Total Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

A food-exchange model for achieving the recommended dietary intakes for saturated fat in Irish children: analysis from the cross-sectional National Children's Food Survey II.

To identify the main foods determining saturated fatty acid (SFA) intakes and model the impact of food exchanges to improve compliance with dietary fat recommendations in Irish children. Estimated food and nutrient intakes were obtained from a cross-sectional study, the National Children's Food Survey II. Participants were categorised into low, medium, and high SFA consumers, and the contribution of food categories to SFA intakes were compared. A food-exchange model was developed, whereby a selected range of high SFA foods were exchanged with lower SFA or unsaturated fat alternatives. Participants were randomly selected from primary schools throughout the Republic of Ireland. A representative sample of 600 Irish children (5-12 years). The main determinants of low and high SFA consumers were milk, cheese, and butter. These foods, including snack foods, and meat and meat products, were considered exchangeable foods within the model. Compared with baseline data, modelled intakes for total fat, SFA, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and trans-fat presented decreases of 3.2, 2.7, 1.6 and <0.1% of total energy (% TE), respectively. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), omega 6, omega 3 and alpha-linolenic acid showed increases of 1.0, 0.8, 0.2 and 0.1% TE, respectively. Compliance with total fat, MUFA and trans-fat recommendations remained adequate (100%). Adherence to SFA and PUFA recommendations improved from 18 to 63%, and 80 to 100%, respectively. The food-exchange model decreased SFA intakes and increased PUFA intakes, suggesting modest dietary changes to children's diets can effectively improve their overall dietary fat profile.

Associations of dietary factors with gastric cancer risk: insights from NHANES 2003-2016 and mendelian randomization analyses.

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) continues to be one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths globally. Diet significantly influences the incidence and progression of GC. However, the relationship between dietary intake and GC is inconsistent. Methods: A study was conducted with adults who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2003 to 2016 to investigate possible associations between 32 dietary factors and GC. To further detect potential causal relationships between these dietary factors and the risk of GC, a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted. The primary method employed was the inverse variance weighted (IVW) analysis, and its results were further validated by four other methods. Results: Of the 35,098 participants surveyed, 20 had a history of GC. Based on the results of weighted logistic multivariate analysis, it was observed that there was a positive correlation between total fat intake [odds ratio (OR) = 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI): (1.01-1.17), p = 0.03] and GC as well as negative association of dietary monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) intake [OR = 0.83, 95% CI: (0.76-0.92), p < 0.001]. Further evaluations of the odds of GC across the quartiles of dietary MUFAs showed that the top quartile of total MUFA intake was associated with a lower likelihood of GC in three different models [model1: OR = 0.03, 95% CI: (0.00-0.25), p < 0.01; model2: OR = 0.04, 95% CI: (0.00-0.38), p = 0.01; model3: OR = 0.04, 95% CI: (0.00-0.40), p = 0.01]. For the MR analyses, genetic instruments were selected from the IEU Open GWAS project; IVW analysis showed that GC risk was not associated with MUFAs [OR = 0.82, 95% CI: (0.59-1.14), p = 0.23] or the ratio of MUFAs to total fatty acids [OR = 1.00, 95% CI: (0.75-1.35), p = 0.98]. Similar results were observed when using the other MR methods. Conclusion: The NHANES study revealed that consuming MUFAs was linked to a lower risk of GC, although the results of MR analyses do not provide evidence of a causal relationship. Additional research is therefore necessary to clarify these findings.

High Dietary Folic Acid Supplementation Reduced the Composition of Fatty Acids and Amino Acids in Fortified Eggs.

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary folic acid (FA) on the production performance of laying hens, egg quality, and the nutritional differences between eggs fortified with FA and ordinary eggs. A total of 288 26-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens (initial body weights 1.65 ± 0.10 kg) with a similar weight and genetic background were used. A completely randomized design divided the birds into a control group and three treatment groups. Each group consisted of six replicates, with twelve chickens per replicate. Initially, all birds were fed a basal diet for 1 week. Subsequently, they were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg FA in a premix for a duration of 6 weeks. Supplementation of FA could significantly (p < 0.05) enhance the FA content in egg yolks, particularly when 10 mg/kg was used, as it had the most effective enrichment effect. Compared to the control group, the Glu content in the 10 and 15 mg/kg FA groups showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease. Additionally, the contents of Asp, Ile, Tyr, Phe, Cys, and Met in the 15 mg/kg FA group were significantly (p < 0.05) lower compared to the other groups. Adding FA did not have significant effects on the levels of vitamin A and vitamin E in egg yolk, but the vitamin D content in the 5 and 10 mg/kg FA groups showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase. Furthermore, the addition of FA did not have a significant effect on the levels of Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, and Zn in egg yolk. The dietary FA did not have a significant effect on the total saturated fatty acids (SFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content in egg yolk. However, the total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content in the 5 and 10 mg/kg groups significantly (p < 0.05) increased. These changes in nutritional content might be attributed to the increased very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) protein content. The significant decrease in solute carrier family 1 Member 1 (SLC1A1), solute carrier family 1 Member 2 (SLC1A2), and solute carrier family 1 Member 3 (SLC1A3) gene expression compared to the control group appeared to be the reason for the decrease in amino acid content in egg yolk within the dietary FA group. The findings suggest that the appropriate addition of FA can enhance the levels of MUFA and vitamin D in egg yolks, thereby improving their nutritional value. Excessive intake of FA can decrease the effectiveness of enriching FA in egg yolk and impact the enrichment of certain amino acids. The yolk of eggs produced by adding 10 mg/kg of FA to the feed contains the optimal amount of nutrients. This study informs consumers purchasing FA-fortified eggs.

Association between dietary fatty acids and urinary incontinence

BackgroundDietary nutrient intake contributes to urination; however, the association between dietary nutrient intake, especially that of fat, and urinary incontinence (UI) is not well understood. The most common types of UI include stress UI (SUI) and urgency UI (UUI). ObjectiveTo investigate the potential effect(s) of dietary fat intake on UI and explore its mechanism of action in relation to body mass index (BMI). MethodsA cross-sectional survey of data from 15,121 individuals (20–85 years of age) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001–2008), a random population-based sample, was performed. Data regarding dietary nutrient intake were collected through 24 h dietary recall interviews. UI and covariate data were collected through in-person interviews. UI was assessed according to the American Urological Association Symptom Index. The odds ratio (OR) for SUI and UUI were calculated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. The mediation effect was estimated using observational mediation analysis. ResultsHigher total fat intake was positively associated with increased odds for developing UI (OR 1.44 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.93]). Females who consumed more saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were more likely to develop SUI. BMI partially explained the association between total fat, SFA, MUFA, and PUFA and SUI; the proportions of the mediation effect of BMI were 14.7%, 13.0%, 18.7%, and 16.3%, respectively. ConclusionsResults of this study emphasize the key role of dietary fat intake in the prevalence of UI. Higher fat intake was positively associated with UI and BMI partially mediated the effect of fat intake on SUI.

Nutritional status and dietary fatty acid intake among children from low-income households in Sabah: A cross-sectional study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the nutritional status and dietary fatty acid intake among children from low-income households in Sabah, Malaysia. MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to February 2023 in Kota Kinabalu and Tawau. A total of 182 children aged 5–12 years from low-income households (less than RM 4850 per month) were recruited. Anthropometric measurements included body weight, height, and body mass index. Dietary intakes were assessed using a 24-h diet recall and the fatty acid (FA) intakes were analyzed using a database with FA content for local foods. ResultsThe mean age of children was 8.8 ± 1.8 years, with a majority being girls (53.8%) and of Bajau ethnicity (53.3%). Based on the anthropometric measurements, 16.5% of children were stunted, 7.1% were thin, and 21.4% were overweight or obese. Intakes of total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and trans fatty acids as a percentage of total energy were 29.3%, 12.3%, 12.6%, 4.0%, and 0.05%, respectively. 77.5% of children exceeded the recommendation for SFA and 63.2% of children did not meet the recommendation for n-3 PUFA. All children did not meet the recommendation for ⍺-linolenic. Children from Tawau had greater consumption of n-3 PUFA (p < 0.001) while children from Kota Kinabalu had greater intakes of total fat (p = 0.020), MUFA (p = 0.005), n-6 PUFA (p = 0.015), and trans fatty acid (p = 0.001). None of the dietary fatty acids was associated with anthropometric indices. ConclusionsThere was a high prevalence of stunting and overweight or obesity among children from low-income households in Sabah. Most of the children failed to meet the recommendations for SFA and n-3 PUFAs. These findings indicate a compelling need for the implementation of nutritional strategies to enhance adherence to dietary recommendations for fatty acids.

The Biochemical Composition and Quality of Adult Chinese Mitten Crab Eriocheir sinensis Reared in Carbonate-Alkalinity Water

Saline–alkaline aquaculture has become an important breakthrough in expanding the space available for aquaculture in China. However, the biochemical composition and quality of Eriocheir sinensis reared in carbonate alkalinity water are still unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the edible yield, coloration, and nutritional and flavor quality of Eriocheir sinensis. A significantly lower gonadosomatic index (GSI), meat yield (MY), and total edible yield (TEY) were detected in intensive pond (IP) samples than those in semi-intensive reed wetland (SIWR) (p &lt; 0.05). Six color parameters in the hepatopancreas (p &lt; 0.05) differed between IP and SIRW. The contents of crude protein and fat in the female hepatopancreas of IP were significantly higher than those in SIRW (p &lt; 0.05). The concentrations of total monounsaturated fatty acids (∑MUFA), total essential fatty acids (∑EFA), and hypocholesterolaemic/hypercholesterolaemic ratio (h/H) in the female edible tissues checked were higher in IP than those in SIRW, with significant differences including ∑MUFA in the hepatopancreas and ovary, ∑EFA in the muscle, and h/H in the ovary (p &lt; 0.05). Higher total free amino acid (∑FAA) contents of muscle were detected in SIRW than that in IP samples. Significantly higher K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn contents in the ovary were detected in SIRW samples compared to IP (p &lt; 0.05). Overall, Eriocheir sinensis reared in carbonate-alkalinity water is an important source of nutrients.

Associations of fatty acids with the risk of biliary tract calculus and inflammation: a Mendelian randomization study

BackgroundThe presence of gallstones in both the gallbladder and bile ducts is referred to as cholelithiasis. The prevalence of cholecystolithiasis and bile duct stones differs. Observational and Mendelian randomization (MR) studies have elucidated the significant contributing role of numerous fatty acids (FAs) in the development of cholelithiasis. Despite numerous studies about cholelithiasis, evidence on the relationship between serum FA levels and cholecystolithiasis, as well as bile duct stones with or without inflammation, remains insufficient.MethodsA two-sample MR study was designed to clarify the impact of serum FA levels on various bile duct inflammatory diseases. The summary statistics of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with fatty acids were obtained from the UK Biobank (UKB) and included data from 114,999 participants. The researchers obtained GWAS summary statistics for cholecystolithiasis and bile duct stones in 463,010 and 361,194 European participants, including cases with and without inflammation. No sample overlap between the exposure and outcome was verified through the “mr-lap” package. The SNPs were screened to identify instrumental variables (IVs). Cochran’s Q test was applied for heterogeneity assessment. Inverse variance weighting (IVW) (fixed effects or random effects), MR-Egger regression and weighted median methods were used for MR. Multivariable MR was applied to determine the direct effect of each exposure on the outcome. A false discovery rate (FDR) was applied to adjust for multiple testing correction based on the Benjamini-Hochberg method. Finally, the FinnGen Consortium was used to validate some results.ResultsThe overall concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the serum was negatively associated with the risk of calculus of the gallbladder with acute cholecystitis (IVW, OR = 0.996, P = 0.038, CI 0.992–0.999; weighted median, OR = 0.995, P = 0.025, CI 0.991–0.999). The percentage of PUFAs to total monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFAs) (IVW, OR = 0.998, P = 0.045, CI 0.997–0.999) and the percentage of PUFAs to total FAs (IVW, OR = 0.997, P = 0.025, CI 0.995–0.999) had a protective role against cholecystitis. The percentage of PUFAs to total FAs had a protective role against calculus of the gallbladder without cholecystitis (IVW, OR = 0.995, P = 0.026, CI 0.990–0.999; MR Egger, OR = 0.99, P = 0.03, CI 0.982–0.998; weighted median, OR = 0.991, P = 5.41e-06, CI 0.988–0.995). Conversely, the percentage of MUFAs to total FAs increased the risk for cholecystitis (IVW, OR = 1.001, P = 0.034, CI 1.0001–1.002). However, there were no causal effects of the above exposures on the outcomes through multivariable MR and multiple testing correction. Finally, the causal effects of the above exposures on cholecystitis were validated in the FinnGen Consortium, which suggested that the percentage of PUFAs to total FAs (IVW, OR = 0.744, P = 0.021, CI 0.579–0.957) had a protective role against cholecystitis.ConclusionThese Mendelian randomization findings suggested that more attention should be focused on people who have low serum PUFA levels, which may have a potential role in the occurrence of calculus of the gallbladder or cholecystitis rather than calculus of the bile duct without cholangitis or cholecystitis.

Potential of Paulownia Leaves Silage in Lamb Diet to Improve Ruminal Fermentation and Fatty Acid Profile − An in vitro Study

Abstract Environmental impact, quality, and quantity of food products of ruminant origin (especially beef and mutton) are considered major challenges in meeting the nutritional requirements of the growing human population worldwide. Therefore, we conducted this in vitro study to explore the potential of Paulownia leaves silage to reduce the environmental impact of feedlot lamb production and improve ruminal fatty acids (FAs) profile by influencing ruminal biohydrogenation. In the present study, Paulownia leaves silage (PLS) and alfalfa silage (AAS) were mixed in a proportion of 1:0 (Control, PLS 0%), 0.75:0.25 (PLS 25%), 0.5:0.5 (PLS 50%), 0.25:0.75 (PLS 75%) and 0:1 (PLS 100%) on dry matter basis in the lamb diet. The experimental findings demonstrated that 100% replacement of AAS with PLS in the lamb diet significantly improved the ruminal fermentation by increasing the in vitro DM degradability (P&lt;0.01), total volatile fatty acid (P&lt;0.01), and propionate production (P&lt;0.01) while reducing the acetate: propionate (A/P) ratio (P&lt;0.01) and CH4 concentration (mM; L and Q P&lt;0.05) and CH4 production, mM/g DM (L and Q P&lt;0.05). Meanwhile, 100% PLS inclusion in the diet increased the total monounsaturated fatty acids (P&lt;0.05), total unsaturated fatty acids (P&lt;0.01) and total n-3 fatty acids (P&lt;0.05) particularly alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; C18:3 n-3; P&lt;0.05) in the rumen fluid after incubation. Moreover, the total saturated fatty acids concentration was reduced (P&lt;0.01). These findings suggested that PLS could be a climate-friendly and sustainable alternative to AAS in the lamb feedlot diet for quality meat production.

Minerals and fatty acid profile of small indigenous fish species from homestead ponds within a Sub-tropical coastal region

Malnutrition has emerged as a noticeable obstruction to the socio-economic advancement of rural areas along the coastal regions of Bangladesh. Small indigenous fish species (SIS) have the potential to alleviate the malnutrition issue because of having higher nutritional compositions. However, prior research has overlooked the detailed nutritional value of SIS originating from coastal regions. Consequently, the current investigation sought to analyze the mineral and fatty acid composition of twelve SIS obtained from coastal homestead ponds. The findings indicated that the mineral composition in SIS exhibited the following descending order: calcium (Ca) > phosphorus (P) > potassium (K) > magnesium (Mg) > iron (Fe) > zinc (Zn). Furthermore, when considering the overall mineral content in SIS, it ranked in the following decreasing order: A. testudineus, M. tengara, C. punctatus, N. nandus, P. sophore, C. fasciatus, A. mola, C. batrachus, H. fossilis, P. sarana, M. aculeatus, and O. pabda. The analysis of the fatty acid profile further revealed that SIS is a rich source of palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, myristic acid, palmitoleic acid, and linolenic acid. The saturated fatty acid content of the SIS varied between 42.66 % and 63.37 %, and the highest content was found in A. mola whereas the lowest was in A. testudineus. On the other hand, the total monounsaturated fatty acid content of the SIS ranged from 26.49 % (A. mola) to 46.12 % (P. sarana), and the total PUFAs contents among the fish species ranged from 5.7 % (A. mola) to 16.54 % (H. fossilis). Therefore, SIS could be a key source of minerals and essential fatty acids for human well-being. This can help fulfill nutrient requirements and reduce malnutrition among coastal populations. It can be said that, if these fishes are introduced in the culture systems, it will be used for consumption as well as support the livelihood of coastal people.

Production and meat quality traits of genetically lean immunocastrated pigs naturally divergent for loin tenderness.

Warner-Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF) is a quantitative measurement of meat toughness that has great impact on the consumer acceptability of meat. This study was conducted to evaluate growth performance, carcass and meat quality characteristics, and fatty acids profile of longissimus lumborum (LL) intramuscular fat (IMF) of pigs that are genetically divergent for WBSF. Based on WBSF values of the LL from a previous study, 12 immunocastrated male pigs selected from 96 pigs were divided into two groups with high WBSF (53.28 to 42.50 N) and low WBSF (37.27 to 27.79 N). Although high-WBSF pigs tended to have improved (P = 0.08) gain-to-feed ratio, overall performance was similar between WBSF groups. High-WBSF pigs also tended to have higher (P = 0.09) cooling loss and lean percentage as well as decreased (P = 0.08) 10th-rib backfat depth than low-WBSF pigs. Loins from high-WBSF pigs tended to have lower (P = 0.07) IMF content and higher (P = 0.09) cooking loss than low-WBSF pigs. Compared to low-WBSF pigs, IMF of the LL from high-WBSF pigs had lower (P = 0.05) percentage of oleic acid and tended to have a decreased (P = 0.07) percentage of total monounsaturated fatty acids. Loins from pigs with high WBSF tended to have increased (P = 0.09) total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content and had higher (P = 0.03) PUFA: saturated fatty acid ratio than low-WBSF pigs. Selecting pigs for pork tenderness could potentially conflict with lean growth efficiency and a healthier fatty acids profile for human consumption.

Exploitation of inland salt lake water by dilution and nutrient enrichment to cultivate Vischeria sp. WL1 (Eustigmatophyceae) for biomass and oil production

Salt lakes are significant components of global inland waters. Salt lake (SL) water can provide precious mineral resource for microbial growth. The prospect of utilizing diluted SL water for cultivation of a terrestrial oil-producing microalga Vischeria sp. WL1 was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Based on the detected mineral element composition, the water from Gouchi Salt Lake was diluted 2, 4, 6 and 8 folds and used with supplementation of additional nitrogen, phosphorus and iron (SL+ water). It was found that 4 folds diluted SL+ water was most favorable for biomass and oil production. When cultivated in this condition, Vischeria sp. WL1 gained a biomass yield of 0.82 g L−1 and an oil yield of 0.56 g L−1 after 24 days of cultivation, which is comparable to the optimum productivity we previously established. In addition, total monounsaturated fatty acid contents (64.4∼68.1 %) of the oils resulted from cultures in diluted SL+waters were higher than that in the control (55.5 %). It was also noteworthy that in all these cultures the oil contents (652.0∼681.0 mg g−1) accounted for the most of the biomass, which are far more than the protein and starch contents. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using SL water as a cost-effective mineral resource to cultivate microalgae for biomass and oil production.

Effects of different combinations of koumine and gelsemine on growth performance, intestinal health, and transcriptome of Cyprinus carpio

Koumine (KM) and gelsemine (GS) have shown significant benefits in livestock production, but their potential in aquaculture remains largely unexplored. This study examined the impact of different KM and GS combinations as feed additives on C. carpio (90 fish per group, initial weight 1.95 ± 0.08 g). KM and GS were introduced in ratios of 2:2 (mg/kg), 2:1 (mg/kg), and 2:0.67 (mg/kg) over a 10-week aquaculture experiment. The results demonstrate that the 2:1 (mg/kg) group increases the villus length, muscular layer thickness, crude protein, and crude fat content. Regarding fatty acid content, KM and GS enhance the levels of various fatty acids, including the total saturated fatty acid and total monounsaturated fatty acid. Additionally, KM and GS improve the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota. The 2:1 (mg/kg) group significantly elevates the enzymatic activities of SOD, MDA, CAT and upregulates the expression of immune-related genes such as toll-like receptor 2, transforming growth factor β, and glutathione S-transferase. Transcriptomic analysis suggests that KM and GS may have potential benefits for nutrient utilization and immune regulation in C. carpio. In summary, this study provides valuable insights into the use of KM and GS as feed additives in aquaculture.

Effect of dietary Ptecticus tenebrifer powder on the fatty acid profile of egg yolk in laying hens

AbstractThe poultry industry needs alternative feeds with no adverse effects on animal performance and egg quality. Insects represent effective animal feeds. However, Ptecticus tenebrifer (PT) has rarely been studied as an effective feed in terms of fatty acid contents. Therefore, we investigated the effect of dietary PT powder on the fatty acid profiles of egg yolks in laying hens. A total of 180 Hy‐Line brown hens were divided equally into three groups (n = 60), with three replicates: the control group and two groups fed 2% and 4% PT powder, respectively. After 2 weeks, minor effects (P &lt; 0.05) on oleic acid, dihomo‐gamma‐linolenic acid, and total monounsaturated fatty acids were observed among the groups. After 4 weeks, docosahexaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, and total polyunsaturated fatty acids were slightly altered in the treatment groups (P &lt; 0.05). For other fatty acids, the 2% and 4% PT groups had fatty acid concentrations similar to those of the controls. No differences in total n‐6 and total n‐3 were observed among the groups. In conclusion, using 2% and 4% PT powders did not notably change the fatty acid profiles of egg yolks and could replace some layer‐hen feed without negative effects.

Dietary sulfated polysaccharides extracted from Caulerpa sp. and Padina sp. modulated physiological performance, antibacterial activityand ammonia challenge test in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Nowadays, the use of seaweed derivatives in aquaculture has drawn attention for their potential as an immunostimulant and growth promotor. The sulfated polysaccharide extracted (SPE ) from green (Caulerpa sp.; SPC) and brown (Padina sp.; SPP) seaweeds with two concentrations (0.05% and 0.1%); nominated in four groups: SPC0.05 , SPC0.1 , SPP0.05 , SPP0.1 and control group (free of SPE ) were used for juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diet. Fish (N: 150; 8.5 ± 0.2 g) were selected aleatory distributed in 15 circular tanks (triplicate for the group) and fed test diets for 56 days. The outcomes revealed that the supplementation of SPE up to 1 g kg-1 failed to show significant differences in the organosomatic indices as compared to the control group. The most inferior protein value of dress-out fish composition was observed in the fish fed the control diet, which was statistically lower than the SCP0.1 group (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was observed in other macronutrient composition among the treatments. Total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) had lower trend in the carcass of fish fed SPE supplemented diets, so that lowest MUFA were observed in SPC0.05 group (p < 0.05; 25.22 ± 4.29%). The lowest value of docosahexaenoic acid was observed in the control diet compared to the SPE -supplemented diets (p < 0.05). The serum alternative complement pathway levels in all treatments tend to promote compared to the control treatment. A similar trend was observed for lysozyme activity. According to the results, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) value were highest in SPC0.05 and SPC0.1 compared to the other treatments (p < 0.05), while a further elevation of the SPE Padina sp. extracted level (SPP0.1 ) leads to a decrease in SOD value. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances of plasma was indicated not to influence by sulfated polysaccharide extracts in the refrigerated storage. The lowest serum stress indicators were observed in fish fed SPP0.05 group postchallenge test. Taken together, our outcomes revealed that SPE of two species of seaweeds bestows benefits in some of the immunity and antioxidant system. Also, notable elevations in HUFA were observed in juvenile rainbow trout fed supplemented with SPE .

Performance of dairy cows offered either zero-grazed grass or grass silage prepared from the same sward

Daily harvesting of fresh grass for housed livestock when its nutritive value is high (Zero-grazing) is a labour-intensive process which requires a consistent supply of grass at the optimum growth stage. An alternative approach which may save on labour and require less time spent on grassland management each day, involves harvesting and ensiling herbage on a number of occasions (every 4 weeks approximately) during the growing season when it is at the same nutritive value as herbage used for zero-grazing. This study examined the impact of these two approaches to dairy cow performance. Thirty-six mid-lactation Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were offered either zero-grazed fresh grass (ZG), or grass silage (SIL) prepared from the same sward harvested at a similar growth stage, over a single season. Fresh grass was harvested daily and offered to ZG cows for a 12-week period. During this period, the same sward was harvested once weekly and ensiled in round bales. Following a five-week ensilage period, the silage was offered to cows on SIL for a 12-week period. All cows were also offered 8.0 kg concentrate per day. Zero-grazed grass and grass silage had a mean metabolisable energy content of 11.0 and 11.3 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Mean forage DM intake (DMI) and total DMI were greater for cows on ZG (P < 0.001) compared to SIL, with intakes during weeks 8–12 of the experiment lower with SIL compared to ZG (P < 0.001). Cows on ZG had a higher milk yield, milk protein concentration, milk fat plus protein yield and energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield (P < 0.001) than cows on SIL. With the exception of milk yield (where the difference was primarily observed during weeks 8–12 of lactation), these differences were observed most weeks during the study period. Milk fat concentration was unaffected by treatment (P > 0.05). Milk of cows on ZG had higher concentrations of total monounsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.001), total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs, P < 0.001) but lower concentrations of saturated fatty acids (SFAs, P < 0.001) compared to cows on SIL. Diet had no effect on cow BW or condition score. This study has shown that when harvested from the same sward, milk yield and ECM yield were improved when cows were offered zero-grazed grass compared to grass silage. This difference in performance was likely due to the lower forage intake observed with the grass silage-based diet.

Quality of dietary macronutrients is associated with glycemic outcomes in adults with cystic fibrosis.

Poor diet quality contributes to metabolic dysfunction. This study aimed to gain a greater understanding of the relationship between dietary macronutrient quality and glucose homeostasis in adults with cystic fibrosis (CF). This was a cross-sectional study of N = 27 adults with CF with glucose tolerance ranging from normal (n = 9) to prediabetes (n = 6) to being classified as having cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD, n = 12). Fasted blood was collected for analysis of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide. Insulin resistance was assessed by Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA2-IR). Subjects without known CFRD also underwent a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test. Three-day food records were used to assess macronutrient sources. Dietary variables were adjusted for energy intake. Statistical analyses included ANOVA, Spearman correlations, and multiple linear regression. Individuals with CFRD consumed less total fat and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) compared to those with normal glucose tolerance (p < 0.05). In Spearman correlation analyses, dietary glycemic load was inversely associated with C-peptide (rho = -0.28, p = 0.05). Total dietary fat, MUFA, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were positively associated with C-peptide (rho = 0.39-0.41, all p < 0.05). Plant protein intake was inversely related to HOMA2-IR (rho = -0.28, p = 0.048). Associations remained significant after adjustment for age and sex. Improvements in diet quality are needed in people with CF. This study suggests that higher unsaturated dietary fat, higher plant protein, and higher carbohydrate quality were associated with better glucose tolerance indicators in adults with CF. Larger, prospective studies in individuals with CF are needed to determine the impact of diet quality on the development of CFRD.

Effects of dental age on proximate components, amino acid and fatty acid profiles of indigenous beef

The study was conducted to determine how the proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid profiles of beef of indigenous cattle are affected by dental age. This experiment was conducted with five (5) treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5) where T1 = 0 Permanent incisors, T2 = 2 Permanent incisors, T3 = 4 Permanent incisors, T4 = 6 Permanent incisors, T5 = 8 Permanent incisors having ten (10) replications. This study has shown that the highest CP was 84.91% having the T5 while the lowest figure was 72.94% in T4. T1 had the lowest 3.34% EE content whereas T5 had the highest 4.15%. Essential amino acids (g/100g of meat) were highest at 41.51 in T5 and lowest at 37.79 in T1. The lowest total saturated fatty acid (SFA) in Longissimus dorsi was 46.25% in T5 and the highest was 51.89% in T1. The total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) proportion of 66.87% in T2 was the highest and T5 had the lowest proportion of 52.07%. The lowest total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) was 1.52% in T1 and the highest was at 7.49% in T5. In conclusion, CP, EE, essential amino acid, and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acid proportion increased with the advancement of dental age maturity and conversely, saturated fatty acid (SFA) proportion was decreased. Therefore, this research will play a vital role to characterize accurately in terms of its nutritional quality to be aware of the selection of indigenous beef in their daily diet according to dental age.

Effect of genotype on chemical composition and fatty acid profile of guinea pig carcass (Cavia porcellus L.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the genotype on the deposition curve of the chemical components and fatty acid profile of carcass of guinea pigs of Peru and Cieneguilla genotypes. Forty-eight male guinea pigs (24 per genotype), randomly distributed in pens with three animals each per genotype were used. Management and feeding protocols, up to 32 wk of age, were similar for both genotypes. The deposition curve of the chemical components was determined using the Gompertz equation. Data of the fatty acid profile were submitted to analysis of varianza under a Randomized Complete Block Design using the SAS Studio Environment software, with a significance level of α = 0.05. The results showed that the asymptote of the moisture and protein content in the carcass of the Peru genotype was higher (P &lt; 0.05) than that of Cieneguilla genotype, but not in the fat content, which was similar (P &gt; 0.05) in both genotypes. Likewise, the function of the relationship between the maximum deposition rate of the three chemical components and the content at adulthood (k) was similar (P &gt; 0.05) in the two genotypes. The age of maximum moisture deposition rate and total protein at the inflection point (ti) are lower than the maximum fat deposition rate in both genotypes. Regarding the fatty acid profile of the carcass, the content of total and individual saturated fatty acids was similar (p &gt; 0.05) in the two genotypes was observed. However, the content of total monounsaturated fatty acids and oleic acid (C18:1C) were higher (p &lt; 0.05) in the Cieneguilla genotype, while the content of total polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic and linolenic acids were higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the carcass of guinea pigs of the Peru genotype. In conclusion, the asymptote of moisture content and crude protein in adulthood was higher (p &lt; 0.05) in the Peru genotype. In saturated fatty acid content, there were no statistical differences between both genotypes, but the Cieneguilla genotype contains a higher (p &lt; 0.05) percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids and the Peru genotype has a higher (p &lt; 0.05) percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Evaluation of Carcass Attributes and Physical, Chemical, and Qualitative Characteristics of Breast Meat of Broiler Chickens Fed on Pulicaria jaubertii Powder.

Pulicaria jaubertii (PJ) is a medicinal plant used as a synthetic antioxidant and as a traditional medicine due to its bioactive compounds. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of PJ on carcass traits and breast meat quality parameters of broiler chickens. Two hundred and forty male broilers (1 day old) were divided into four groups (0, 3, 6, and 9 g of PJ/kg of basal diet). Performance indicators were evaluated during the feeding stages, and carcass characteristics and physiochemical and qualitative parameters of breast meat were measured at 36 days old. The results showed that PJ improved performance parameters such as weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and production efficiency index (p < 0.05) in the finishing stage. The diets supplemented with PJ were associated with better carcass characteristics (p < 0.05), but some body parts, such as legs (6 and 9 g PJ) and backs (3-9 g PJ) decreased (p < 0.05). Temperature and initial pH were decreased by PJ (p < 0.05). Meat color was not affected by PJ (p > 0.05), although the yellowness and saturation index were lower at 9 g PJ. Total saturated fatty acid content was higher at 3 g PJ, while total polyunsaturated fatty acids and unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio were lower at 3 and 6 g PJ (p < 0.05). Total monounsaturated fatty acid content increased at 6 and 9 g PJ. Omega-6 fatty acids and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 were lower at 3 g PJ. PJ resulted in higher weight loss on cooking (6 and 9 g PJ) and shear force (3-9 g PJ). In conclusion, PJ had a positive influence on performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid profile, and some meat quality traits were generally improved by PJ, but knowledge of its mode of action is still limited and therefore requires further investigation.

Proton transverse relaxation times depending on the unsaturated fatty acids: a magnetic resonance relaxometric study on beef fat samples

ABSTRACT The unsaturated fatty acid content of beef meat is an important property that affects the health and sense of taste of the consumer and determines price. Fresh beef fat samples were measured by a bilateral low-field time-domain proton magnetic resonance (MR) apparatus. The proton transverse relaxation time (T2) for 18 fat samples were measured at 40.0°C using the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill method. The results showed that T2 increased linearly with unsaturated fatty acid content. By using the linear dependence of T2 on the unsaturated fatty acid content, we successfully estimated the contents of oleic acid, total monounsaturated fatty acid, and total unsaturated fatty acid with root-mean-square errors of 2.5, 2.8, and 3.2 wt%, respectively. The proposed T2-relaxometry-based method could be performed using a portable unilateral MR surface scanner, which would enable in-vivo nondestructive noninvasive measurements of live cattle for the optimization of the feeding and fattening timing from calf to adult and for the best choice of the shipment timing in terms of the maximization of unsaturated fatty acid content of beef meat.