Total Non-essential Amino Acids Research Articles

MON-098 Losses of Amino Acid in the Pre- and Post-dilution of On-line HDF under the Same Reduction Rate of β2-microglobulin

We reported that amino acid loss occurred during pre-dilution on-line hemodiafiltration (Pre-HDF) was significantly less than those of hemodialysis. Since the amino acid kinetics during HDF therapy has not clearly been understood, we compared the amino acid losses that occur on performing Pre-HDF and post-dilution on-line HDF (Post-HDF) under the same reduction rate of β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) in the present study. We compared the total amino acid, total non-essential/essential/branched-chain amino acid amount into the total waste fluid, reduction rate of Urea, Cr and β2-MG and Kt/V (urea) between 9 patients undergoing Pre-HDF (7 males, 4 diabetic, mean age: 72.4±2.1 years) and the same patients receiving Post-HDF. The mean blood flow rate in the former and latter was 222±25 and 200±0 mL/min, respectively. The dialysate flow rate was 329±49 and 556±0 mL/min, respectively. The replacement fluid flow rate was 251±27 and 44±0 mL/min, respectively. The replacement fluid volume was 57±6 and 10±0 L, respectively. The reduction rate ofβ2-MG was same between the Pre-HDF and Post-HDF group (Pre-HDF: 80.9±4.0%, Post-HDF: 80.4±3.7%, P=0.545). In the Pre-HDF group, the total and total non-essential amino acid losses (4814.3±1055.6 and 3058.4±632.0 mg, respectively) were not significantly different from in the Post-HDF group (5257.3±698.9 and 3421.9±446.8 mg, respectively) (P=0.180 and 0.116, respectively). In the former, the total essential amino acid (1755.9±503.3 mg) was not significantly different from in the latter (1835.3±351.0 mg) (P=0.401) and also in the former, the branched-chain amino acid (780.2±224.2 mg) was not significantly in the latter (816.4±210.1 mg) (P=0.139). In the Pre-HDF group, the urea and Cr reduction rates were 69.5±7.4 and 63.2±6.7%, respectively. In the Post-HDF group, the values were 70.9±4.4 and 64.8±3.9%, respectively. The values showed no significant differences between the Pre-HDF and Post-HDF group (Urea: P=0.354, Cr: P=0.309). The Kt/V (urea) values in the former and latter were 1.46±0.28 and 1.45±0.19, respectively; there was no significant difference (p=0.862). Under the same reduction rate of β2-MG, the moderate volume Post-HDF (replacement fluid volume: around 10.0 L) is as favorable as the Pre-HDF as a blood purification method from the viewpoint of nutrition.

Effects of dietary supplementation with betaine on muscle growth, muscle amino acid contents and meat quality in Cherry Valley ducks.

The effects of dietary betaine supplementationon growth performance, carcass characteristics, muscle amino acid contents, meat quality, antioxidant capacity, myogenic gene expression and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway in Cherry Valley ducks were evaluated. A total of 720 1-day-old Cherry Valley ducks were randomly distributed into four groups with six replicates of 30 birds for a 42-day feeding trial. Ducks were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 250, 500 or 1,000mg/kg betaine, respectively. Growth performance was not affected by betaine. Incremental levels of betaine linearly (p<0.05) increased the breast muscle yield and linearly (p<0.05) decreased the subcutaneous fat thickness and the abdominal fat yield. The contents of methionine, serine, glycine, glutamate and total non-essential amino acid in breast muscle were linearly (p<0.05) increased by betaine supplementation. With increasing betaine levels, the drip loss and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were linearly (p<0.05) decreased, and the redness of meat (linear p<0.05), the activities of catalase (CAT) (linear p<0.05) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) (linear p<0.05, quadratic p<0.05) were increased. Moreover, the myogenic differentiation factor 1 (MyoD1) mRNA expression and the mTOR mRNA expression and protein phosporylation were linearly (p<0.05) up-regulated, and the myostatin (MSTN) mRNA expression was linearly (p<0.05) down-regulatedby betaine supplementation. Overall, this study indicated that betaine supplementation did not affect the growth performance of Cherry Valley ducks, but could linearly increase some amino acid contents in breast muscle, especially glycine, and increase muscle antioxidant activity to improve meat quality. Moreover, betaine supplementation could improve the breast muscle yield by increasing MyoD1 mRNA expression, decreasing MSTN mRNA expression and regulating mTOR signalling pathway.

Effect of N-acetyl-l-methionine supplementation on lactation performance and plasma variables in mid-lactating dairy cows

The objective of current study was to investigate the effect of N-acetyl-l-methionine (NALM) supplementation on lactation performance and plasma variables in mid-lactating dairy cows. Forty-eight multiparous cows were blocked into 12 groups based on parity, days in milk, and milk production and were randomly assigned to 1 of the 4 treatments: 0, 15, 30, or 60 g/d of NALM per cow to supplement the basal diet. The experiment was conducted over a 13-wk period, with the first week as adaptation. The yields of milk, fat-corrected milk, and milk lactose were increased quadratically, and energy-corrected milk yield tended to increase with increased NALM supplementation in a quadratic manner. The dry matter intake, milk protein yield, milk fat yield, contents of milk composition (protein, fat, lactose, total solids, and milk urea nitrogen), feed efficiency, and body weight change were not affected by NALM supplementation. In addition, plasma methionine concentration was increased quadratically, and proline, total nonessential AA, and total AA concentrations were significantly higher in the 30 g/d group compared with that of the control group. However, other AA and total essential AA concentrations were not affected with supplementation of NALM. Adding NALM increased concentrations of total protein and globulin in plasma, but decreased plasma urea nitrogen concentration in a quadratic manner. Meanwhile, plasma malonaldehyde concentration decreased linearly as doses of NALM addition increased. Our results suggested that the supplementation of NALM improved milk yield and protein synthesis in the liver, and lowered lipid peroxidation in mid-lactating dairy cows.

Plasma Levels of Amino Acids in Japanese Men and Their Changes after the Administration of Glucose and Sucrose

Background: It is not known whether plasma amino acids levels are different between young and old men in Japan. No research has been reported about changes in plasma levels of amino acids after the administration of glucose or sucrose to young and aged men. Objective: We want to know whether there are age differences in plasma levels of amino acids and if the administration of glucose or sucrose influences their levels. Results: Old people had lower plasma levels of most of amino acids, especially essential and branched-chain amino acids than young men. Plasma levels of amino acids were measured after the administration of 50 grams of glucose or sucrose to young (18 - 22 years old) and aged (≥50 years old) male adults. Plasma levels of total amino acids decreased after the administration of glucose. Decrease in the total amino acid levels was significant in aged men after the administration of sucrose. A significant decrease in plasma levels of total non-essential amino acids was observed at 120 min after the administration of glucose but not sucrose in both aged and young men. Both glucose and sucrose administrations resulted in a significant decrease in the plasma levels of the total essential amino acid levels and branched amino acids in young and aged men. Conclusion: These results suggest that there are age differences in plasma levels of amino acids. Upon the administration of glucose or sucrose amino acids, particularly essential amino acids, decreased in plasma. These amino acids may be transported from the blood soon after the administration of sugar (glucose or sucrose) to the tissues, such as muscles, possibly due to an increase in the insulin levels.

Biotransformation of plantain pseudostem fibres using local enzyme sources; analysis of their potential as commercial poultry feed

Plantain pseudo-stem fibres (PPS) were valorized in this study by subjecting to simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and afterwards, their complex carbohydrates and monosaccharides, mycotoxins, protein qualities, and free radical scavenging potentials were compared to those of commercial poultry feeds (CPF). The SSF of PPS was achieved using digestive juice of the snail; Archachatina marginata, and yeast, while standard methods like HPLC-UV, HPLC-DAD, monosaccharides and mycotoxin kits, and UV-VIS spectrophotometry were used for analysis. The cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, extractives, and acetyl contents of PPS were significantly (p < .05) reduced when subjected to SSF. Glucose (41.1%), galactose (11.2%), mannose (1.7%), and fucose (1.8%) contents of the SSF-PPS were higher than those of the PPS and CPF while CPF showed higher contents of arabinose (8.2%), fructose (18.3%), and rhamnose (1.7%). No mycotoxin was detected in the PPS, while all aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2), citrinin, fumonisin B1, and B2, ochratoxin A and B contents of SSF-PPS were equivalent to those for CPF. Patulin (5.52×10−4 µg/kg) and zearalenone (7.76×10−6 µg/kg) contents of the SSF-PPS were lower than those for CPF (1.50×10−3 µg/kg and 1.13×10−5 µg/kg respectively). The total amino acids (TAA), total non-essential and essential amino acids (TNEAA and TEAA), total basic and branched chain amino acids (TBAA and TBCAA) of the SSF-PPS were higher than those of the PPS and CPF while the free radical scavenging potentials of the SSF-PPS were mostly concentration dependent, and showed significantly higher ABTS, DPPH, Ferric, OH, lipid peroxide, and superoxide radical scavenging potentials than the standards used. This study has shown that the valorization of the agricultural residue using SSF, improves carbohydrate, protein, mycotoxins, and in-vitro antioxidant properties suitable enough for poultry feeding.

Mass Production of Lemna minor and Its Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Profiles.

The surface floating duckweed Lemna minor (Lemnaceae) is a potential ingredient to replace the application of fish-meal in the aqua-feed. The culture technique of the duckweed was standardized in outdoor tanks and then applied in the pond. Three consecutive experiments were conducted in tanks (1.2 × 0.35 × 0.3 m). In experiment 1, four different manures were used. In manure 1 (organic manure, OM) and manure 3 (2x OM), cattle manure, poultry droppings, and mustard oil cake (1:1:1) were used; in manure 2 (inorganic fertilizer, IF), urea, potash, triple superphosphate were used; manure 4 (2x OM+IF) was a combination of manure 2 and manure 3. In experiment 2, manure 1 (OM) and manure 2 (IF) were used, and manure 3 (OM+IF) was a combination of both manures. In experiment 3, OM and IF were selected. In pond (20 × 10 × 0.5 m), OM was applied. Fresh duckweed was seeded after 5 days of manure application. In experiments 1 and 3, total production was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in OM compared to other treatments. In experiment 2, there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in production between OM and IF. In pond, relative growth rate (RGR) of duckweed ranged from 0.422 to 0.073 g/g/day and total production was 702.5 Kg/ha/month (dry weight). Protein, lipid, and ash contents were higher in duckweed cultured in OM compared to IF. The duckweed was a rich source of essential (39.20%), non-essential (53.64%), and non-proteinogenic (7.13%) amino acids. Among essential amino acids, leucine, isoleucine, and valine constituted 48.67%. Glutamic acid was 25.87% of total non-essential amino acids. Citrulline, hydroxiproline, taurine, etc. were found in the duckweed. The fatty acid composition was dominated by PUFA, 60–63% of total fatty acids, largely α-linolenic acid (LNA, 18:3n-3) at around 41 to 47% and linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) at 17–18%. The nutritional value of duckweeds and their production potential in the pond conditions were evaluated. Duckweed biomass may thus be used to replace commercial fish-meal that is currently used in aquaculture.

Addition of a protease to low crude protein density diets of broiler chickens

ABSTRACTA total of 864 1-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens with an average body weight of 40 ± 1.1 g were used to determine the effect of adding protease to broiler chickens diets with different crude protein (CP) density on growth performance, carcase characteristics, excreta microbiota, blood constituents, and nutrient digestibility. The chicks were allotted in pens with 18 birds/pen and 12 pen/treatment. Treatments were T1: basal diet, T2: T1 − 1.0% CP, T3: T2 + 0.05% protease, T4: T2 + 0.1% protease. Results showed that supplementing low CP diets with protease alleviated the negative effects of lowering dietary CP on BWG and FCR (P < .05) on days 1–21. Addition of protease to low CP diets improved BWG on days 1–35 (P < .05). Feeding the chickens with low CP diet reduced (P < .05) digestibility of dry matter (DM), but the addition of protease improved digestibility of DM. The results showed that lowering dietary CP had detrimental influence (P < .05) on digestibility of total essential amino acids (TEAA) and total non-essential amino acids (TNEAA). It is concluded that reduction of dietary CP had a negative effect on broiler chickens and the addition of protease alleviated the negative effects and improved chickens performance.

Proximate, Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Composition of Eremomastax polysperma, Brillantaisia owariensis Leaves and Sorghum vulgare Leaf-Sheath

Proximate, amino acid and fatty acid composition of Eremomastax polysperma, Brillantaisia owariensis and Sorghum vulgare leaf-sheath was studied. The amino acid content was assayed using High performance liquid chromatograpy while the fatty acid content was assayed using gas chromatograpy. The results from this research, showed that the ash and protein content of Eremomastax polysperma (3.91 ± 0.01%; 3.80 ± 0.05%) was significantly higher than Sorghum vulgare (1.74 ± 0.03%; 1.21 ± 0.05%), and B. owariensis (3.39 ± 0.01%; 1.61 ± 0.01%) respectively. The total essential amino acid composition of Eremomastax polysperma (43.18g/100g) was higher than Brillantaisia owariensis (39.41g/100g) and S. vulgare (31.40g/100g), with lysine and cysteine concentration of B. owariensis (9.72; 9.45) been higher than E. polysperma (9.48;6.59g/ 100g) and S. vulgare (4.11 and 7.19g/100g). The total nonessential amino acid composition of Sorghum vulgare leafsheath (59.49g/100g ) was higher than Eremomastax polysperma (53.09g/100g) and Brillantaisia owariensis (53.82g/100g), with glutamate (14.69, 20.08 and 14.46g/ 100g) and aspartate (12.21, 13.22 and 10.64g/100g) having a higher concentration for E. polysperma, S. vulgare and B. owareinsis respectively. For the fatty acid composition, Sorghum vulgare leaf-sheath (17.51%) had a higher oleic acid concentration than Eremomastax polysperma (1.50%) and Brillantaisia owariensis (5.96%). Brillantaisia owariensis had a higher palmitic acid (35.30%) and behenic acid (14.17%) than Eremomastax polysperma (0.00% and 13.13%) and Sorghum vulgare leaf-sheath(25.96% and 12.21%) . Whereas Eremomastax polysperma had a higher myristic, magaric and linolenic acid concentration (45.91%; 20.27% and 10.45%) than Brillantaisia owariensis (37.23%; 0.36% and 0.00%) and Sorghum vulgare leaf-sheath (37.24%; 0.11% and 0.03%) respectively. The results obtained from this research implies that Eremomastax polysperma, Brillantaisia owariensis leaves and Sorghum vulgare leaf-sheath have nutritional benefits.

Ileal and total tract apparent crude protein, dry matter, gross energy and amino acids digestibility of soybean meal, solvent-extracted canola meal, and corn distillers dried grain with solubles for growing pigs

The present study was conducted to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and apparent ilealdigestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), and amino acids (AA) in soybeanmeal (SBM), solvent-extracted canola meal (SECM) and corn distiller dried grain with solubles (corn-DDGS) forgrowing pigs. Three growing barrows (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc, 33.37±1.11 kg of BW) fitted with a simpleT-cannula at the distal ileum were fed 31.61% SBM, 39.33% SECM, or 52.17% corn-DDGS as the sole proteinsource diets in a 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 diets and 3 periods. The ATTD and AID for DM, CP, and GE inSBM were greater than in corn-DDGS. Similarly, the ATTD and AID of CP in SBM were greater than in SECM.SBM had greater AID for phenylalanine, cystine, proline, and tyrosine than corn-DDGS. SBM had greater AID forlysine, methionine, threonine, valine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, serine, total essential AA, total nonessential AA, and total AA than SECM and corn-DDGS. SECM had greater AID for lysine, aspartic acid, glycine,and tyrosine, but less glutamic acid than corn-DDGS. In conclusion, the results imply that SBM had greater ATTDand AID of DM and GE than corn-DDGS. The values of AID of N and the majority of AA were higher in SBM thanin SECM and corn-DDGS.

Assessment of Vitamins, Protein Quality and Mineral Bioavailability of Matured Stems of Opuntia dillenii Grown in Nigeria

The vitamin composition, protein quality and mineral bioavailability of matured stems of Opuntia dillenii were investigated. The sample was analyzed using an automatic amino acid analyzer (JEOL (JLC 500/V) for the assessment of amino acids, and an atomic absorption spectrophotometer for the mineral composition analysis while the vitamin composition was evaluated using spectrophotometric methods. The amino acid composition ranged between 1.31g - 20.08g/100g. Arginine and leucine had the highest concentration of essential amino acids while glutamate and aspartate were the most abundant non-essential amino acid in the studied plant. The percentage Total essential amino acids (with Histidine), Total non-essential amino acids, Total aromatic amino acids, and Total sulphur amino acids were 41.8%, 56.1%, 8.1% and 5.3% respectively. The results for the protein quality indices: - the predicted protein efficiency ratios (P-PERs I, II, and III) were 2.45, 2.59 and 3.49 respectively. The amino acid scoring pattern showed valine and lysine as the limiting essential amino acids considering the requirements of pre-school children. The vitamin analysis showed that vitamin B12 and vitamin A were the most occurring vitamins. The mineral analysis results revealed magnesium, calcium and phosphorus as the most concentrated while the [phytate]/ [calcium] ratio and [phytate]/ [zinc] ratio in the sample were below the critical levels. The study has shown that matured stems of Opuntia dillenii can contribute greatly towards meeting human nutritional requirement and the high vitamin B12 content could be of important value in patients with severe sickle cell disease.

The impact of using chickpea flour and dried carp fish powder on pizza quality

Pizza being the most popular food worldwide, quality and sensory appeal are important considerations during its modification effort. This study was aimed to evaluate the quality of pizza made using two different sources of proteins, chickpea (Cicer arietinum) flour and dried carp fish powder (Cyprinus carpio). Analysis indicated nutrients richness specificity of chickpea flour (higher fiber, energy, iron, zinc, linoleic acid and total nonessential amino acids) and dried carp fish powder (higher contents of protein, fats, ash, oleic acid and total essential amino acids) complementing wheat flour to enhance nutritional value of pizza. Total plate count and thiobarbituric acid were increased (P<0.05) in dried carp fish powder after 45 days of storage, but no Coliform were detected. Wheat flour was substituted with 5, 7.5 and 10% chickpea flour or dried carp fish powder and chemical, textural, sensory and storage evaluation parameters of in pizza were investigated. Dried carp fish powder increased (P<0.05) contents of protein, ash, fats, zinc and protein digestibility of pizza. Chickpea flour increased iron and zinc contents of the pizza. Water activity (aw) was decreased in fish powder and chickpea pizza. Pizza firmness and gumminess were significantly (p<0.05) increased at every level of protein source, but cohesiveness was decreased with 10% chickpea flour. Pizza chewiness was the same (P>0.05) across the levels of two protein sources. Springiness was decreased (P<0.05) with high level (10%) dried fish powder and low/intermediate level of chickpea flour. Chickpea and dried carp fish incorporation up to 7.50% in pizza at the expense of wheat flour had no effect (P>0.05) on all sensorial parameters except for odor values. The results could be useful in utilization of chickpea flour and carp fish powder in designing nutritious pizza for consumers.

Proximate composition and amino acid profile of rice husk biodegraded with Pleurotus ostreatus for different periods

Native rice husk (NRH) was fermented with Pleurotus ostreatus for 7, 14 and 21 days to improve the nutritional values. The proximate composition and amino acid profiles were determined. The results showed that crude fibre (CF), nitrogen free extract (NFE), acid detergent fibre (ADF), and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the NRH (with values 13.37%,42.93%, 17.45% and13.42%, respectively) while corresponding lowest values of 12.14%, 34.26%, 12.27% and 12.41% were obtained in the 14 days samples. Crude protein (CP) was significantly highest (p<0.05) in the 7 days fermentation (12.37%) but lowest in the 21 days (7.94%). The nitrogen free extract (NFE) values were similar and higher (p<0.05) in the NRH (control), 7 and 21 days fermentation that is 42.93%, 40.37% and 39.53%, respectively. The calculated metabolizable energy (ME) was similar and higher (p<0.05) for the fermented native rice husk at 7, 14 and 21 days that is 2289.19, 2308.77 and 2328.59 kcal/kg, respectively. Dry matter (DM), ash, calcium and phosphorous values were not influenced (p<0.05) by the fungi treatment of the NRH. Essential amino acids (EAA) values viz; lysine (4.94 g/100g), valine (7.34 g/100g), threonine (4.81 g/100g), isoleucine (4.83 g/100g) and phenylalanine (5.59 g/100g) were higher (p<0.05) in the 14 days fermentation with p. ostreatus while others that are non-essential amino acids (NEAA) in this group include alanine (7.06 g/100g) and tyrosine (4.12 g/100g). Glycine (6.02 g/100g), serine (5.18 g/100g), proline (4.85 g/100g), leucine (7.44 g/100g), glutamate (14.54 g/100g) and arginine (8.51 g/100g) values were higher (p<0.05) in the 21 days while aspartate (8.70 g/100g), histidine (2.37 g/100g), methionine (2.69 g/100g), tyrosine (4.20 g/100g) and cystine (2.09 g/100g) were higher (p<0.05) in the 7 days treatment. All the amino acids with the exception of glycine, alanine and aspartate had lowest (p<0.05) values recorded in the native rice husk. The total amino acids (TAA), total essential amino acids (TEAA), total non-essential amino acids (TNEAA) were all significantly higher in the 7 days fermentation (95.43, 45.01 and 50.42, respectively) and the lowest values in the NRH. Percent EAA followed the same trend while %NEAA was highest in the NRH. Fermentation of native rice husk for 7 days improved its nutritive value and consequently increased its usage as a component of livestock feed. Key words: Native Rice Husk, Fermentation, Proximate Composition, Amino Acids

Dietary arginine requirement of juvenile hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii♀ × Acipenser baerii♂)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the dietary arginine requirement of juvenile hybrid sturgeon. Seven isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to contain graded levels of dietary arginine ranging from 1.74% to 3.54% (dry weight). The results indicated that the fish fed with 1.76% arginine diet had lower specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) than the fish fed the 2.64% to 3.24% arginine diets (p < .05), and the fish fed the 2.64% arginine diet presented the highest SGR. The fish fed with 1.76% arginine diet had lower whole-body crude protein content than the fish fed the 2.64% or 2.93% arginine diets (p < .05). Compared with the 1.76% arginine diet, 2.36% to 2.93% arginine diets significantly increased the total amino acid (TAA) concentration and total nonessential amino acid (TNEAA) of carcasses. The fish fed with 1.76% arginine diet had lower activity of nitric oxide synthase (T-NOS) and content of nitric oxide (NO) than the fish fed the 2.05% to 2.93% arginine diets in the liver. The fish fed with 1.76%, 2.05% or 2.36% arginine diets had lower gene expression of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in the liver than the fish fed the 2.64% to 3.53% arginine diets in the liver (p < .05). A broken-line analysis between SGR against the dietary arginine levels provided estimates for the optimal dietary arginine requirement of 2.47% corresponding to 6.18% of the dietary protein on a dry weight basis.

Nutritional Composition of Quail Meatballs and Quail Pickled Eggs

The aims of this study were to evaluate the acceptance of meatballs and pickled quail eggs, determine the nutritional composition of the quail pickled eggs and quail meatballs. Data indicate that quail meatballs and pickled quail eggs are an acceptable market product. The quail meatballs have 70.56% moisture content and 29.44% dry matter which include 7.78%, 12.98%, 7.10% and 2.48% in wet basis for total lipids, proteins, ash and carbohydrate, respectively. Total cholesterol content in quail meatballs was 0.087 g/100 g. Regarding pickled quail eggs, the values of moisture, dry matter, total lipids, proteins, ash and carbohydrate are 53.32%, 46.68%, 20.09%, 20.38%, 4.70% and 1.51% in wet basis, respectively. Average of cholesterol content in pickled quail eggs is 2.06 g/100 g yolk. Total essential amino acids were 6.17 g/100 g protein in quail meatballs, while total non-essential amino acids were 5.87 g/100 g protein in quail meatballs. In pickled quail eggs the values of total essential amino acids and non-total essential amino acids were 6.84 g/100 g and 8.81 g/100 g protein, respectively. Total Saturated Fatty Acids (SFAs) in quail meatballs and quail pickled eggs are 26.37% and 37.52%, respectively. Total mono-unsaturated fatty acids and poly-unsaturated fatty acids contents in quail meatballs are 36.61% and 36.21, respectively, while these values for pickled quail eggs are 54.12% and 8.36%, respectively.

Comparative Review of Crude Protein and Amino Acids of Leguminous Seeds Grown in Nigeria

Legumes are some of the low–priced sources of protein–rich foods that have been found important in alleviating protein malnutrition especially in developing countries. Amino acids are the basic structural building units of proteins. They form short polymer chains called peptides or polypeptides which in turn form structures called proteins. The most common methods of determining nitrogen in foods are Kjeldahl, Formol titration, Dye–binding, Lowry, Biuret and Spectroscopic methods while amino acid composition is usually determined using ion–exchange chromatography on hydrolyzed and derivatized protein in food material. Crude protein and amino acid composition of some Nigerian leguminous seeds were critically reviewed in this write up. The selected legumes are; Cajanus cajan, Glycine max, Vigna unguiculata, Arachis hypogea, Vigna subterranea, Kerstingiella geocarpa, Sphenostylis sternocarpa, Phaseolus coccineus, Phaseolus lunatus, Citrulus vulgaris and Phaseolus vulgaris. The review shows that the protein content of legumes varies between 11.6 – 52.6%. The most abundant amino acids are glutamic and aspartic acids. The total essential amino acids (TEAA) range between 41.28 – 68.85%, total non–essential amino acids (TNEAA) range between 31.50 – 58.72% and total acidic amino acids (TAAA) between 14.30 – 40.47% for all the legumes reviewed. Generally, leguminous seeds are good sources of most of the essential amino acids therefore they are highly suitable for the fortification of cereal products mostly used as weaning foods for children in most African countries.

Amino Acid and Proximate Composition of &lt;i&gt;Saccharomyces cerevisiae&lt;/i&gt; Biomass Cultivated in Cassava Mill Effluents

Cassava mill effluent (CME) is generated during cassava processing into cassava flake or gari . The effluents affects the quality of the receiving environment such soil. It is could affect domestic animals such as goat and sheep when they ingest it, and retard normal growth and productivity of plants in the affected soil. This study evaluated amino acid and proximate composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultivated in cassava mill effluents. S. cerevisiae used in this study was isolated from palm wine based on cultural, morphological, and physiological/biochemical characteristics. 10 ml of S. cerevisiae broth was inoculated into 100ml of sterile cassava mill effluents filtered with double muslin cloth. The medium was shaken intermittently between 7.00 to 19.00 hours’ time interval. The medium was decanted and subsequently filtered using Whatman filter paper. The resultant biomass was washed with distilled water and re-filtered. The sludge/biomass recovered were oven dried. Amino acid and proximate composition of the yeast biomass produced was analyzed using spectrophotometer. Proximate composition was also analyzed following standard procedure. Result showed that the total essential amino acid (40.88 g/100 g) was slightly higher than the Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) standard for feed use. While the total non-essential amino acid (21.56 g/100 g) was lower than FAO/WHO limits. Mean proximate composition was 17.01% (crude protein), 7.34% (ash), 56.40% (carbohydrate) and 407.13 kcal/100 g (calorific value/energy content). The findings of this study showed that during fermentation of cassava mill effluents with S. cerevisiae an appreciable amount protein is enriched considering the fact that the substrate is a waste.

Comparative study of the nutritional composition and toxic elements of farmed and wild Chanodichthys mongolicus

Information of the difference in quality between farmed and wild fish is central to better ensuring fish products produced in aquaculture meet regulatory and consumer requirements. Proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, and toxic elements contents of farmed and wild Chanodichthys mongolicus were established and compared. Significantly higher crude protein content while lower moisture content in farmed fish compared to wild fish were observed (P<0.05). The percentages of total amino acids (TAA), total essential amino acids (TEAA), total non-essential amino acids (TNEAA) and total delicious amino acids (TDAA) in farmed fish were all significantly higher than those in the wild equivalent (P<0.05). Compared to the FAO/WHO recommended reference values, the ratios of TEAA/TAA (39.84%–40.33%) were comparable to 40% and TEAA / TNEAA (66.22%–67.60%) were above 60%. Fatty acid profiles in both farmed and wild C. mongolicus were dominated by monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), with farmed fish contained much more MUFA content compared to wild counterpart (P<0.05). Notably, wild fish exhibited significantly higher levels of total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) than farmed fish (P<0.05). The EPA (C20:5n3) and linoleic acid (C18:2n6) were the predominant PUFA in wild and farmed C. mongolicus, respectively. Moreover, farmed fish displayed an overall lower toxic element levels (As, Cd, Pb and Hg) in comparison with wild fish, and both were far lower than the established limit standard. In conclusion, our results suggest that the nutritional quality of farmed C. mongolicus was inferior to their wild counterpart with respect to fatty acids nutrition, and therefore further studies should focus on the improving C. mongolicus diet in order to enhance the overall nutritional composition.

Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Profile of Twenty Wild Plants Used as Spices in Cameroon

The amino acids and fatty acids of twenty wild plants used as spices which were collected in Cameroon were investigated. The most important of total non-essential amino acids (TNEAA) contents have been found in A. daniellii (52.04%), C. frutescens (50.53%), D. psilurus (56.22%), H. gabonii (fruit) (58.81%), P. brazzeana (59.11%), S. melongena (59.78 %) and X. aethiopica (56.78%), respectively. Concerning the levels of the essential amino acids (EAA), all had EAA contents of at least 30% except E. giganteus (17.85 %), S. melongena (27.05 %), and T. tetraptera (15.85 %). For WHO protein standard, Lysine was considered as the first limiting amino acid (LAA) for A. daniellii (1.54%), P. brazzeana (16.35%) and S. striatinux (40.19 %). In addition, Meth+Cys were the second LAA for D. psilurus, E. giganteus, S. melongena, S. zenkeri (fruit), T. tetraptera, X. aethiopica (non detected); H. gabonii (fruit) (29.2%), M. myristica (6%), M. whitei (8.8 %) and P. guineense (39.2%), respectively. Spices which contained a large amounts of the essential fatty acids (ω – 3) were found in C. frutescens (31.98%), F. leprieuri (40.07 %), H. gabonii (fruit) (34.84 %), M. whitei (54.77%), P. umbellatum (39.25%), S. melongena (34.23%), S. zenkeri (fruit) (35.68%), and T. tetraptera (33.64%), respectively. Furthermore, (ω – 6) were found in D. psilurus (49.29%), H gabonii (bark) (47.91%) and F. xanthoxyloides (43.79%). In addition, (C22: 6n3) were S. zenkeri (bark) (20.45%) and X. aethiopica (30.10 %). These results show that tropical edible plants could contribute significantly to the diets of indigenous population in sub-Saharan Africa and should provide their public health.

&lt;em&gt;Prunus domestica&lt;/em&gt; &amp;#935; P. &lt;em&gt;armeniaca&lt;/em&gt; Cultivar Fengweimeigui: A New Natural Material for Fruit Wine

To add fruit wine type and increase <em>Prunus domestica</em> × <em>P. armeniaca</em> cultivar Fengweimeigui (Fengweimeigui) additional value, a new natural fruit wine was developed. Four treatments based on solid fermentation method were researched including the weight ratio of fruit and saccharose is 10:1 (T1), 5:1 (T2), 5:2 (T3) and 2:1 (T4), respectively. The results exhibited that the nutrition was affected with saccharose addition and two type’s semi-dry and two sweet wines were designed. Semi-dry wine T1, has lowest sugar content of 5.86 mg/L with higher Mg (86.20 mg/L), Ca (136.00 mg/L) and the highest essential amino acid contents of 142.7 mg/L rich in Lys (55.2 mg/L), Phe (32.2 mg/L), Ile (6.10 mg/L), Leu (27.9 mg/L), Val (18.2 mg/L) and Tyr (8.2 mg/L). Semi-dry wine T2, has lower sugar content of 11.70 mg/L with higher P (108.00 mg/L) and the higher amino acid Met (3.50 mg/L), Gln (87.0 mg/L), Gly (57.0 mg/L), His (9.2 mg/L) and Arg (21.8 mg/L). Sweet wine T3, has higher sugar content of 68.80 mg/L with the highest total non-essential amino acid content of 2050.5 mg/L rich in Ala (255.2 mg/L) and Pro (1574.0 mg/L), meanwhile, the amino acid Met (36.8 mg/L) was detected. Sweet wine T4, has highest sugar content of 110.00 mg/L with the highest Fe (1.10 mg/L), Na (19.80 mg/L), alcohol concentration (15.20%) and amino acid Asp (74.8 mg/L). We therefore conclude that solid fermentation is a suitable method to preserve nutrients and value-added for Fengweimeigui fruits and four types wine are suitable for different age people.

Replacement of Fishmeal by Poultry By-Product Meal in Formulated Diets for Growing Hatchery–Reared Juvenile Spotted Babylon (Babylonia areolata)

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of five levels of partial to total replacement of fishmeal by poultry by–product meal on growth performance and body composition of hatchery–reared juvenile spotted babylon (Babylonia areolata) under aflow-through culture system over 150 days. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain 0%, 25% 50%, 75% and 100% of gradient poultry by-product meal (diet PBM0, PBM25, PBM50, PBM75 and PBM100, respectively). Significant differences (P 0.05) while snails fed diets of PBM0 and PBM100 showed poorer specific growth rates of 2.03-2.12% day-1, respectively. Final survival rates of the snails ranged from 92.73% -93.94% and did not differ significantly (P>0.05) between feeding treatments. Significant differences (P<0.05) were detected in proximate composition (protein, ash, fat, moisture, and carbohydrate, cholesterol content, amino acid composition and fatty acid composition of the whole flesh of experimental snails among all feeding treatment groups. Snails fed diets of PBM-50 resulted in the highest protein and fat contents compared with snails fed the PBM0, PBM25, PBM75 and PBM100 replacement diets. Cholesterol was significantly lower (P<0.05) in snails fed diets of PBM75 and PBM100 than in snails fed diets PBM0, PBM25, and PBM50. The whole body composition of snails fed diet of PBM75 was significantly higher (P<0.05) in total non-essential amino acids and total essential amino acids than those of snails fed PBM0, PBM25, PBM100, and PBM75. The whole body composition of snails fed PMB-50 was significantly higher (P<0.05) regarding EPA, DHA, ARA, n-6 PUFA, and n-3 PUFA contents than those of snails fed PBM0, PBM25, PBM100, and PBM75. The results of this study indicated that poultry by-product meal can replace fishmeal protein by 50-75% with no negative effects in snail growth performance. Moreover, the inclusion of up to 75% poultry by-product meal in the diet improved feed efficiency and body composition.