM have also been analyzed, spreading over five decades.

Editorial

Research publications and their citation impact have been a topic of extensive studies in the recent past. In the current highly competitive environment, universities are struggling to maintain and enhance their research productivity and citations. This article presents the summary of a secondary analysis of the Elsevier-Stanford University list of the global 2% most-cited scientists released so far. The data regarding the career-long category were sorted according to the number of authors, affiliated university, and the country. Subsequently, the countries were ranked based on the total number of authors in each year from 2017 to 2020, and the top 100 countries were further analyzed to see their annual progress. The analysis shows that countries with clear, focused, and strategic approaches towards promoting collaborative research and open access to research data and publications could succeed in producing highly cited scientists.

Women's Authorship of Reviews in Ophthalmic Journals Over Time.

Purpose:To investigate prevalence and trends in women's authorship of articles in ophthalmic review journals over 2 decades.Design:Literature survey.Methods:Total number of authors, and number and gender of first and senior (last-named) authors, were identified in all full reviews published in Prog Retin Eye Res, Surv Ophthalmol, and Curr Opin Ophthalmol for the calendar years 1999, 2009, and 2019. The gender of authors was assigned manually by multiple methods. The subspecialty area of each review was captured by keyword and text search. Country of origin was determined from attributions of first and senior authors.Results:The gender of 841 first and senior authors was assigned unequivocally for 471 articles (96%). The frequency of women's authorship rose significantly over time (1999, 2009, 2019) for both first authors (19%, 32%, 44%; P < 0.001) and senior authors (16%, 19%, 29%; P = 0.018). The number of single-author reviews decreased significantly over time (P < 0.001), as did the proportion of reviews with neither a first nor a senior woman author (P < 0.001). Women's first authorship increased over time for reviews on glaucoma (P < 0.001), while women's senior authorship increased for anterior segment/cataract (P = 0.036). The proportion of reviews with a woman first or senior author did not differ by country of origin (P = 0.887 and P = 0.520, respectively).Conclusions:Women's authorship of articles in ophthalmic review journals increased significantly over the 20-year period, but a gender disparity remained: in 2019, more than 55% of first authors, and more than 70% of senior authors, were men.

Research Trends in Diabetes Applying VOS Viewer: A Scientometric Profile

As diabetes is a non-communicable disease, many scientists try to cure it in different ways throughout the globe. Due to the remarkable scientific growth in this area, we focus on evaluating the scholarly publications and their current research trends in diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes published by Indian scientists using statistical tools and scientometric analysis. A total of 83 318 global research productivity and a total number of research publications from India was 2 381 with 36, 408 global citations and the Period between 2009 and 2018. Further, the total number of authors (17712) and its average number of authors is 7.44, a total number of 782 core journals and 95 228 cited references found during the research period. To evaluate data, various scientometric techniques or indicators were used such as Authorship Pattern (Single vs Multiple), Degree of Collaboration, Relative growth rate (RGR) and Doubling Time (DT) and many more indicators used. This study limits with Indian research output did not include world literature. We try to identify the information in different types of type 1 diabetes between 2009 and 2018. This study will help to find out the core journals for collection management and for promoting diabetes research and developments in future. We chose the core keywords in type 1 diabetes with full records with abstracts, types of manuscripts, cited references using the Web of Science database.

Gender Authorship Trends in the Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Literature.

Despite increasing numbers of women oculoplastic surgeons, they remain underrepresented within the subspecialty. The purpose of this study was to analyze trends in gender authorship within the field of ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery. This retrospective observational study sampled articles published in Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (OPRS) and Orbit during the years 1985, 1995, 2005, 2015, and 2020. Data reviewed included article type, total number of authors, and the gender of each article's first and senior author. Nine hundred ninety-nine articles were analyzed, including 701 in OPRS and 298 in Orbit. Of 3,716 total authors, 1,151 (31%) were women, including 297 (29.7%) first authors, and 191 (21.5%) senior authors. Women authorship in OPRS in 1985 (first, 3.9%; senior, 3.3%; all, 3.2%) significantly increased by 2020 (first, 44.6%; senior, 27.9%; all, 42%). Women authorship in Orbit in 1985 (first, 0%; senior, 4.5%; all, 7.4%) also significantly increased by 2020 (first, 43.3%; senior, 34%; all, 42.9%). In a subanalysis of OPRS original investigations alone, women first authorship increased from 3.1% in 1985 to 35.8% in 2020 (p < 0.001) and women senior authorship increased from 4.3% in 1985 to 25% in 2020 (p = 0.001). In a subanalysis of Orbit original investigations alone, women first authorship increased from 0% in 1985 to 65.4% in 2020 (p < 0.001) and women senior authorship increased from 5.3% in 1985 to 42.3% in 2020 (p < 0.001). Despite a significant increase in women authorship over the past several decades, women remain underrepresented within the oculoplastic literature, particularly in regard to senior authorship. When considering original investigations alone, there has been a significant increase in women first and senior authorship in both OPRS and Orbit.

Evaluating the relationship between citation set size, team size and screening methods used in systematic reviews: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundStandard practice for conducting systematic reviews (SRs) is time consuming and involves the study team screening hundreds or thousands of citations. As the volume of medical literature grows, the citation set sizes and corresponding screening efforts increase. While larger team size and alternate screening methods have the potential to reduce workload and decrease SR completion times, it is unknown whether investigators adapt team size or methods in response to citation set sizes. Using a cross-sectional design, we sought to understand how citation set size impacts (1) the total number of authors or individuals contributing to screening and (2) screening methods.MethodsMEDLINE was searched in April 2019 for SRs on any health topic. A total of 1880 unique publications were identified and sorted into five citation set size categories (after deduplication): < 1,000, 1,001–2,500, 2,501–5,000, 5,001–10,000, and > 10,000. A random sample of 259 SRs were selected (~ 50 per category) for data extraction and analysis.ResultsWith the exception of the pairwise t test comparing the under 1000 and over 10,000 categories (median 5 vs. 6, p = 0.049) no statistically significant relationship was evident between author number and citation set size. While visual inspection was suggestive, statistical testing did not consistently identify a relationship between citation set size and number of screeners (title-abstract, full text) or data extractors. However, logistic regression identified investigators were significantly more likely to deviate from gold-standard screening methods (i.e. independent duplicate screening) with larger citation sets. For every doubling of citation size, the odds of using gold-standard screening decreased by 15 and 20% at title-abstract and full text review, respectively. Finally, few SRs reported using crowdsourcing (n = 2) or computer-assisted screening (n = 1).ConclusionsLarge citation set sizes present a challenge to SR teams, especially when faced with time-sensitive health policy questions. Our study suggests that with increasing citation set size, authors are less likely to adhere to gold-standard screening methods. It is possible that adjunct screening methods, such as crowdsourcing (large team) and computer-assisted technologies, may provide a viable solution for authors to complete their SRs in a timely manner.

APPLICATION OF DEEP LEARNING

In the last decade, there has been a significant increase in the number of papers related to machine learning and the application of machine learning in various fields of science. Belmonte et al. observed that between 2010 and 2018, the growth in the number of papers related to machine learning topics and big data was exponential. They analysed 4240 scientific publications from the Web of Science citation database [1]. Xu et al., in the analysis of publications in the International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics, noted that from 2010 to 2017, the number of publications, the cooperation rate, the total number of authors, and the degree of cooperation had shown an increasing trend [2]. Dokic et al. analysed the publication of papers in which deep learning is applied in the field of agriculture and noticed that the first papers were published in 2014, and in the second half of the second decade of the 21st century, exponential growth in the number of published papers was observed [3]. The objectives of this paper are primarily to analyze the literature related to the application of deep learning in apple growing, to propose the division of these papers depending on the area, and to analyze the observed trends in publishing papers related to this topic. In the analysis, only papers published in scientific journals were considered, and the condition is that they be found in the citation databases of the Web of Science or Scopus. The second section gives a brief overview of deep learning and its development and a presentation of the importance of apple growing in agriculture. The third section is an overview of papers that use deep learning methods and solve some problems in growing apples. The third section is divided into four parts, depending on the area the paper deals with. The fourth section is a discussion and conclusion.

A review on h-index and its alternative indices

In recent years, several scientometrics and bibliometrics indicators were proposed to evaluate the scientific impact of individuals, institutions, colleges, universities and research teams. The h-index gives a breakthrough in the research community for assessing the scientific impact of an individual. It got a lot of attention due to its simplicity, and several other indicators were proposed to extend the properties of the h-index and to overcome its shortcomings. In this literature review, we have discussed the advantages and limitations of almost all scientometrics and bibliometrics indicators, which have been categorised into seven categories based on their properties: (1) complement of h-index, (2) based on total number of authors, (3) based on publication age, (4) combination of two indices, (5) based on excess citation count, (6) based on total publication count and (7) based on other variants. The primary objective of this article is to study all those indicators which have been proposed to evaluate the scientific impact of an individual researcher or a group of researchers.

Trends in Gender Distribution Among Authors of Research Studies in Pediatrics: 2015-2019.

* Abbreviation: IQR — : interquartile range In a previous report on the gender distribution of authors of articles published in leading pediatric journals, researchers found disparities in the proportion of articles written by women relative to men, with some closing of the gender gap from 2001 to 2016.1 In 2016, 63% of pediatricians were women; 58% of the publications had a female first author, but only 38% had a female senior author.1,2 Additionally, reports have found that female first authors are associated with female authors in the senior author position and female gender of the first or senior author is associated with a higher number of collaborating departments and institutions.1,3–6 However, to our knowledge, this report is the only study on this topic in the field of pediatrics, assessing authorship gender distribution in 5-year intervals through 2016.1 The Pediatrics editorial board is committed to addressing underrepresentation of all types, including gender differences in authorship. To begin to understand this issue, we evaluated regular articles published in Pediatrics within the past 4.5 years for female representation in authorship, the degree to which the gender of first and senior … Address correspondence to Kriti Puri, MBBS, Texas Children’s Hospital, 6651 Main St, E1420, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail: kriti.puri{at}bcm.edu