Lipid Profile Research Articles

Correlation of Lipid Profile and BMI with Fasting Blood Glucose

The prevalence in Libya of overweight people has more than tripled from 19.5% in 1984 to 63.5% in 2009, while the rate of obesity has more than doubled over the past three decades leading to a much higher incidence of Type 2 diabetes T2DM. This makes investigation of links between BMI and lipid profiles in Libyan T2DM patients of vital importance. This study was conducted to determine the cor-relation between body mass index (BMI) and lipid profiles in patients with T2DM attending outpatient clinics in the Diabetes and Endocrinology Centre (Ibn Al-Nafees Hospital) Tripoli, Libya. The second objective was to compare BMI, FBS and lipid profiles between T2DM patients and a control group. The study was carried out during the period of June and July 2024 included 122 T2DM patients and 55 healthy subjects. The subject’s serum was analysed for total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The possible correlation of BMI with lipid values were analysed. The Pearson’s co-efficient between the BMI and the lipid parameters did not show any significant correlation in T2DM patients. Comparisons of various parameters between T2DM patients and the control group showed that the mean values of fasting glucose levels, weight, BMI, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C were significantly higher in the T2DM group than the control group. There was no correlation found between BMI and lipid profiles in T2DM patients. Type 2 diabetic patients have significantly higher mean weight, BMI, FBS, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C compared with healthy controls

Can commercial aquafeeds improve the nutritional value of brine shrimp? Proximal composition and lipid profile of alternative enhancers

Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, holds a significant role as live prey in ornamental and commercial fish aquaculture. This study addressed the nutritional deficiency in adult Artemia biomass, exploring alternative enrichers available in Brazil. Evaluating a commercial aquafeed (Polinutre Poli Camarão 400PL) and a lipid emulsion (BioViv HUFA Continum), adult Artemia were subjected to different enrichment protocols, including periods of 1, 12, and 24 hours with each enricher, as well as a test group raised 100% on the commercial feed. Protein content for Artemia exclusively fed the commercial aquafeed (CF100) reached values very similar to those provided by the main commercial products available worldwide and other commonly used live prey. Enrichment time effects were observed from 12 h onwards, showing positive impacts on protein accumulation. Lipid content peaked at 12 h, followed by a decrease at 24 h. Further studies are needed to assess whether the combination of feed-based protocols followed by 12-h lipid emulsion enrichment can surpass the current results, providing high levels of protein content while maintaining a complete lipid profile.

Prevalence and Association of Components of Metabolic Syndrome and Uric Acid among Commercial Drivers in South-West Nigeria.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex cluster of metabolic abnormalities characterized by central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and impaired glucose metabolism. Emerging evidence suggests a potential link between uric acid levels and MetS, and commercial drivers are exposed to unique occupational hazards that may predispose them to MetS and hyperuricemia. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of MetS and its relationship with serum uric acid among commercial drivers in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted among commercial drivers in Ado-Ekiti. Relevant information was obtained with a questionnaire, and anthropometry and blood pressure were measured. Fasting plasma glucose and lipid profiles were determined by the standard protocol. MetS was determined with the harmonized criteria. Bivariate correlation and Chi-square were used to determine the relationship between serum uric acid and MetS and its components. There were 106 participants with a median age (interquartile range) of 50 (11) years, with no difference between those with or without MetS. More than 70% of the participants drank alcohol and 75 (70.8%) participants had hyperuricemia. There was no significant correlation between serum uric acid and components of MetS. The prevalence of MetS among all the participants was 21.7% (23/106), with no difference among men with normal uric acid (25.8%) and those with elevated uric acid (20.0%), P = 0.509. Similarly, there was no statistical difference in the prevalence of the components of MetS between the two groups. The prevalence of MetS among the commercial drivers was high, with no difference among men with or without hyperuricemia. Given the importance of this group of people, a system-level public health approach should be adopted to promote a healthy lifestyle to save the lives of the populace.

Palmitoleic and oleic fatty acids as biomarkers for coronary heart disease: A predictive model.

saturated and unsaturated fatty acid showed a significant link with coronary artery health and disease. This study aimed to compare plasma levels of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) between individuals with coronary heart disease (CHD) and those without. It also investigated the association between specific UFA ratios and the presence or severity of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Additionally, the study explored the potential of UFAs as biomarkers for assessing CHD risk or disease severity. Patients suspected of coronary heart disease (CHD) at Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital were categorized by coronary angiography into non-CHD (53 cases) and CHD (182 cases). The CHD group was divided into non-acute coronary syndrome (non-ACS) (40 cases) and ACS (142 cases) subgroups. The ACS group was further classified into unstable angina (61 cases), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) (40 cases), and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (41 cases). Lipid profiles, myocardial injury markers, and fourteen unsaturated fatty acids were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The CHD group had significantly higher triglycerides (TG), palmitoleic acid (PA), oleic acid (OA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), ω-6 fatty acids, and a higher ω-6/ω-3 ratio, but lower ω-3 fatty acids compared to non-CHD. In ACS, PA, LA, OA, and the ω-6/ω-3 ratio were elevated, while EPA and HDL were reduced. Logistic regression identified TG, ω-6/ω-3 ratio, PA, OA, and ω-6 fatty acids as risk factors, with ω-3 fatty acids being protective. PA was protective, while OA posed risk. A combined PA and OA model had a diagnostic efficacy (AUC 0.746). Altered fatty acid metabolism in CHD patients, particularly PA and OA, offers potential as biomarkers. The ω-6/ω-3 ratio is crucial for cardiovascular health.

Omics studies in Behçet's disease.

In this review, we aimed to highlight recent findings from "-omics" studies in Behçet's disease. Recent genomic studies in Behçet's disease identified possible risk loci associated with Behçet's disease related uveitis, neurologic involvement and gastrointestinal involvement. Additionally, sex-specific genetic effects were determined in Behçet's disease. Transcriptomic analyses of immune cells in Behçet's disease revealed that key inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB and MAPK have roles in Behçet's disease pathogenesis. Proteomic studies have highlighted the role of immune cell derived extracellular vesicles and identified potential biomarkers for vascular involvement and examined HLA I-bound immunopeptidomes. Metabolomics studies are still limited, but recent research has pointed to alterations in fatty acid metabolism and lipid profiles in Behçet's disease patient. Omics studies have gained importance in the field of Behçet's disease through the generation of large data sets and efforts to extend their application are intensifying. These studies can provide opportunities for understanding Behçet's disease pathogenesis when they lead to testable hypotheses. Current challenges include the choice of appropriately homogeneous patient and control groups, effective data management and sharing, high cost and a rapidly increasing gap between the wealth of observational data generated and the relative paucity of controlled experimental efforts that could lead to mechanistic understanding.

Lipid Accumulation Product and Cardiometabolic Index as Effective Tools for the Identification of Athletes at Risk for Metabolic Syndrome

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a growing global public health concern that is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular events, even in athletes. The lipid accumulation product (LAP) index and cardiometabolic index (CMI) have been shown to be efficient markers of MS in the general population; its applicability in athletes has not been discussed yet. We aimed to assess the role of LAP and CMI in predicting MS in athletes. Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 793 Olympic athletes practicing different sporting disciplines (power, skill, endurance, and mixed), classified arbitrarily into no risk (NR), low risk (LR), high risk (HR), or MS if they had 0, 1, 2, or 3 criteria for MS, respectively. Evaluations included a calculation of the LAP index, CMI, anthropometric measurements, and clinical and laboratorial variables. Results: Among our population, only 0.8% reached the criteria for MS, 9.1% were at HR for MS, 37.8% were defined as LR, and 52.3% had NR. Significant differences in anthropometric parameters and the principal components of MS criteria (blood pressure, lipidic profile, glycemia) were reported predominantly in HR athletes and those with MS (p < 0.0001). LAP and CMI presented linearly increasing values from individuals with NR to those with MS (p < 0.0001). In addition, HR and MS athletes were classified as “likely MS” (9.8%) and LR and NR athletes as “unlikely MS” (90.2%). After adjusting for potential confounders, LAP ≥ 34.66 and CMI ≥ 0.776 emerged as independent predictors for MS in the overall cohort (Hazar Ratio (HR) 7.22 [3.75–13.89], p < 0.0001, and HR 5.37 [2.96–9.73], p < 0.0001, respectively). The ROC curve revealed that these cut-offs in the general population predict MS with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.80 and 0.79, respectively, for LAP and CMI. However, gender-related cut-offs seem to be more precise in predicting MS (LAP ≥ 38.79 for male, LAP ≥ 14.16 for female, and CMI ≥ 0.881 for male and ≥0.965 for female). Conclusion: The ROC curve analyses of LAP and CMI showed good diagnostic accuracy in predicting MS among athletes, despite the low prevalence of MS in our sample. Thus, these indexes may be used to promote screening for primary prevention and early detection of athletes at risk for MS to establish an early prevention strategy. Larger prospective studies are necessary to validate their benefit in the general population.

Inhibition of the miR-1914-5p increases the oxidative metabolism in cellular model of steatosis by modulating the Sirt1-PGC-1α pathway and systemic cellular activity.

Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is considered an indicator of metabolic syndrome, which affects millions of people around the world and no effective treatment is currently available. MAFLD involves a wide spectrum of liver damage, that initiates from steatosis (fatty live) and may progress to more complex pathophysiology. Then, details in lipid metabolism controlling should be explored aiming to control the fatty liver. In this context, the miR-1914-5p can be considered a potential biotechnology tool to control lipid metabolism in hepatic cells. This miRNA finds potential mRNA binding sequences in more than 100 molecules correlated with energy production and lipid metabolism pointed in bioinformatic platforms. The present study addressed the miR-1914-5p effects in hepatic HepG2/LX-2 co-cultured cells in a in vitro steatotic environment stablished by the addition of 400 μM of a mixture of oleic and palmitic acids. The analyses demonstrated that the inhibition of the miRNA reduced energetic metabolites such as total lipids, triglycerides, cholesterol and even glucose. In addition, the miR-inhibitor-transfected cells did not present any deleterious effect in cellular environment by controlling reactive oxygen species production (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and even the pro-inflammatory environment. Moreover, the functional effect of the investigated miR, suggested its close connection to the modulation of Sirt-1-PGC1-α pathway, a master switch metabolic route that controlls cellular energetic metabolism. Our assays also suggested a synergistic effect of this miR-1914-5p in cell metabolism, which should be considered as a strong candidate to control steatotic environment in future clinical trials.

Relationship between thyroid-stimulating hormone and blood lipids in patients with first-episode depression

BackgroundPrevious studies demonstrated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) plays an important role in regulating lipid metabolism, but the relationship between the two is controversial. Meanwhile, it has not been reported in a population with major depressive disorder (MDD).MethodsWe divided 1718 first-episode and drug naïve patients with MDD into a TSH abnormal group (TSH-AB) and a TSH normal group (TSH-NOR). The participants in the two groups were assessed by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) and the positive subscale of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. The patients’ blood was tested for TSH, free T3, free T4, fasting blood glucose, lipid indexes and body mass index was recorded.ResultsThe participants in the TSH-AB group had significantly higher HAMD scores, HAMA scores and total scores of positive symptoms, as well as higher incidence of suicide attempts than those in the TSH-NOR group, accompanied by significantly higher thyroglobulin antibodies, thyroid peroxidase antibodies, fasting blood glucose values, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels compared with those of TSH-NOR patients. However, the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) of TSH-AB patients was lower than those of TSH-NOR patients. TSH values were positively correlated with TC, TG, and LDL-C values, and negatively correlated with HDL-C value.ConclusionTSH was highly correlated with abnormal lipid metabolism in patients with MDD. The specific molecular mechanism of the relationship between TSH, lipid metabolism and the development of depression needs to be further in-depth investigation.

An equation for calculating small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

ObjectiveSmall dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C), as an emerging atherogenic factor of cardiovascular diseases, requires additional tests. We aimed to establish a sdLDL-C equation using standard lipid profile and evaluate its capacity of identifying the residual cardiovascular risk beyond LDL-C and apolipoprotein B (ApoB).MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 25 435 participants from Health Management Cohort and 11 628 participants from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) to construct and evaluate the sdLDL-C equation by least-squares regression model. The equation for sdLDL-C depended on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and an interaction term between LDL-C and the natural log of triglycerides (TG).ResultsThe modified equation (sdLDL-C = 0.14*ln(TG)*LDL-C − 0.45*LDL-C + 10.88) was more accurate than the original equation in validation set (slope = 0.783 vs. 0.776, MAD = 5.228 vs. 5.396). Using the 80th percentile (50 mg/dL) as a risk-enhancer rule for sdLDL-C, accuracy of the modified equation was higher than the original equation in validation set (90.47% vs. 89.73%). The estimated sdLDL-C identified an additional proportion of high-risk individuals in BHMC (4.93%) and CHARLS (1.84%).ConclusionThe newly developed equation in our study provided an accurate tool for estimating sdLDL-C level among the Chinese population as a potential cardiovascular risk-enhancer.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LIPID PROFILE IN PATIENTS WITH HEMORRHAGIC VERSUS ISCHEMIC STROKE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Objective: Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide resulting from either an ischemic insult or rupture of a blood vessel in the brain. It not only leads to significant physical disability but also imposes emotional and economic burdens on patients and their families. Assessing the lipid profile in stroke patients is crucial, especially in ischemic stroke, where dyslipidemia plays a key role in atherosclerosis development. Elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides (TG) are important modifiable risk factors, and managing these can reduce the incidence and recurrence of strokes. Comprehensive lipid management should be a core component of stroke prevention and treatment strategies. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which 80 adult stroke patients (40 ischemic and 40 hemorrhagic strokes) were included on the basis of a predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The diagnosis of stroke was made on the basis of imaging and neurological examination. A comprehensive medical history, physical measurements (including body mass index), and lipid profiles (total cholesterol [TC], LDL, High-density lipoprotein [HDL], and TG) were recorded for all participants. Blood samples were taken after overnight fasting to ensure accuracy. Statistical analysis using SPSS version 21.0 compared lipid levels between the groups. An unpaired t-test and Chi-square test were used, with significance defined as a p<0.05. Results: There was a significant difference in lipid profiles between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients. Ischemic stroke patients had markedly higher levels of LDL with a mean of 129.84±36.54 mg/dL compared to 106.32±26.68 mg/dL in hemorrhagic stroke patients (p=0.0015). TC levels were also significantly elevated in ischemic stroke patients, averaging 236.22±56.26 mg/dL versus 196.48±46.24 mg/dL in hemorrhagic stroke patients (p=0.0009). Total TG were higher in ischemic stroke patients (158.54±44.68 mg/dL) compared to hemorrhagic stroke patients (128.62±39.16 mg/dL, p=0.0021). HDL levels were slightly lower in ischemic stroke patients (34.54±8.26 mg/dL) compared to hemorrhagic stroke patients (38.12±9.12 mg/dL), although this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.0696). Conclusion: There were significant differences in lipid profiles between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients. Ischemic stroke patients had higher levels of LDL, TC, and TG, indicating a stronger association with dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. These findings highlight the importance of aggressive lipid management in ischemic stroke patients to reduce recurrence risk and improve outcomes.

Exploring the associations and potential mediators between lipid biomarkers and the risk of developing gout: NHANES 2007–2018

BackgroundGout stands as a prevailing manifestation of inflammatory arthritis. While it is linked to several well-established risk factors, the associations between lipid profiles and the risk of gout remain unclear.MethodsThis research involved National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2007–2018). The cardiometabolic index, which incorporates the Triglycerides (TG)/High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) ratio and waist to height ratio (WHtR), was used to assess lipid profiles and metabolic health. Multivariate logistic regression analysis, propensity score matching, and mediation analyses were utilized to evaluate the associations of lipid profiles and the cardiometabolic index with the risk of developing gout.ResultsAmong 11,032 participants, each 1-unit increase in TG levels was associated with a 65% increase in the odds of developing gout before matching [1.65 (1.15–2.38), P = 0.007] and a 155% increase in the odds of developing gout after matching [2.55 (1.59–4.09), P = 0.007]. Each 1-unit increase in the cardiometabolic index was linked to an 81% increase in the odds of developing gout before matching [1.81 (1.22–2.70), P = 0.004] and a 215% increase in the odds of developing gout after matching [3.15 (1.84–5.40), P < 0.001]. The participants with HDL levels in the third quartile presented a 35% reduction in gout risk relative to those with HDL levels in the first quartile before matching [0.65 (0.46–0.92), P = 0.014] and a 51% reduction in gout risk after matching [0.49 (0.32–0.75), P < 0.001]. Mediation analyses revealed that BMI, WHtR, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) mediated the relationships between TG levels and the risk of developing gout at 18.75%, 24.28%, and 5.35%, respectively. For the association between HDL levels and the risk of developing gout, the mediating effects of BMI, WHtR, leukocytes, γ-glutamyltransferase (in those with HDL < 56 mmol/L), and HOMA-IR were 57.98%, 69.03%, 8.77%, 5.18%, and 11.14%, respectively.ConclusionThis study reveals the relationship between lipid profiles and the risk of developing gout. Regularly checking TG and HDL levels and actively managing obesity, insulin resistance, oxidative stress and inflammation are important for lowering the risk of developing gout.

COMPONENTS OF METABOLIC SYNDROME AS A RISK FACTOR FOR COVID-19 IN INDIA

Objective: Several patients with components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) like obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia is a risk factor for COVID-19 in India. Aims of our review to bring together current data about components of metabolic syndrome &amp; COVID 19 infection. It specially looks the relation between components of MetS (Obesity, Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension and dyslipidemia) and COVID 19. At the time of writing the review is updated till time. Methods: Search of literature was done by using google search &amp; PubMed engines for prepare review related to my article. Results: Patients with components of metabolic syndrome like obesity, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia have increased evidence of incidence and severity of COVID-19. COVID-19 has effect on the pathophysiology of all these components of metabolic syndrome. The control of all these components of metabolic syndrome is important not only for patients who are infected with COVID-19, but also for those without the disease. Conclusions: It is commonly known that the existence of comorbidities such as increase in BMI, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and hypertension is associated with additional severe course of COVID-19. So measurement of components of metabolic syndrome parameters is essential to better estimate the risk of COVID-19 and management and control of these components (BMI, blood glucose, blood pressure, lipid profile) of metabolic syndrome parameters will cause less possibility to occur COVID-19.

Reduced rank regression dietary patterns and dyslipidemia in Brazilian adolescents: results from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA).

Evidence on the harmful effects of diet on serum lipids in adolescence has not been consistent. The present study sought to establish which dietary patterns are associated with biomarkers of dyslipidemia. Data from 36,217 Brazilian adolescents participating in the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents were evaluated. Dietary patterns were identified using the reduced rank regression analysis. Linear regression models were applied to verify the association between dietary pattern scores and the biomarkers of dyslipidemia. The two first dietary patterns identified by reduced rank regression (RRR-DP1 and RRR-DP2) were kept for further analysis. The RRR-DP1 was highly and positively loaded for sweets and red meat and negatively loaded for beans, fruits, vegetables, and rice. The RRR-DP2 was positively loaded for beans and rice and negatively loaded for sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit juices, and sweets. Linear regression models estimated that one standard deviation (SD) increase in the RRR-DP1 score was only associated with a mean increase of 0.29 mg/dL in HDL-cholesterol (95% CI 0.06;0.53), while one SD increase in the RRR-DP2 score was associated with the lower mean of triglycerides (β = -2.24, 95% CI -3.57;-0.91), LDL-c (β = -0.82 95% CI -1.53;-0.12), and total cholesterol (β = -1.30 95% CI -1.94;-0.65). Higher adherence to the dietary patterns positively loaded for red meat and sweets was associated with increased HDL-c levels, while adherence to a more Brazilian traditional dietary pattern (RRR-DP2) was associated with a better lipids profile.

Lipid profile in relation to insulin resistance among non-diabetic Egyptian patients

Lipid profile in relation to insulin resistance among non-diabetic Egyptian patients

Potassium inwardly-rectifying channel subfamily J member 11 (KCNJ11) gene polymorphism in Egyptian type 2 diabetic patients: a single-center study.

The KCNJ11 gene belongs to the potassium channel gene family. It has a major role inthe secretion of insulin. Genetic variations in KCNJ11 are possibly responsible for the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this study, we investigated the possible correlation between KCNJ11 (rs5210) gene polymorphism and T2DM. This study included 92 individuals divided into two groups. Group 1 included 46 type 2 diabetic patients. Group 2 (control group) included 46 healthy participants. A complete history was taken and a full physical examination was performed. Anthropometric data were measured. Laboratory investigations included fasting blood glucose (FBG), two hours post-prandial blood glucose (2HPPBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and fasting lipid profile. KCNJ11 (rs5210) single nucleotide polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction restriction-fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Both AG and GG genotypes were associated with increased risk for T2DM (OR 5.2, 95% CI 1.32-20.5, P = 0.01 for AG; and OR 18.2, 95% CI 2.99-31.7, P = 0.002 for GG). Also, the frequency of the G allele was significantly higher in type 2 diabetic patients compared to healthy controls (50% versus 23.9%, respectively). The G allele of rs5210 in KCNJ11 contributed to an increased risk of T2DM (OR 3.18, 95% CI 1.31-7.75, P = 0.01). There was a statistically significant association between increased 2HPPBG and HbA1c levels and the carrier of AG and GG genotypes (P = 0.01 and 0.007, respectively). There was a statistically significant association between total cholesterol(TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) levels and the carrier of AG and GG genotypes (P < 0.001, 0.02, and 0.007, respectively). Regression analysis detected that body mass index (BMI), 2HPPBG, TC, triglycerides (TG), and the G allele of rs5210 in KCNJ11 gene showed a significant association with T2DM (P = 0.004, 0.042, 0.003, 0.006, and 0.01, respectively) while no association was observed with FBG, HbA1c, LDL-c or HDL-c (P = 0.099, 0.123, 0.522, and 0.765, respectively). KCNJ11 rs5210 genetic polymorphism may raise the risk for the occurrence ofT2DM among Egyptians.

Targeting the Renin-Angiotensin System in Obesity-Driven Hyperlipidemia and Hypertension

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure, fluid balance, and lipid metabolism. Dysregulation of the RAS has been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity-driven hyperlipidemia and hypertension, two major components of metabolic syndrome that significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. In obese individuals, increased adipose tissue promotes local activation of the RAS, leading to heightened angiotensin II (Ang II) activity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and impaired lipid metabolism. These pathological mechanisms contribute to both elevated blood pressure and abnormal lipid profiles. Targeting the RAS through angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), and novel agents offers therapeutic potential in reducing obesity-associated hypertension and hyperlipidemia. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms linking obesity to RAS overactivation, examines current pharmacological strategies, and explores emerging therapeutic options aimed at modulating the RAS in the context of obesity-driven cardiometabolic disorders. Keywords: Renin-angiotensin system, obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, angiotensin II, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease.

Genetic Polymorphisms in Obesity: How Variants in Lipid Metabolism Genes Contribute to Hyperlipidemia

Obesity is a complex metabolic disorder influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Among the genetic contributors, polymorphisms in lipid metabolism genes play a significant role in regulating lipid profiles and promoting hyperlipidemia. This review aims to explore the impact of genetic variants on lipid metabolism in individuals with obesity, focusing on genes such as APOE, LPL, FTO, PCSK9, CETP, and FABP. These polymorphisms alter lipid processing, transportation, and storage, leading to aberrant lipid levels, which contribute to hyperlipidemia and subsequent cardiometabolic complications. We will also discuss the gene-environment interactions that modulate these genetic effects and review potential therapeutic interventions targeting lipid metabolism to manage hyperlipidemia in obese individuals. Keywords: Genetic polymorphisms, obesity, lipid metabolism, hyperlipidemia, gene-environment interactions, cardiometabolic disease

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: Prediction of Lipid Panel in Relation to Apnea- Hypopnea Index

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: Prediction of Lipid Panel in Relation to Apnea- Hypopnea Index

Gastroesophageal reflux disease influences blood pressure components, lipid profile and cardiovascular diseases: Evidence from a Mendelian randomization study.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder associated with a range of cardiovascular and metabolic complications. However, the relationship between GERD and blood pressure components, lipid profile, and cardiovascular diseases remains unclear. Leveraging genetic variants associated with GERD as instrumental variables, we performed this Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. Blood pressure components, lipid profile parameters, as well as cardiovascular diseases were considered as outcomes. Furthermore, we conducted reverse MR analysis to explore the association of these factors with the risk of GERD. Our MR analysis discovered a potential causal influence of GERD on blood pressure components, with genetically predicted GERD positively associated with systolic blood pressure (β = 0.053, P = 0.036), diastolic blood pressure (β = 0.100, P < 0.001), and mean arterial pressure (β = 0.106, P < 0.001). Additionally, genetically predicted GERD showed a significant impact on lipid profile, leading to increased genetically predicted levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (β = 0.093, P < 0.001), and triglycerides (β = 0.153, P < 0.001), while having a negative effect on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (β = -0.115, P = 0.002). Furthermore, our study indicated a noteworthy causal association between genetically predicted GERD and increased risk of myocardial infarction [odds ratio (OR) = 1.272, P = 0.019)] and hypertension (OR = 1.357, P < 0.001). No significant association was found between GERD and pulse pressure, total cholesterol, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation (P > 0.05). Reverse MR analysis indicates that blood pressure components, lipid profile, and cardiovascular diseases do not lead to an increased risk of GERD (all P > 0.05). Furthermore, mediation MR analysis reveals that LDL cholesterol (proportion mediated: 19.99%, 95% CI: 4.49% to 35.50%), HDL cholesterol (proportion mediated: 11.71%, 95% CI: 5.23% to 18.19%), and hypertension (proportion mediated: 35.09%, 95% CI: 24.66% to 45.53%) mediated the effect of GERD on myocardial infarction, while other factors did not participate in this pathway. This MR study provides evidence supporting a causal relationship between GERD and alterations in blood pressure components, lipid profile, and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Freeze-drying donor human milk allows compositional stability for 12 months at ambient temperatures

Breastfeeding, which is recognised as the optimum nutrition for infants, offers numerous benefits. However, circumstances can arise when infants are unable to be breastfed from birth. In such cases, the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends donor human milk (DHM) as the safest alternative. Current practices freeze DHM and transport it under a cold supply chain, which can create logistical challenges. Here, we investigated the efficacy of freeze-drying as a method for determining the compositional stability of DHM. The samples were freeze-dried and stored at −20°C, 4°C and ambient temperature, with sampling at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. The macronutrient composition was assessed before and after freeze-drying, protein and lipid profiles were studied using MALDI-TOF MS, and the metabolite profile was analysed through LA-REIMS. The findings revealed that freeze-drying did not significantly alter the macronutrient composition and that microbiological safety was preserved. Lipid, protein, and metabolite fingerprints remained consistent across storage conditions over 12 months. This work provides a broad insight into the compositional stability of DHM after freeze-drying. It suggests the applicability of freeze-drying for long-term preservation without a cold supply chain. The use of freeze-dried DHM may broaden its use in emergency situations and resource-limited settings.