Lipid Profile Research Articles

Сезонная динамика липидов тканей двустворчатого моллюска Cerastoderma glaucum псевдолиторальной зоны

Cerastoderma glaucum is a bivalve mollusk that inhabits the supralittoral zone of the Black Sea. It is a potential object of commercial aquaculture, which makes its lipid profile and adaptation mechanisms a prospective research topic. The authors analyzed the annual patterns in total lipids, phospholipids, polyglycerides, diglycerides, sterols, free fatty acids, and triacylglycerides to obtain the fatty acid profile of C. glaucum, harvested from the supralittoral zone of the upper Kazachya Bay, Sevastopol, Russia. The mollusks were collected in the winter, spring, and autumn of 2021–2022. This research featured their gills, foot, and hepatopancreas. An integrated methodological approach was used to d etermine total lipids, classify them, and study fatty acids. The total lipid level was 2.4–15.1 g/100 g raw weight. During the year, the dynamics of total lipids in the tissues of foot and gills varied from the highest values in the spring (9.6 ± 1.6 and 4.9 ± 1.9 g/100 g raw weight, respectively) to the lowest in the autumn (5.5 ± 0.5 and 2.5 ± 0.4 g/100 g raw weight, respectively). In the hepatopancreas, it peaked the winter and dropped in the autumn (19.4 ± 1.9 and 2.9 ± 0.4 g/100 g raw weight, respectively). In the winter, all tissue samples demonstrated a significant decrease in triacylglycerides. The composition of fatty acids and total lipids in all tissues included 23 types, i.e., nine saturated (35–40%), eight monounsaturated (15–34%), and six polyunsaturated (5.8–29%) from the families of omega-3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, and 13. Palmitic and oleic acids were among the dominant fatty acids. Seasonal dynamics of lipids in the samples of foot, gills, and hepatopancreas of C. glaucum revealed some general patterns. In the spring, total lipids peaked while structural and storage lipids had a uniform distribution. In the autumn and winter, total lipids went down whereas structural lipids increased. The fatty acid profile of C. glaucum from the supralittoral zone of the Black Sea differed from those of the same species from o ther regions.

A-211 Lipids in the Afternoon: Effect on LDL-C, Triglycerides, and Collection Time When Removing Fasting Requirements for Lipid Panels

Abstract Background Calculated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) is a standard component of the lipid panel and an important risk factor in managing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Due to the assumptions in the derivation of the Friedwald formula, fasting (≥8 hours) and triglyceride levels ≤400mg/dL have long been recommended. More recent data have shown that in most cases fasting has minimal effect on results, leading to the endorsement of non-fasting lipid panels for routine evaluation of ASCVD risk in clinical practice guidelines. Furthermore, newer equations (e.g. Sampson-NIH) allow for more accurate estimation of LDL-C even in the presence of hypertriglyceridemia. Mayo Clinic has implemented the Sampson-NIH LDL-C calculation and removed fasting/non-fasting designation from lipid panel orders. We hypothesized that the change to fasting designation would allow more afternoon draws for routine lipid panels and that increased non-fasting collections may increase triglyceride levels, but that the Sampson-NIH equation would prevent bias in LDL-C estimation. In order to test these hypotheses, we analyzed patient data from 1 year prior and 1 year post-implementation. Methods Results of lipid panels performed for one year preceding (n=334,719) and one year after (n=381,804) removal of the fasting/non-fasting designation and implementation of Sampson-NIH equation were collected. Median, 10th, and 90th percentile of draw time, triglyceride, and LDL-C calculated by either Sampson-NIH or Friedwald formulas were compared by quantile regression. Results Draw times shifted post-implementation at the 10th percentile (7:06 vs. 7:10, p<0.0001), median (8:49 vs. 9:08, p<0.0001) and 90th (12:02 vs. 13:46, p<0.0001). No difference in median triglyceride measurement was observed between pre-and post-implementation (110mg/dL), but slight differences were observed in the 10th and 90th percentile values (60 vs 59mg/dL and 224 vs 229mg/dL, p<0.0001). No difference was observed in 10th, 50th, or 90th percentile LDL values when calculated by Sampson-NIH equation (56, 99, 153mg/dL); however, if the Friedwald formula is used, a slight shift is observed in the 10th and 50th percentile LDL values (54 vs. 53, 97 vs. 96; p<0.0001) but not the 90th (150mg/dL). Conclusions Changing to the Sampson/NIH formula for LDL-C and removing fasting vs. non-fasting designation from routine lipid panels had minimal effect on reported triglyceride and LDL-C values, while allowing increased flexibility in draw time and reporting of LDL-C on patients with triglycerides ≥400mg/dL. Patients with TG ≥400mg/dL represented 1.7% of the dataset overall, including 5,387 patients before the change in which LDL-C could not be reported and 6,697 patients in the year post-implementation for whom LDL-C was reported based on the Sampson-NIH formula. Using an equation that is robust in patients with elevated triglyceride levels and removing fasting requirements from routine lipid panels allows greater flexibility and convenience for patients while allowing for more even distribution of phlebotomy workload and reporting of LDL-C results for patients with hypertriglyceridemia without evidence of clinically significant bias in reported results.

B-158 Association between multiple heavy metals exposure and blood lipid levels: evidence from a cross-sectional study of Korean adults

Abstract Background Metals are ubiquitous in our environment and enter human body via various pathways, such as air, soil, food, water, etc. Increasing studies have found that metals are important risk factors in developing dyslipidemia. However, there is no consensus regarding the effects of co-exposure to multiple metals on blood lipid levels. We investigated both the joint and individual effects of this metal mixture exposure on human blood lipid levels. Methods Blood concentrations of four human toxic metals (Pb, Cs, Hg, and Cd) in 2,798 general populations from Korea were simultaneously determined as a measure of exposure. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to estimate associations of four blood metals and metals mixture with lipid profiles, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Results The mean age of the overall study population was 41.2 ± 9.85 years, and 66.9% were men. The prevalence of overweight or obesity, diabetes, and hypertension in the population was 62.5, 6.8, and 13.9%, respectively. In the multivariable linear regression model, the blood Cs was positively associated with TC and LDL-C(p < 0.05, all), and the blood Pb was positively associated with serum TG (p < 0.05, all). Also, the blood Cd was positively associated with serum HDL-C (p < 0.05, all). We did not identify any other obvious interaction between metals on the lipid profiles using a bivariate exposure-response function in BKMR. Conclusions Our finding suggests that combined exposure to this metal mixture may affect human blood lipid levels. Therefore, reducing exposure to heavy metals, such as Cs and Pb, should be a priority for the general population. However, future studies with a larger number of heavy metals are still needed to focus on the detrimental effects of single metals on lipid profiles as well as to identify key components.

A-217 Estimation of the Prevalence and the Patterns of Dyslipidemia in the Korean population

Abstract Background Dyslipidemia is one of the four major risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease, along with hypertension, smoking, and diabetic mellitus. This countrywide study aimed to determine the prevalence and patterns of dyslipidemia and to describe their characteristics using data from the Korean population visiting local clinics. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the lipid profiles (total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), and triglycerides (TG)) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test results from Korean patients visiting local clinics during December 2023. Dyslipidemia was defined as having one or more of TC ≥200 mg/dl, LDLC ≥100 mg/dl, HDLC <40 mg/dl for males and <50 mg/dl for females, or TG ≥150 mg/dl (National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Training Program III, 2002). Glucose levels are considered hyperglycemic if blood glucose ≥126 mg/dl. The subjects comprised 1,232 patients who visited 57 local clinics nationwide were included. Lipid profile tests (except LDLC) and FPG were performed on Hitachi008AS automatic biochemistry analyzer and the LDLC test was calculated by the Friedewald equation. Data for TG ≥400 mg/dL were excluded. Results The study subject population comprised 610 males and 622 females aged 2 to 91 years. The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was 53.3% (657/1,232), with 49.3% (301/657) males and 57.2 (356/657) females (p<0.001). TC, LDLC, and TG were high in 14.5% (95/657), 33.9% (184/657), and 23.6% (223/657) of patients, respectively; HDLC was low in 28.0% (155/657). The prevalence of dyslipidemia by age group was as follows: 2 to 19 years (36.4%, 4/11); 20 to 29 years (66.7%, 12/18); 30 to 39 years (52.5%, 52/99); 40 to 49 years (61.5%, 131/213); 50 to 59 years (57.0%, 167/293); 60 to 69 years (50.1%, 168/335); 70 to 79 years (48.4%, 91/188); 80 years or older, (42.7%, 32/75). There was a difference in the prevalence of dyslipidemia between the age group under 50 and the age group over 50 (p<0.001). The prevalence of dyslipidemia among males and females was TC (72.6% vs 28.4%), HDLC (55.4% vs 44.6%), LDLC (53.8% vs 46.2%), TG (42.6% vs 57.4%), respectively (p<0.001). Thirteen of the 1,232 patients had dyslipidemia accompanied by hyperglycemia. Seven of them had mixed dyslipidemia (including raised TC, LDLC, and TG (n=4), raised TG & Low HDLC (n=2), raised TC and LDLC (n=1)). Conclusions The prevalence of dyslipidemia in Korean patients visiting local clinics was 53.3% and differed by gender, age group, and lipid profile. Considering that the prevalence of dyslipidemia is higher in diabetic patients compared to patients without diabetes, additional studies targeting a large number of patients are needed to promote disease prevention and control.

Combined Effects of Environmental Metals and Physiological Stress on Lipid Dysregulation.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a leading cause of mortality worldwide, influenced by genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. This study examines the relationship between heavy metal exposure, chronic physiological stress (allostatic load), and lipid profiles, which are markers of CVD risk, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018. We utilized structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore the associations between blood levels of lead, cadmium, allostatic load (AL), and lipid measures (low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides). The AL index was derived from cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic biomarkers and categorized into quartiles to identify high-risk individuals, with an index out of 10 subsequently developed. The SEM analysis revealed that both heavy metal exposure and allostatic load are significantly associated with lipid profiles. Higher levels of lead and cadmium were associated with increased LDL and triglycerides, while higher AL scores were linked to increased LDL and triglycerides and decreased HDL levels. Age was also a significant factor, showing positive correlations with LDL and triglycerides, and a negative correlation with HDL. This study underscores the multifactorial nature of CVD, highlighting the combined impact of environmental pollutants and physiological stress on lipid dysregulation. These findings suggest the need for integrated public health strategies that address both environmental exposures and chronic stress to mitigate cardiovascular risk. Further research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms and develop targeted interventions.

Effect of UV-C Irradiation on Growth, Photosynthetic Pigments, and Lipid Profile of Chlorella sorokiniana.

Chlorella sorokiniana holds significant industrial relevance owing to its lipid profile. Consequently, the objective of this investigation was to enhance growth, lipid content, and photosynthetic pigment production through the application of UV-C irradiation. The growth parameters of microalgae demonstrated an increase in response to concentration. After 35days of incubation, cells exposed to UV-C for 8min produced the most biomass at 2.2g/l. Additionally, the chlorophyll content demonstrated a comparable pattern, with the highest concentrations of chlorophyll a (4.99mg/l), chlorophyll b (6.22mg/l), and total chlorophyll (11.21mg/l) observed in cells incubated for 35days and exposed to UV-C for 8min. The lipid profile, nevertheless, demonstrated minor fluctuations. Specifically, the relative abundance of frequently occurring lipid compounds was found to be greater in cells treated with UV-C compared to the control group, and the most significant increase was obtained in 15-day culture exposed to UV-C for 8min. However, after 35days of incubation, this abundance decreased in cells exposed to UV-C for more than 4min. Additionally, the observation of specific lipid compounds presented solely in cells obtained from algal cultures treated with UV-C was made. Consequently, drawing from the results obtained in the current investigation, it is possible to deduce that UV-C can be utilised to augment the overall development and yield of significant metabolites in microalgae. Furthermore, these microalgae can be converted into single-cell bioreactors to facilitate the production of lipids utilised in a variety of applications, a process that could be refined to cater to industrial demands.

A-213 Comparison of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) estimates by in-lab and point-of-care devices in the context of emerging LDL-c equations

Abstract Background Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and lipid measurements are used for hyperlipidemia diagnosis, cardiovascular disease risk classification, and medication management. Millions of lipid panels are performed annually. Given the widespread need for lipid testing, there are two CLIA-waived point-of-care (POC) lipid testing devices. These devices were FDA-approved using the Friedewald equation to estimate LDL-c based on measurements of (triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and total cholesterol (TC). However, in laboratory-based testing, the Friedewald equation is being replaced by newer, more accurate equations such as the NIH-Sampson equation. These equations use the same lipid panel results to estimate LDL-c and only differ in the arithmetic of the estimation. The study objective is to evaluate how differences between the in-clinic POC machines and in-laboratory lipid measurements affect the estimated LDL-c results and are compounded by differences in the equations used for LDL-c estimation. Methods This retrospective observational study collected deidentified lipid results (TG, HDL-c, TC, LDL-c) and demographic data (age, gender) for all samples that had lipid panel results from in-lab and POC within twenty-four hours of each other in a single hospital system between 2014 and 2023. Three hundred twenty samples were identified; samples with non-numerical values or results outside of the reportable range for TG, HDL-c, or TC were not included in subsequent LDL-c calculations using the Friedewald and NIH-Sampson equations (69 results). Patients under the age of 18 were excluded (2 results). Two hundred and forty-nine samples met inclusion criteria; this cohort showed non-significant differences in lipid, age, and gender distributions relative to all POC results tested in the same time frame. Results Consistent with prior reports, we observed discordance between POC and the in-lab lipid measurements, particularly for TG (Bland-Altman: bias:-23.04 mg/dL, standard deviation:61.3 mg/dL). Regardless of the testing platform, LDL-c results are higher on an individual and population-based level with the NIH-Sampson equation. These analytical differences may not change clinical management if the cardiovascular risk classification using estimated LDL-c is unchanged. However, the risk classification based on the in-lab versus in-clinic testing differed for 20-30% of patients. The most pronounced difference in LDL-c estimation occurred when the POC machine used Friedewald and in-lab testing used NIH-Sampson, and resulted in 5% more patients differentially classified. Conclusions This study highlights the need for transparency in lipid panel reports regarding which LDL-c equation is used in both POC and in-lab testing formats, and the need for readily available tools for conversion between different LDL-c estimation equations.

A-002 Analytical Validation of the Zybio High Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I CLIA Assay

Abstract Background High-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) plays a pivotal role in the early diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). With technological advancements, the sensitivity of troponin assays has significantly improved. The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) criteria for hs-cTn assays include a total imprecision (Coefficient of Variation, CV) ≤10% at the gender-specific 99th percentile value and detectable levels in ≥50% of a healthy population. This study aims to evaluate the performance of Zybio's hs-cTnI assay against these high-sensitivity standards Methods This study involved 1661 individuals undergoing routine health checks at Chongqing Medical University Third Hospital. Exclusion criteria included recent medication use, abnormal NT-proBNP levels, significant cardiac silhouette changes in chest X-rays, age <20, incomplete data, pregnancy, or history of severe chronic diseases. Participants were classified into apparent healthy and healthy groups based on blood pressure, lipid profiles, and electrocardiogram results. Laboratory examinations included hs-cTn and NT-ProBNP concentrations using Zybio's chemiluminescence instrument EXI2400 and associated reagent kits, with other parameters measured using standard biochemical and high-performance liquid chromatography methods. Results Of the 1247 participants (556 males, 691 females) included in the final analysis, 1157 showed detectable hs-cTnI levels above the limit of detection (LOD), yielding an overall detection rate of 92.78%. Detection rates were 93.71% in males and 92.04% in females. The total imprecision (CV) of hs-cTnI at gender-specific 99th percentile values over 20 days was below 10%, meeting the high-sensitivity criteria. This finding was consistent across lower and higher concentration ranges. Conclusions The Zybio hs-cTnI assay demonstrated a high detection rate in a healthy population, with 92.78% detectability overall, 93.71% in males, and 92.04% in females. The assay met the high-sensitivity criteria of IFCC, with a total imprecision (CV) of less than 10% at the gender-specific 99th percentile levels. These results validate the utility of Zybio's hs-cTnI assay for clinical application in the early diagnosis of ACS.

Hypoglycemic activity of Garcinia mangostana L. extracts on diabetes rodent models: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Diabetes mellitus is a significant global health issue, and alternative treatments from natural products like Garcinia mangostana L. [Clusiaceae] or GM are being explored for their potential benefits. This study focused on evaluating the hypoglycemic effects of GM on diabetic rodent models. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase for studies reporting blood glucose levels within 2weeks as the primary outcome and changes in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) as secondary outcomes. A network meta-analysis (NMA) was performed to determine the pooled effectiveness of each intervention, estimating the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) from both direct and indirect evidence. The surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SURCA) was used to rank the interventions. Ten articles were identified, with nine included for quantitative analysis. All GM extracts showed greater effectiveness than the control in decreasing blood glucose levels within 2weeks. GM at 200mg/kg (GM200) was the top-ranked extract for reducing glucose levels beyond 2weeks and increasing HDL-C levels. The ethanol extract of GM at 200mg/kg (GME200) was the most effective for blood glucose reduction within 2weeks and for TC and TG reductions. The methanol extract of GM at 200mg/kg (GMM200) was the top-ranked extract for LDL-C reductions. GM and its extracts demonstrated significant hypoglycemic activity and improvements in lipid profiles in diabetic rodent models, highlighting their potential as therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Further research in human trials is warranted to confirm these findings and establish clinical applications. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023426254.

Effect of Oral Powder Preserving Probiotic Lactobacillus casei Extract on the Lipid Profile in Hyperlipidemic Rat

Background: Hypercholesterolemia is a critical risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Although there is no cure for it, controlling lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise is essential. One potential approach for treating hypercholesterolemia is developing novel delivery platforms incorporating probiotics. Probiotics have been shown to significantly reduce lipid profiles due to their antioxidant properties. Objectives: In this study, the researchers investigated the effects of oral supplementation with the lyophilized probiotic extract (LPE) of Lactobacillus casei on reducing lipid profiles in hyperlipidemic rats fed a fatty diet and fructose. Methods: This study involved 40 adult male Wistar rats, randomly divided into five groups: A negative control, a sham, and three treatment groups (T1, T2, and T3). The rats in the treatment groups received doses of 60, 120, and 240 mg/mL of LPE, respectively. Hyperlipidemia was induced in all groups by administering a mixture of 0.5% cholesterol, 30% tallow, and 20% fructose. The LPE supplementation was given orally once a day for two weeks. After the treatment period, blood samples were taken from all the rats 15 days later. Results: The results indicated that hyperlipidemia led to a significant increase in total blood cholesterol levels, including TG, LDL, and ALP (P < 0.001). Lyophilized probiotic extract supplementation significantly decreased total blood cholesterol levels (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The study demonstrated that LPE can reduce lipid levels and have a hypolipidemic effect in hyperlipidemic rats. Additionally, histopathology showed that a 540 mg/kg dose of LPE had an effective liver-protective effect.

Impact of Comorbid Polycystic Ovary Syndrome on Clinical and Laboratory Parameters in Female Adolescents with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) share several pathophysiological mechanisms. While the prevalence of MASLD has been extensively studied in PCOS populations, the occurrence of PCOS among female adolescents with transient elastography (TE)-confirmed MASLD in pediatric hepatology settings remains poorly characterized. This cross-sectional study aims to address this knowledge gap and elucidate potential clinical and biochemical differences between female adolescents with MASLD and comorbid PCOS compared to those without PCOS. Methods: The study cohort included 45 female adolescents with TE-diagnosed MASLD. Comparative analyses of clinical and laboratory parameters were performed between those with (n = 19) and those without (n = 26) comorbid PCOS, diagnosed according to the Rotterdam criteria. Results: Adolescents with MASLD and comorbid PCOS exhibited significantly higher weight, lower height, and increased waist circumference compared to those without PCOS. Additionally, the prevalence of acanthosis nigricans was significantly higher in the PCOS group (68.4% versus 34.6%, p = 0.025). Regarding laboratory parameters, serum phosphorus levels and liver enzymes—including aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase—were significantly lower in adolescents with comorbid PCOS. However, no significant differences were observed in lipid profiles, glucose metabolism, or novel non-invasive biomarkers of MASLD. Conclusions: This study reveals distinct clinical and biochemical profiles in female adolescents with MASLD and comorbid PCOS compared to those without PCOS. These findings have the potential to inform and refine future screening protocols and diagnostic algorithms for these interrelated conditions, specifically tailored to pediatric hepatology settings.

A-224 Non HDL Cholesterol: could be e new cardiovascular disease risk stratification factor?

Abstract Background A worldwide study demonstrated that among all modifiable risk factors of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) to the abnormal cholesterol levels is attributable the highest risk of events. LDL-C is considered the most important lipoprotein risk factor. Some recent epidemiologic studies have suggested that non-HDL cholesterol (N-HDL-C) may be superior to LDL-C for identifying CVD risk. N-HDL-C is easily calculated from a lipid profile and represents all apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins. Recent guidelines recommend LDL-C as a primary indicator and non-HDL-C as secondary. Moreover, cholesterol ratios are useful to stratification; the TC/HDL-C is associated with morbidity and mortality in the general population; in addition, several studies have stated that high triglycerides (TG) levels and low HDL-C are associated with increased risk and could function as atherogenic index. Methods 11399 samples were analyzed on Atellica Solution for the determination of Total Cholesterol (TC), D-LDL-C, HDL-C and TG. In the absence of clinical parameters, based on the desirable levels recommended by the guidelines, CVD risk was evaluated by assigning a cut-off of 100 and 130 mg/dL for D-LDL-C and N-HDL-C respectively Results Patients cohort mean (±SD) for CT, D-LDL, HDL, TG and N-HDL-C are 180 mg/dL (±43.2), 113 mg/dL (± 38.5), 51.7 mg/dL (±15.6), 116 mg/dL (±73.8), 128 mg/dL (±39.5) respectively. Of the examined patients, the 57.7% were outpatients, 21.8% of infectious diseases and 12.6% of the cardiovascular department. Data about D-LDL-C and N-HDL-C comparison, evaluated on discordant patients, are shown in table 1. Conclusions The data obtained from evaluation would seem to confirm hypothesis according to which non-HDL cholesterol would have a greater power in the identification of CVD risk because of cholesterol ratios are suggestive of increased risk for patients with an LDL-C<100 and N-LDL-C>130 mg/dL. Further studies assessing CVD risk, not only through laboratory data, are necessary to confirm this supposition.

Cardiovascular Risk Factors as Independent Predictors of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type II Diabetes Mellitus: The Development of a Predictive Model.

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidemia, may play a crucial role in the development and progression of DR, though the evidence remains mixed. This study aimed to assess cardiovascular risk factors as independent predictors of DR and to develop a predictive model for DR progression in T2DM patients. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 377 patients with T2DM who underwent a comprehensive eye exam. Clinical data, including blood pressure, lipid profile, BMI, and smoking status, were collected. DR staging was determined through fundus photography and classified as No DR, Non-Proliferative DR (NPDR), and Mild, Moderate, Severe, or Proliferative DR (PDR). A Multivariate Logistic Regression was used to evaluate the association between cardiovascular risk factors and DR presence. Several machine learning models, including Random Forest, XGBoost, and Support Vector Machines, were applied to assess the predictive value of cardiovascular risk factors and identify key predictors. Model performance was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, and ROC-AUC. Results: The prevalence of DR in the cohort was 41.6%, with 34.5% having NPDR and 7.1% having PDR. A multivariate analysis identified systolic blood pressure (SBP), LDL cholesterol, and body mass index (BMI) as independent predictors of DR progression (p < 0.05). The Random Forest model showed a moderate predictive ability, with an AUC of 0.62 for distinguishing between the presence and absence of DR XGBoost showing a better performance, featuring a ROC-AUC of 0.68, while SBP, HDL cholesterol, and BMI were consistently identified as the most important predictors across models. After tuning, the XGBoost model showed a notable improvement, with an ROC-AUC of 0.72. Conclusions: Cardiovascular risk factors, particularly BP and BMI, play a significant role in the progression of DR in patients with T2DM. The predictive models, especially XGBoost, showed moderate accuracy in identifying DR stages, suggesting that integrating these risk factors into clinical practice may improve early detection and intervention strategies for DR.

Key biomarkers in type 2 diabetes patients: A systematic review.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is not just a local health issue but a significant global health burden, affecting patient outcomes and clinical management worldwide. Despite the wealth of studies reporting T2DM biomarkers, there is an urgent need for a comparative review. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis based on the reported T2DM biomarkers and how these are linked with other conditions, such as inflammation and wound healing. A comparative review was conducted on 24 001 study participants, including 10 024 T2DM patients and 13 977 controls (CTL; age 30-90 years). Four main profiles were extracted and analysed from the clinical reports over the past 11 years: haematological (1084 cases vs. 1458 CTL), protein (6753 cases vs. 9613 CTL), cytokine (975 cases vs. 1350 CTL) and lipid (1212 cases vs. 1556 CTL). This review provides a detailed analysis of the haematological profile in T2DM patients, highlighting fundamental changes such as increased white blood cells and platelet counts, accompanied by decreases in red blood cell counts and iron absorption. In the serum protein profile, a reduction in albumin and anti-inflammatory cytokines was noted along with an increase in globulin levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, changes in lipid profiles were discussed, specifically the decreases in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and the increases in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides. Understanding the changes in these four biomarker profiles is essential for developing innovative strategies to create diagnostic and prognostic tools for diabetes management.

A-334 Vital one: a point-of-care platform for rapid, comprehensive, central-lab quality blood testing

Abstract Background Diagnostic tools are fundamental to informed healthcare decisions, but the current state of in vitro diagnostics presents barriers to providing timely access to a wide menu of tests. This poster discusses a method for overcoming these challenges with a novel and miniaturized point-of-care (PoC) solution, the VitalOneTM. While many PoC solutions have limited test menus tailored for specific scenarios, Vital Biosciences introduces a comprehensive test menu in a compact PoC format that uses centrifugal microfluidic workflows to deliver quantitative results for over 50 analytes spanning hematology, clinical chemistry, and immunoassay modalities, ensuring central-lab quality results for a wide variety of use cases in a 20-min time frame (or 15 min for a Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP) lipid panel, and liver panel). The VitalOneTM is designed to perform a complete blood count (CBC), a comprehensive panel with a full array of immunoassays and clinical chemistry assays, returning over 50 results with as little as 300-750 µL of whole blood. This poster provides a comprehensive and transparent view of both our results and underlying methods of operation. By comparing the VitalOneTM system with established benchmarks like Roche, Sysmex, and Beckman Coulter instrument systems, we demonstrate consistent assay performance, resilience to interference, and performance that is compliant with CLIA Total Allowable Error standards. Methods A method comparison analysis of measurements on VitalOneTM platform was performed against predicate instruments that are commonly used in centralized laboratories (Roche Cobas, Beckman AU480, Beckman Coulter DxH500, Beckman Access 2, and Sysmex 140). Additionally, a 5-8 point calibration curve was generated for each analyte across the desired assay measuring range (AMR) using commercially available validation kits on three separate days, resulting in a master calibration curve. To check for sensitivity to potential interferences that may be present in patient samples, endogenous and exogenous interference testing was performed following Clinical &amp; Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Lastly, robustness testing was carried out to mimic the extremes of variances in volumes, times, or temperatures that may be encountered when running an assay protocol. Results The method comparison analysis (n = 840 samples) and precision studies revealed that the VitalOne exhibited a strong correlation with the benchmark instruments and were in compliance with CLIA's total allowable error limits, reinforcing the reliability and clinical relevance of our diagnostic system. Assays across Hematology, Clinical Chemistry, and immunoassays demonstrated &amp;gt;95% of data within CLIA TEa% and run-to-run imprecision ≤ 5%. Additionally, linearity studies revealed that each analyte AMR spans across physiologically relevant concentrations, defined by medical decision levels and reference intervals for each analyte. Our robustness and endogenous and exogenous interference testing performed as per CLSI guidelines has demonstrated that the VitalOneTM system closely matches, and in certain parameters, such as biotin interference, even surpasses that of the predicate instruments. Conclusions In summary, the VitalOneTM platform represents a significant advancement in point-of-care diagnostics, offering a comprehensive, accurate, and efficient alternative to traditional laboratory testing. This innovation is poised to transform the way clinicians approach diagnostics, enabling more informed decision-making and ultimately enhancing patient outcomes.

B-040 Direct Aspiration of Cryogenic Matrix Tubes on the Siemens Atellica System With Epic-Beaker Integration of External Barcode IDs for Analysis Small Volume Biobanked Specimens

Abstract Background Most core chemistry and immunochemistry clinical analyzers are designed for direct sampling of primary blood tubes with volumes ranging from 3.5-10 mL. This limits analysis of low volume pediatric specimens and biobanked aliquoted samples from clinical trials without manual technologist intervention. This work outlines a microsampling and data transmission scheme for analysis of 500 uL aliquots of biobanked serum collected for the Nutrition for Precision Health study powered by the NIH All of Us Research Program without relabeling secondary aliquot tubes after receipt. Methods Commercial plastic clip bearings sourced from IGUS (LCM-08-02) were used to stabilize the matrix tube in a standard 5 mL Sarstedt aliquot tube. 96-well format Matrix Tubes (ThermoFisher 3719-11) with pre-printed 10-digit side barcodes were programmed in the Atellica software as a custom false bottom tube with specifications height 75 mm, diameter 12 mm, bottom offset 41 mm and were loaded using a dedicated false bottom tray. Manifest files (.csv) containing the sample ID, clinical trials participant ID, collection date/time, age and sex were ingested into Epic via an Incoming Orders HL7 interface. Non-human patient records were generated using the participant ID as an external patient ID and patient name and calculating the Date of Birth based on the age in years given in the manifest file. Test orders were created based on assigned testing for the sample ID in the manifest. The sample ID corresponding the preprinted Matrix Tube barcode ID was inserted into the Epic container identifier field. Results Test orders were automatically transmitted to the Atellica Data Manger (ADM) allowing specimens to be run on the Atellica System (CH and IM modules) and results transmitted to Epic utilizing the established Data Innovations (DI) interface and processes used for patient samples without the need for Epic generated labels. Successful scanning and recognition of Matrix Tube barcodes was 100%. Complete aspiration of a Comprehensive Metabolic Panel, Lipid Panel, Iron, TIBC, hsCRP, insulin, and H, I, L indices occurred for 50% of samples tested without intervention. Approximately 250 uL of the 500 uL aliquot remained after aspiration of all tests (247.7 uL total volume) from the Matrix Tube. No probe crashes were observed despite the narrower 8 mm diameter of the Matrix Tubes versus the standard 12- or 13-mm diameter of primary blood collection tubes. Conclusions This Epic-DI-ADM data workflow and microsampling adaptation for Matrix Tube aspiration allows greater container type flexibility for the receipt and analysis of external samples delivered in non-primary blood tubes for clinical laboratories. Future work involving adjustment of the false bottom tube offset depth may reduce unusable sample volume allowing for a higher percentage of complete aspiration without intervention. This work is significant because it suggests existing clinical analyzers are easily adaptable to microsampling smaller volume tubes without significant effort.

A-210 Ldl-c to non-hdl-c ratio method: a simple way to determine bias for ldl-c methods on hypertriglyceridemic samples

Abstract Background Beta-quantification (BQ) is the reference method for LDL-C but is not widely available. It is difficult, therefore, for clinical laboratories to independently assess the accuracy of their methods for either calculating or directly measuring LDL-C. Our goal was to investigate if an interrelationship between the tests in the standard lipid panel could be used to compare the performance of different LDL-C methods against BQ, specifically in samples with hypertriglyceridemia, a major cause of bias for LDL-C testing. Methods BQ results from Mayo Medical Labs (n=39,667) and the NIH (n=18,338) were used to identify a linear relationship by least-squares regression analysis between lipid panel test results and LDL-C to facilitate a statistical comparison between different LDL-C methods. Results It is well established that the number of VLDL particles increases as TG increases, because VLDL is the main carrier of TG. As a consequence, the ratio of LDL-C to non-HDL-C is inversely related to TG, which can be made linear by taking the square root of TG (Figure). Nearly identical regression equations were found for this relationship, using two different BQ datasets. When LDL-C was calculated by either Sampson equation, the LDL-C/non-HDL-C regression lines nearly overlapped with the one for BQ. In contrast, the Martin equation showed a positive bias with increasing TG, whereas the Friedewald equation showed a negative bias, consistent with past reports on their LDL-C biases with hypertriglyceridemia. In the UKBiobank, the Beckman direct LDL-C showed a positive bias for TG, which was confirmed in CAP proficiency test surveys. By simulation analysis, approximately 80 samples with high (&amp;gt;200 mg/dL) and low (&amp;lt;100 mg/dL) TG is statistically sufficient to assess if the LDL-C/non-HDL-C regressions lines of LDL-C methods differ from BQ. Conclusions The LDL-C/non-HDL-C ratio method is a simple way to examine LDL-C methods for bias on hypertriglyceridemic samples.

A-228 Evaluation of an Equation for Low-Density Lipoproteins-Triglycerides in Predicting ASCVD Risk in the UK Biobank Population

Abstract Background Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) is the main univariate risk marker recommended for initial atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk stratification. LDL, however, transports other constituents that can serve as pro-atherogenic risk markers. Like LDL-C, the triglyceride content of LDL (LDL-TG) can also be estimated from the lipid panel. Using data from UK Biobank (UKB), we compared LDL-C to LDL-TG for predicting future ASCVD events. Methods A UKB dataset (N=270,436) of primary prevention individuals not on lipid lowering therapy was used for analysis. LDL-C was calculated by the following equations: Friedewald, Extended Martin-Hopkins, Sampson-NIH, and Enhanced Sampson-NIH. LDL-TG was calculated by our newly devised equation (eLDL-TG = TG/38.46 + nonHDL-C/5.75 + (TG/nonHDL-C)/0.103 + (1/HDL-C)/0.0041 - 2.95)), which was derived from a dyslipidemic cohort (N=40,202) analyzed by the beta-quantification reference method. Results Although there was only a modest comparison between eLDL-TG and measured LDL-TG (R2=0.601, slope=0.611), eLDL-TG appeared to be a better risk marker than LDL-C in UKB. When the population was divided into quintiles and analyzed by survival curve analysis, eLDL-TG was better than LDL-C in segregating patients into low- and high-risk groups (Figure). Similar findings on the relative value of LDL-TG over other risk markers were also found when analyzed by ROC analysis (AUC: eLDL-TG&amp;gt;HDL-C&amp;gt;remnant-cholesterol&amp;gt;NonHDL-C&amp;gt;TG&amp;gt;apoB&amp;gt;Sampson-NIH-LDL-C). By Cox-proportional hazard analysis eLDL-TG showed alongside apoB and NonHDL-C the strongest association with future ASCVD events. Discordance analysis showed that when stratified as LDL-TG/LDL-C as High/Low there was an 26% increased risk for ASCVD, and when as High/High showed an 40% increased risk for ASCVD. Conclusions Like LDL-C, LDL-TG levels can also be estimated from the standard lipid panel. If our findings hold in other populations, the superiority of LDL-TG over LDL-C as a risk marker suggest that the reporting of calculated LDL-TG along with LDL-C could be a new strategy for improving ASCVD risk stratification.

Effects of gestational diabetes mellitus, parity and mode of delivery on polar lipids compositions of mature human milk

Polar lipids in human milk such as glycerophospholipids, sphingomyelin and plasmalogen play important role in growth and development of healthy infants. This work aims to investigate the effects of gestational diabetic mellitus (GDM), parity, delivery mode on the polar lipids’ compositions of human milk. A total of 56 mature human milk samples (1–6 months postpartum) were collected from breastfeeding mothers using electric breast pump from Ningbo, Zhejiang Province of China. Our results showed GDM and parity have limited effect on polar lipid content and composition. Delivery mode was found to significantly affect the polar lipids compositions in human milk with significantly higher total polar lipids in human milk of mothers who had cesarean delivery (938 nmol/mL) as compared to that of mothers who had vaginal delivery (740 nmol/mL). Discriminatory analysis shows human milk of mothers who have cesarean delivery demonstrated up-regulation of glycerophospholipids (GPL) and plasmalogen (PLG) esterified with unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs) [such as plasmenyl-ethanolamine 40:5 and 36:4].

Parâmetros bioquímicos e morfológicos em ratos diabéticos tratados com extratos de Ora-Pro-Nóbis (Pereskia aculeata)

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious global public health problem. DM complications corroborate with high morbidity and mortality rates. Thus, several plant species have been studied regarding their medicinal properties with potential use in the treatment of DM and/or its complications. This study evaluated the effects of leaf (LE-OPN) and bark (BE-OPN) extracts from ora-pro-nóbis (Pereskia aculeata) on biochemical parameters (glycemia, triglycerides, total cholesterol, creatine, urea, AST and ALT, and lipid peroxidation) and histology (heart, liver and kidneys) in animals with DM. Induction of type 1 DM (glycemia &gt; 200 mg/dl) in male Wistar rats was performed with Alloxane (150 mg/kg/ml). The animals were divided into 4 groups: (1) without DM, (2) with DM, (3) with DM treated with LE-OPN and (4) with DM treated with BE-OPN. The treatment was done by gavage (300 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks. After this period the parameters were evaluated. BE-OPN prevented the increase in triglycerides, AST, ALT, and urea, in addition to lipid peroxidation (p &lt; 0.05). The results suggest a potential for BE-OPN to prevent typical complications of DM, improving the lipid profile, liver, and kidney, as well as attenuating oxidative stress.