Total Mineral Matter Research Articles

Geochemical and mineralogical assessment of environmentally sensitive elements in Neyveli lignite deposits, Cauvery Basin, India.

This research work presents an examination of the concentrations and modes of occurrence of environmentally sensitive elements within lignite deposits, located in Neyveli, within the Cauvery Basin of India. Coal is one of the most complex geologically formed materials, consisting of organic and inorganic matter. The inorganic mineral matter including thecrystalline minerals, non-crystalline mineraloids, and elements with non-mineral associations. These lignite samples underwent complete analysis encompassing macroscopic, microscopic and geochemical assessments. The analysis reveals that the total mineral matter (MM) content, comprising significant proportions of sulphides, carbonate and argillaceous components. Geochemical characterization further elucidates the lignite's properties, with proximate analysis yielding values such as ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon and the Ultimate components analysis reveals the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen. Inorganic mineral matters play a significant role in coal utilization, and also such modes of occurrence of elements provide useful geochemical information on coal formation and coal-bearing basin evolution. In this paper, we assess the associations of elements and minerals, as well as the associations of selected elements including environmentally-sensitive (e.g., S, As, U, and Hg), and some major elements (e.g., Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, and Ti) that have largely occurred in non-mineral forms in these low-rank coals. And also, comparative analysis is conducted between the concentrations of elements within the lignite samples and the values reported for World Clarke Brown Coals (WCBC). Particularly, some of these elements exhibit significantly high environmental sensitivity, demanding careful consideration in lignite extraction and utilization practices.

Soil and irrigation water quality assessment for maize production in Buhle farm in Howick, Kwazulu-Natal province, South Africa

The continuous monitoring of soil health and irrigation water quality influences the crop yield and the quality of agricultural produce. In this study, various physicochemical parameters were measured to monitor the soil profile, irrigation water and maize quality harvested from the Buhle farm located in Howick in the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa to ensure steady high quality food supply for the consumer. The maize crop was sampled from the maize stalk, the corresponding soil samples were collected from the upper surface of the soil (0-15 cm surface layer) using the soil auger and the irrigation water sample was taken from the irrigation tanks using polyethylene sample bottles. The physicochemical parameters considered for irrigation water were pH, electrical conductivity, alkalinity and chloride due to their ability to affect water quality which consequently affect crop growth and quality. The soil physicochemical parameters considered were moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity, texture, total nitrogen and nutrients (protein, fat, fibre, starch, total mineral matter and elements). These parameters determine the soil quality, water content, the ratio of absorbed and lost energy, concentration of ions and elements present which in turn affect or promote the yield and quality of crops. Maize was analysed for nutritional content and medicinal health-promoting compounds to assess the influence of soil and irrigation water on the maize quality and consequently the health of the consumers. The concentrations of total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in soil, which were translated into high soil fertility were 2700, 19 and 222 mg kg-1, respectively. The results obtained were within the required specification for high quality maize production. The levels of sodium, sodium adsorption ratio and electrical conductivity in the irrigation water were 0.05 mg L-1, 2 and 1.81 µS m-1, respectively, indicating safe water of low salinity. Maize was high in starch (58.6%) while fibre, protein and fat contents in the maize were 23.4, 9.01 and 4.55%, respectively, indicating suitability for consumption. Furthermore, the total anthocyanin, total flavonoids and total phenolic acid content of the maize were 8.5, 49.5 and 100 mg L-1, respectively. Overall, this study showed the presence of health-promoting compounds in the maize crop which is associated with its high quality for consumption. The validity of the analysis methods was tested using certified reference materials. The concentrations of the reference materials were not statistically different from the certified values, attesting to the validity of the analysis methods. Key words: Soil profile, water quality, soil fertility, nutrition, antioxidants

Development of multiple soft computing models for estimating organic and inorganic constituents in coal

The distribution of the various organic and inorganic constituents and their influences on the combustion of coal has been comprehensively studied. However, the combustion characteristics of pulverized coal depend not only on rank but also on the composition, distribution, and combination of the macerals. Unlike the proximate and ultimate analyses, determining the macerals in coal involves the use of sophisticated microscopic instrumentation and expertise. In this study, an attempt was made to predict the amount of macerals (vitrinite, inertinite, and liptinite) and total mineral matter from the Witbank Coalfields samples using the multiple input single output white-box artificial neural network (MISOWB-ANN), gene expression programming (GEP), multiple linear regression (MLR), and multiple nonlinear regression (MNLR). The predictive models obtained from the multiple soft computing models adopted are contrasted with one another using difference, efficiency, and composite statistical indicators to examine the appropriateness of the models. The MISOWB-ANN provides a more reliable predictive model than the other three models with the lowest difference and highest efficiency and composite statistical indicators.

Protein supplementation for sheep fed with tropical forage

The effects of increasing levels of protein supplementation (50, 100, 150 and 200 animal per day) and mineral salt on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and ingestive behavior of sheep consuming tropical forage (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) were evaluated. Five non-castrated crossbred lambs (½ Santa Inês x ½ undefined breed) with average initial body weight of 35.0 kg (± 4.40 kg) were allocated in individual cages and analyzed in a 5x5 Latin square experimental design composed of five animals, five treatments and five evaluation periods of 14 days each. The contrast (protein supplement vs. mineral mixture) was not significant (p>0.05) for total dry matter intake, total organic matter intake, total ether extract intake and total carbohydrate intake variables. However, it was significant (p<0.05) for the variables forage dry matter intake, total crude protein intake, total mineral matter intake, total neutral detergent fiber intake and total non-fibrous carbohydrate intake, demonstrating possible replacement of forage by the supplement. Although the diet dry matter digestibility declined linearly (p <0.05), there was a significant linear increase effect of supplementation (P <0.05) on apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, non-fibrous carbohydrates and consumption of digestible non-fibrous carbohydrates. This was due to higher participation of supplement in the diet ingested by supplemented sheep. The type of supplementation (protein or mineral mixture) did not affect the animals€™ daily activities. Protein supplementation did not affect the water ingestion (P <0.05), demonstrating that even at the highest level of supplementation (200 g/day), animals were not induced to drink more water by the diet. We conclude that increasing levels of protein supplementation associated with good quality elephant grass resulted in increases in sheep digestive parameters, and supplementation below 100 g day-1 resulted in similar parameters to those of sheep receiving mineral mix (control). Additionally, protein supplementation did not affect (P> 0.05) either the water intake or ingestive behavior of sheep, with rumination and rest coinciding with dusk and dawn.

Mineral matter composition of drained floodplain soils in north-eastern Poland

Abstract Soils in two river valleys (Rozoga and Omulew) in north-eastern Poland were investigated. The valleys are located on a sandy outwash plain formed during the Vistulian (Weichelian) Glaciation. The soils are drained, used as meadows and classified as Fluvic Umbric Gleysol, Fluvic Mollic Gleysol, and Eutric Fluvic Histic Gleysol (IUSS Working Group WRB 2015). The aim of the study was to identify the composition of mineral matter and to determine the types of clay minerals and intermediate stages of clay minerals by means of the X-ray diffraction (XRD). The studied floodplain soils are rich in organic matter and contain considerable mineral alluvial admixtures. The content of clay fraction (< 2.0 μm) is low (0.02–5.61% of total mineral matter). Higher content of clay fraction was noted in soils with elevated content of organic matter, which can be evidence of simultaneous accumulation of both components. In deeper depressions occurring in river valleys (oxbow lakes), a specific deposit termed silty telmatic mud (16–24% TOC, 50–75% silt, 3.1–5.6% clay fraction content) was accumulated. On the other hand, in shallow depressions, a muddy deposit was accumulated (5.7–7.7% TOC, sandy texture). The main identified clay minerals were smectite, vermiculite, illite and kaolinite as well as variety of mixed-layer clays. Alluvial clay admixture in studied soil formations showed mineralogical similarity to typical floodplain mineral soils (Fluvisols). Mineral fraction of studied soils is mostly of allochthonous origin.

Occurrence and characteristics of abundant fine included mineral particles in Collie coal of Western Australia

Collie coal is the only coal being mined in Western Australia and plays an important role in supplying cheap energy to the State’s energy mix. This study reports a systematic investigation into the occurrence and characteristics of the fine mineral matter in Collie coal that is crushed to the size of <212 µm and density separated. The results show that 94.1 wt% of the mineral matter in the whole Collie coal is present in the three density fractions of 1.2–1.4, 1.4–1.6 and ≥2.0, including 26.8 and 58.6 wt% as included mineral matter in two density fractions with specific gravities of 1.2–1.4 and 1.4–1.6, and 8.7 wt% as excluded mineral matter in the density fraction of ≥2.0. Further analysis of these key Collie coal density fractions using computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) shows that 54.13 wt% of the total mineral matter in the whole Collie coal are fine mineral particles of sizes <10 μm. These included fine mineral particles (<10 μm) are distributed as 20%:80% in the two coal density fractions of 1.2–1.4 and 1.4–1.6, which contribute to 10.64 and 43.49 wt% of the total mineral matter in the whole coal, respectively. CCSEM analysis also shows that the key minerals in the fine mineral particles are quartz, kaolinite, K-, Ca- or Fe-Al silicates and pyrite-related minerals. However, large proportions of these included fine mineral particles have “unclassified” mineral phases. Such unclassified particles contribute to 43.88 and 36.84 wt% of the fine mineral particles with size <10 µm present in the coal density fractions of 1.2–1.4 and 1.4–1.6 (equivalent to 4.67 and 16.02 wt% of the total mineral matter in the whole coal), respectively. The chemistry data show that these individual fine mineral particles (<10 µm) contain mixed compositions of Si + Al, Fe + Ti and other elements such as Ca, K, S and P, suggesting that one single fine mineral particle contains multiple mineral phases.

Partitioning of mineralogical and inorganic geochemical components of coals from Santa Catarina, Brazil, by industrial beneficiation processes

Comparative studies of the mineral matter and trace elements in 12 pairs of run-of-mine (ROM) and clean-coal products from beneficiation plants in Santa Catarina, southern Brazil, have been carried out using low-temperature oxygen-plasma ashing, X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis techniques with the aim of evaluating the effect of coal preparation on the mineralogy and chemical composition of the final coal products. The results show that substantial reductions in mineral matter and ash percentages are associated with beneficiation of coals mined from the different deposits. These reductions are accompanied by changes in the percentages of Fe2O3 in the respective coal ashes, due to the reduction in the proportion of pyrite in the mineral matter, and also by a reduction in the percentage of Na2O, possibly due to ion exchange within the clay minerals. The relative proportions of quartz, clay minerals, and minor phases such as calcite and feldspar (mainly albite) within the mineral matter are not, however, significantly changed by the beneficiation processes.The concentrations of most trace elements in the beneficiation products are similar to the respective concentrations in the relevant ROM materials, or are reduced to an extent similar to that of the total mineral matter percentage for the respective coal samples. This suggests an association mainly with the clay-rich mineral matter. The concentrations of As and Pb, however, are reduced to a greater extent for most samples by the beneficiation processes, consistent with a pyrite association. Concentrations of Ge, U and Zr are higher in many of the clean coals than in the respective run-of-mine materials, suggesting the possibility of preferential association, at least for some deposits, with the organic-rich fractions of the coals concerned.

Petro-chemical characterization and evolution of Vastan Lignite, Gujarat, India

Abstract The present paper entails the results of the chemical and petrological studies carried out on Vastan Lignites of Gujarat. Petrographically there is an unambiguous dominance of huminite group of macerals over the liptinite and inertinite groups and is chiefly represented by telohuminite and detrohuminite. Ulminite dominates among telohuminite while attrinite and densinite mainly contribute to detrohuminite. Liptinite and inertinite groups are recorded comparatively in small concentrations. Argillites are the main inorganic component while the carbonates and sulphides contribute meagerly to the total mineral matter content. Chemically these lignites are characterized by high moisture content with moderately high volatile matter and variable ash contents. The fixed carbon and the elemental carbon show a moderate concentration. The sulphur content is more in the Lower seam with an average content of 1.59%. The study reveals that these lignites originated under moderate to high water cover in limnic environments with evidences supporting anaerobic decay of the organic matter with a loss of structural components of vegetal matter to a lesser extent. Moreover, the influx of fresh waters raised the pH of the paleomire which was further raised by carbonate rich surface water and was responsible for high sulphur content in some of the sections.

Investigation of the pyrolysis behaviour of brown algae before and after pre-treatment using PY-GC/MS and TGA

The pyrolysis behaviour of a number of brown macroalgae (seaweeds) collected in the UK such as Laminaria hyperborea and Fucus vesticulosus, are compared with the tropical algae Macrocystis pyrifera. Macroalgae contain a significant amount of alkali earth metals, halogens and a range of trace heavy metals. Pre-treatment of the algae has been performed to remove mineral matter in both water and weak acid. The pyrolysis behaviour of the residues has been investigated and the effect of processing on ash content and mineral composition has been determined. The pyrolysis behaviour of the raw samples and the residues from processing has been studied using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis-GC/MS (Py-GC/MS). Total mineral matter has been determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) before and after pre-treatment. The Py-GC/MS pyrograms at 500 °C indicate the presence of a range of ketones, pentosans, nitrogen containing compounds and phenols. The residues from pre-treatment have different pyrolysis behaviours, particularly after acid treatment. The pre-treatment schemes investigated can remove a significant proportion of the mineral matter and halogens although they also selectively extract polymeric material. The residues have lower ash content and lower nitrogen content. Results for pre-treatment in water are consistent with the removal of mannitol, while results for pre-treatment in acid are consistent with the removal of fucoidan, mannitol and the partial removal of laminarin. Py-GC/MS of the residue from pre-treatment in acid produces a similar pyrogram to alginic acid in which furfural is a dominant product. There appears to be potential for the production of fuels and chemicals from brown algae by pyrolysis although the reduction of mineral matter and halogens by pre-treatment is advantageous.

Effect of mineral matter on the reactivity of lignite

In this study, effects of total mineral matter content and of elements Ca, Mg, Na, K, Si and Al on the combustion reactivity of 25 lignite samples, originating from different areas of Turkey, was investigated. Non-isothermal thermogravimetry, where the sample was heated in air and the temperature of which increased at a linear rate of 40 K min −1 to 1273 K, has been used to investigate the combustion reactivities of the lignite samples. The calculated combustion activation energy values were related to the mineral impurities and definite correlations were observed.

Nutritional parameters and yield evaluation of newly developed genotypes of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.).

Among the commonly consumed food legumes, lentils occupy an important place in human nutrition in the Indian subcontinent. Twenty-one lentil genotypes were evaluated for such nutrition related parameters as moisture, protein, crude fiber, fat, ash (total mineral matter), carbohydrates, total energy and metabolizable energy. These genotypes were also analyzed for 100-seed weight and seed yield/plant. Protein content ranged between 22.1 and 27.4% with significant differences among genotypes. Considerable variations were observed among the genotypes for calcium, phosphorus, iron and tannin contents. Large variations existed in yield and 100-seed weight of these genotypes. Seed yield/plant was not significantly correlated with any of the principal seed constituents analyzed in the present study. The genotypes, LH 97 and LH 37 were found to be better and hence could be explored for further development and selection of desirable characteristics.

Effect of mineral matter on the burning profile of lignites

Abstract In this study, the effect of the mineral species and of the total mineral matter content on the burning profile of twenty-five lignite samples originating from different parts of Turkey was investigated by thermogravimetry. The burn-out times, DTG maximum peak temperatures and weight loss rates of the samples were correlated with the CaO, MgO, Na 2 O and K 2 O contents of the lignite samples. The results have shown that these mineral species catalytically influence the combustion phenomena of the lignite samples. Their catalytic effects are more pronounced at higher temperatures.

Variations in the temperatures of coal-char particles during combustion: A consequence of particle-to-particle variations in ASH-content

Experimental evidence is provided that supports our hypothesis that the wide variations in the temperatures and burning rates of pulverized-coal char particles of nominally the same size are primarily a consequence of particle-to-particle variations in ash-content. In situ size, temperature, and velocity measurements on the char particles of two uncleaned, run-of-mine coals and on the char particles of their physically-cleaned products are presented. The cleaning process reduced the total mineral matter content of the coals. It is shown that the variations in particle temperatures are reduced with cleaning. The higher the mineral matter content of the coal, the wider the variations in the ash-content of individual particles and hence, the wider the variations in the temperatures of particles of nominally the same size. Wide variations in particle temperatures lead to wide variations in particle burning rates. It is also shown that the temperature-dependence of the chemical reactivity of the particle material remains unchanged throughout the early to late stages of burning. Further, the data indicate that catalysis by mineral matter is negligible at particle temperatures exceeding 1500 K.

Mineralogical characterization of lower rank coals by SEM-based automated image analysis and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry

Automated image analysis (AIA) based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry was used to characterize the mineral matter in two western subbituminous coals from the Adaville No. 11 seam (Kemmerer, WY) and the Dietz No. 1 and 2 seams (Decker, MT). The samples were ground to — 200 mesh and cleaned by float-sink separation at 1.40 and 1.38 specific gravity, respectively. The samples were characterized before and after cleaning for mineral phase and size distributions. The Adaville sample contained primarily quartz and an iron-rich mineral, along with traces of apatite, while the Dietz coal contained primarily quartz and kaolinite. The mineral particles in the Adaville coal were notably coarser. The total mineral matter content determined by AIA agreed reasonably well with that calculated from the ASTM ash content. Studies on the association of the mineral particles with the coal matrix were performed by SEMAIA to classify the composite mineral-coal particles into 10 particle types or classes of increasing density. The AIA density distributions were consistent with distributions expected from the float-sink cleaning. They also indicated significant differences in the association of minerals with coal between the raw coals. Specifically, the Dietz coal contained relatively more liberated mineral matter and less material between 1.4 and 1.8g cm −3 than did the Adaville coal.

The Influence of Some Agronomic Properties on the Composition of Certain Soybean Varieties Tested in Turkey

AbstractThe influences of some agronomic properties on the chemical composition of five varieties of soybeans (namely Amsoy, Corsoy, Calland, Union, Williams grown in Turkey as a second crop were examined. According to the results of analysis of 40 soybean samples, the average contents of crude oil (as the percentage of dry matter), crude protein, total mineral matter were found as 20.91%, 42.01% and 5.64%, respectively. The same samples contained in average 11.38% total sugar, 8.24% humidity, 5.26% crude cellulose. Fatty acid composition is as follows (as area % in average) palmitic acid 12.53, stearic acid 4.02, oleic acid 22.64, linoleic acid 53.71, linolenic acid 7.03. Statistical analyses related to the above mentioned factors were carried out and simple correlation between chemical constituents were also calculated. A negative correlation factor was found (r = ‐0.431) between total fat and protein content of soybean samples.

Effect of irradiation and germination on selected nutrients of corn

The effect of germination on potential nutrients (mineral matter, protein, lipids, fibre, carbohydrates and total energy) and an antinutrient (phytate) of corn, was studied. The influence of irradiation (5–20 krad) and germination on the vitamin contents (ascorbic acid, riboflavin) was also investigated. Comparison of the coefficients of variability revealed striking differences in the contents of these nutrients as a result of germination. Total mineral matter increased from 1·15% to 1·40%, protein from 9·6% to 14·0%, lipids from 4·36% to 4·60% and fibre from 0·71% to 0·82% whereas phytate decreased from 200 to 105 mg 100 g and carbohydrates from 85·5% to 70·0%. Radiation and germination significantly affected the ascorbic acid and riboflavin contents of corn (p < 0.05). A maximum value of ascorbic acid ( 19·4 mg 100 g ) was observed in the 10 krad treated seeds as compared with 14·3 mg 100 g in the control after 120 h of germination. Similarly, riboflavin increased from an initial value of 1·5 μg/g to 13·1 μg/g in the 20krad sample as compared with 6·0 μg/g in the unirradiated control.

Beneficiation of Coal Fines by Aggregative Flotation

The effect of various operating parameters on the performance of the aggregative flotation process for beneficiating coal fines was investigated. The recovery of carbonaceous matter was found to be improved by high mixing intensity and by the utilization of preemulsified collector in the aggregate formation stage. The presence of salt in the flotation stage was found to enhance recovery of the aggregates and the use of a three-stage aggregative flotation technique was found to recover more than 95% of the carbonaceous matter while rejecting 94% of the liberated ash (67% of the total mineral matter). This was accomplished using 2 kg of kerosene per tonne of coal while, in contrast, conventional flotation techniques yielded a recovery of 47% at a collector dosage of 7.5 kg/t.

Paleocology of Hall Lake, Washington: A History of Meromixis and Disturbance

Hall Lake, Washington, has been meromictic and holomictic for known periods in the recent past (1950 to 1980). Information on the factors initiating biogenic meromixis in Hall Lake, Washington, was sought using an analysis of the recent sediment in conjunction with known historical events. X-rays of six 50-cm cores showed cryptic laminations that proved to be varves resulting from winter rains, which concentrated silt and clay input in that season. Precise estimation of annual sedimentation rates over the past 350 yr permitted calculations of fluxes of total mineral matter, organic matter, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Pb, Si, Al, Mg, Ti, S, P, chlorophyll degradation products, and cladoceran microfossils. The relative abundance diagrams for pollen and major diatom taxa were also constructed. The sedimentary record left during the known period of meromixis (1950 to 1962) was characterized by mesotrophy, stable mineral flux rates, moderate algal production, stable organic fluxes, and relatively low sedimentation rates, implying insignificant influx of silt-laden waters during winter when meromictic stability is minimal. The absence of sapropel in the sediments during the meromictic era suggests that sapropel is more characteristic of anoxia and adequate Fe and S than of incomplete winter circulation. A change was documented frommore » Daphnia rosea to Daphnia pulex associated with the destruction of meromixis in 1963.Similarly, major changes in the flux of Daphnia rosea and Bosmina longirostris microfossils to the sediments in the lower portion of the core are as yet unexplained. An attempt to study the population dynamics of Daphnia rosea based on size-frequency distributions and using a computer model demonstrated that there is a systematic underrepresentation of the smaller instars preserved in the sediments, making such studies impossible.« less

Studies of the composition of sainfoin

1. Studies were made of the composition of Giant sainfoin cut successively at different stages of growth in two seasons under contrasting conditions of weather and soil.2. Cuts were taken at preflowering, early- and full-flowering stages of growth. Yields of both fresh material and dry matter substantiated the usual farming practice of taking two cuts at full flower in one season, and indicate that cutting sainfoin before it comes into bloom has a seriously depressing effect on productivity.3. Like most green fodder crops, sainfoin has a lower content of crude protein and nitrogen-free extractives, and a higher content of crude fibre as the plant increases in maturity. The mineral content is somewhat variable, and in particular the potassium content appears to reflect the status of this element in the soil.4. The ratio of leaf dry matter to total dry matter of the plant decreases with advancing maturity. The leaf composition is fairly constant, irrespective of stage of growth, number of cuts and season, the fibre content being remarkably constant in contrast with that of stem, where it increases with advancing maturity. Leaf is richer than stem in crude protein, ether extract and total mineral matter, particularly calcium. Thus changes which do occur in the composition of the plant are due to variations in stem composition and leaf-stem ratio.5. Analyses of sainfoin hay, made under both experimental and commercial conditions, are discussed, and the range of variation in the main constituents of thirty-five commercial samples is commented upon.6. The present investigations into the composition of sainfoin, both as green fodder and as hay, show figures that differ appreciably from those derived from earlier German work. Examination of the data available for the nutritive value of fresh and conserved sainfoin reveal anomalies which suggest that such data are not typical of the crop as grown in this country, and also suggest the need for more modern data.

XXVI. Supplement to former paper, entitled—"Experimental inquiry into the composition of some of the animals fed and slaughtered as human food.”—Composition of the ash of the entire animals, and of certain separated parts

In our former paper (Phil. Trans., Part II., 1859), we considered the analytical results which had then been obtained illustrating the actual and comparative composition of certain collective portions, and of the entire bodies, of animals of the farm, of different descriptions, and in different stages of growth and fatness. The results were given relating to ten animals, namely—a fat calf, a half-fat ox, a fat ox, a fat lamb, a store sheep, a half-fat old sheep, a fat sheep, a very fat sheep, a store pig, and a fat pig. The constituents which had been determined were—the total fat (by melting, expres­sion, and ether-extraction), the total nitrogen, and the total mineral matter (ash). These were given in detail for certain separated parts, and in summary for all those parts collectively which are usually classed by the butcher as “carcass,” for all those collectively classed as “offal,” and for the entire animal (fasted live-weight). At that time the analyses of the ashes of the different animals, and their separated parts, were not completed. It is the object of this supplementary paper to record the results of forty complete ash-analyses, and to indicate their connexion with the main inquiry, and their importance as an element of it. To do this it will be desirable in the first place briefly to summarise the results and conclusions previously given. From the data above referred to, the composition of some of the separated parts, and of the entire bodies, of the ten animals was given, so far as the total mineral matter, the total nitrogenous substance, the total fat, the total dry substance, and the water are concerned.