Fatty Acid Composition Of Total Lipids Research Articles

The genotypic influence of four strains of Clarias gariepinus on the larvae body proximate, total lipid fatty acid, amino acid and mineral compositions

The larval growth potential of four African sharptooth catfish strains over a 56 day growth period was evaluated and found to differ significantly between strains. Strain strongly influenced body total lipid, but not body protein content. Body total lipid content was associated with growth rate. The body amino acid content was not strongly influenced by strain. Strain had an influence on total body lipid fatty acid composition, although no fixed trend was established. Although strain influenced the body mineral profile, no fixed trends were manifested.

ばい焼および非ばい焼ウマヅラハギ調味乾燥品の脂質劣化の相違

Hydrolysis and oxidation of the lipids were compared between roasted and unroasted seasoned-dried products of filefish Novodon modestus during storage. These roasted and unroasted samples were stored at 20, 0, -20, and -30°C for 150 days, and at appropriate intervals, analyzed for L, a, and b values, oxygen absorption, lipid class composition, acid value, absorbance of diluted total lipids (TL) at 440nm and fatty acid composition of TL. With the unroasted products stored at temperatures higher than -20°C, the ratios of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to total saturated fatty acids of TL gradually decreased, and acid values, PV and percentages of free fatty acids of TL increased to some extent. This indicates the occurrence of hydrolysis and oxidation of TL during storage. The roasting process caused slight decreases in percentages of PUFA of TL in seasoned-dried products and tinged the products brown. The roasted samples showed no serious deterioration of lipids during storage for 150 days regardless of the storage temperature up to 20°C. From these results, it has been suggested that the stabilization of the lipids against hydrolysis and oxidation in roasted seasoned-dried products were mainly due to heat inactivation of endogenous lypolytic enzymes and the formation of brown pigments by Maillard reaction during the roasting process.

Fatty Acid Composition of Meat from Rabbits Fed Diets with High Levels of Fat

The effects of high levels of dietary fat on the chemical and fatty acid composition of total, nonpolar, and polar lipids of rabbit meat have been studied. Four diets were used: control diet without added fat and three diets containing 3% (w/w) beef tallow, 3% soya and sunflower oleins, or 3% soya-bean oil. In order to increase dietary ether extract by 3%, these three experimental diets also contained 18% of heated whole soya-bean meal. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in the rabbit meat chemical composition were observed only between meat from rabbits fed control diet and rabbits fed the soya-bean oil plus whole soya-bean meal diet. However, the diet did influence total, nonpolar, and polar lipid fatty acid composition of the meat; C-18:1 and polyunsaturated fatty acids were the most affected. It was concluded that the enrichment of the rabbit diet with these specific fats produces rabbit meat with a higher degree of unsaturation than those obtained with conventional diets.

Lipid composition of eyes from american ( Homarus americanus) and European ( Homarus gammarus) lobsters

1. 1. The lipid composition of eyes from American ( Homarus americanus) and European ( Homarus gammarus) lobsters were analysed and compared. Polar lipid comprised around 60% of the total lipid in both species with diradyl glycerophosphocholine (CPL) and diradyl glycerophosphoethanolamine (EPL) being the major classes which were present in approximately equal concentrations. Cholesterol was the major component of neutral lipid. 2. 2. Total lipid fatty acid compositions showed that 20:5 n-3 (EPA), 22:6 n-3 (DHA), 16:0 and 18:1 n-9 were the most abundant fatty acids in both species but H. americanus contained significantly more polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and significantly fewer saturated fatty acids than H. gammarus. 3. 3. The fatty acid compositions of individual phospholipids showed that EPL contained the highest levels of n-3 and total PUFA and that CPL contained the lowest PUFA levels. In all phospholipids EPA was the most abundant n-3 PUFA. The n-6 PUFA (principally 20:4 n-6) were most abundant in phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylinositol (PI). 4. 4. In general, the phospholipid classes of H. americanus contained significantly more PUFA (largely due to increased EPA) and fewer saturates (largely due to decreased 18:0) than those of H. gammarus.

Chemical and sensory evaluation of fillets from Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) fed three levels of N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids at two levels of vitamin E

Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) were fed three dietary levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (1.0, 2.5 and 5.0% of the diets at 17% feed lipid level), each with two levels of vitamin E supplementation (0 and 300 mg α-tocopherol acetate/kg diet). The varying dietary n-3 PUFA contents were achieved by using soybean oil, capelin oil and sardine oil, respectively. Sensory evaluation of cooked fillet from fresh, 4-days frozen, 5-weeks frozen (−18°C) and traditionally smoked fresh fish was performed. Fillet proximate composition did not differ between high-quality cultured and wild Atlantic salmon. The total lipid fatty acid composition and vitamin-E content of the fillets were highly influenced by the fish diets. The vitamin-E content of the fillets did not influence the fatty acid composition. Significant differences were found for 7 of 14 sensory parameters when comparing for homogeneity between the dietary groups. Rancid flavour was significantly higher in fish raised on a high n-3 PUFA and low vitamin-E diet. The results indicated a combined effect according to vitamin E and n-3 PUFA contents. Coloration of the fillet seemed to depend upon lipid quality and vitamin E, in addition to the feed content of pigments. The differences in fatty acid composition of the fillets caused differences in the sensory perception of fattiness, juiciness and taste intensity. Twelve of the sensory parameters showed significant differences between treatments. The freshly sampled fish was most white, tasted less intense, was most juicy and least firm. The smoked fish showed most coloration, least taste of soya, herring, rancidity and off-flavour, probably as a masking effect of the smoking procedure. Several sensory parameters were affected by freezing and storage, including decreased whiteness and increased colour strength, taste intensity, rancid flavour and off-flavour.

Salinity-dependence of the properties of gill (Na++K+-ATPase in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Abstract 1. 1. The expected higher gill (Na + +K + )-ATPase activity in rainbow trout adapted to brackish water (BW) with respect to fresh water (FW) is accompanied by some changes in the enzyme kinetics while the enzyme sensitivity to ouabain is unaffected 2. 2. Maximal activation is attained under the optimal conditions of 4 mM ATP, 7.5 mM Mg 2+ , 50 mM Na + , 2.5 mM K + , pH 7.0 in FW, and 3 mM ATP, 10 mM Mg 2+ , 100 mM Na + , 10 mM K + , pH 7.5 in BW. 3. 3. The change of the enzyme activation kinetics by Mg 2+ , ATP, Na + and K + from simple saturation in FW to cooperativity in BW and other habitat-dependent variations including the pH alkaline shift in BW are hypothetically related to an adaptive significance to the different environmental salinity. 4. 4. Gill total lipids and phospholipids are 30% lower in BW than in FW while their ratio is constant; some differences in gill total lipid fatty acid composition between FW and BW do not significantly affect the unsaturation parameters.

Effect of broodstock diets on total lipids and fatty acid composition of larvae of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) during yolksac stage

Total lipid content and total lipid fatty acid compositions were studied in larvae at the yolksac stage of gilthead sea bream from two different broodstocks. The two broodstock diets had the same total lipid content but were different with respect to their fatty acid levels.There were differences in the fatty acid composition of total lipids in the two groups of larvae, reflecting the influence of fatty acid levels in the diets fed to the broodstock. The main fatty acids in both larvae lots during yolksac stage were 16:0, 18:1n-9 and 22:6n-3.The desaturation index Δx = [P + Σ (n - x) - Σ (n - x) diet]/P allowed the determination of the relative importance of the Δ9, Δ6, Δ5 and Δ4 desaturations during the egg and larval yolksac stages.The levels of total lipid fatty acids in eggs and larvae during yolksac period were almost constant and very low desaturation and elongation activities were apparent.A competitive inhibition was observed between the fatty acids of the n-6 series with respect to the ones of the n-3 series in those eggs and larvae from broodstock whose diet contained a high proportion of linoleic acid and its derivatives.

Breast milk fatty acids in mothers of children with atopic eczema

The total lipid fatty acid composition of mature breast milk has been analysed in a group of twenty-five mothers of children with atopic eczema, and compared with breast milk from twenty-two controls. Total lipids were extracted into chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) and the methyl esters prepared by alkalicatalysed trans-esterification were separated by gas-liquid chromatography and identified by comparison with standard fatty acid methyl esters. Results show that mothers of children with atopic eczema have a significantly greater proportion of linoleic acid, and a smaller proportion of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid in their total breast milk lipid than the controls. Proportions of total derived fatty acids were similar between groups and there were no differences in the principal saturated and monounsaturated fats. It was concluded that mothers of children with atopic eczema have an abnormal breast-milk fatty acid composition. This supports previous evidence of a defect of conversion of linoleic acid into its long-chain polyunsaturated metabolites in the condition.

Analyses of Pneumocystis Fatty Acids

The major ester-linked fatty acids of the total lipids extracted from Pneumocystis carinii isolated from the lungs of corticosteroid-treated rats were 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2 and 20:4. Others detected included 14:0, 16:1 and 22:4. The major sphingolipid fatty acids were 16:0, 18:0, 22:0, 24:0 and 24:1; others included 14:0, 18:1, 20:0, 23:0, 24:2 and 26:0. The total lipid fatty acid compositions of preparations from appropriate lung controls were similar to those of the organism.

Analyses of Pneumocystis Fatty Acids

ABSTRACTThe major ester‐linked fatty acids of the total lipids extracted from Pneumocystis carinii isolated from the lungs of corticosteroid‐trcaicd rats were 16:0. 18:0, 18:1, 18:2 and 20:4. Others detected included 14:0, 16:1 and 22:4. The major sphingolipid fatty acids were 16:0, 18:0,22:0,24:0 and 24:1; others included 14:0, 18:1, 20:0, 23:0, 24:2 and 26:0. The total lipid fatty acid compositions of preparations from appropriate lung controls were similar to those of the organism.

Eicosanoid synthesis in children with cholestatic disease

The possibility of malabsorption of triglycerides contained in the diets of children with cholestasis suggests a deficiency of essential fatty acids and, therefore, probable effects on eicosanoid metabolism. Children with either biliary atresia (BA) or syndromatic paucity of interlobular bile ducts (PILBD) were evaluated as to plasma and platelet total lipid fatty acid composition and synthesis of prostaglandins (PG) E1, PGE2, PGI2, PGF2, and thromboxane (TXB2) by whole blood incubated at 37 degrees C for 10 min. In both diseases linoleate deficiency was present as shown by low 18:2 fatty acids in plasma lipids. The children with BA had lower plasma arachidonate than controls but normal eicosanoid synthesis except for excess PGI2. Those with PILBD had low platelet arachidonate and were severely deficient in TXB2 synthesis (less than 10% of controls). Three children with PILBD were fed a supplement of structured triglyceride (Captex 810) intended to provide as much as 10% of energy as linoleate for 2-3 months. Results for these three cases suggested that insufficient linoleate was absorbed to increase plasma linoleate and differences in eicosanoids could not be attributed to linoleate supplementation.

Blood and tissue lipid composition and lipase activity in wether lambs treated with trenbolone acetate combined with oestradiol-17 β at two different live weights

AbstractThirty-two Border Leicester ♂ × Scottish Blackface ♀ wether lambs aged about 5 months, were divided on the basis of live weight such that group G1 contained the 16 lightest lambs and group G2 the 16 heaviest lambs. Lambs in group G1 were subdivided equally at random to be either sham-implanted controls (group C1) or to be implanted with 35 mg trenbolone acetate (TBA) + 5 mg oestradiol-17β (OE) (group T1) at 24 kg initial live weight. Lambs in group G2 were also subdivided into two groups (C2 and T2) and similarly treated approximately 1 month later at 37 kg initial live weight. Animals were offeredad libitum, a diet containing an estimated 12·5 MJ metabolizable energy and 140 g crude protein per kg dry matter. The experimental treatments lasted for 60 days.Samples of pre-heparin plasma were analysed for free fatty acid (FFA) and triglycerides (TG). Post-heparin plasma was analysed for lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity. Samples of subcutaneous (SCAT), perinephric (PNAT), mesenteric (MAT) and intermuscular (IMAT) adipose tissue, liver and muscle, taken immediatelypost mortem, were analysed for total lipid concentration and fatty acid composition. Comparisons were made for the main effects of hormonal treatment and live weight.Plasma FFA concentrations in heavier lambs (group G2) were significantly higher than in group G1 from week 1 pre-implantation to week 3 post implantation. Compared with group G1, animals in group G2 had significantly higher plasma TG concentrations at weeks 1, 2, 5 and 8 when data was analysed using pre-implantation values as covariates. The lipid concentration was lower in group G1 than in group G2. In group G1 compared with group G2 there were greater proportions of C12:0 and C18:2 in SCAT and C16:1 in PNAT and lesser proportions of C18:0 in SCAT and PNAT.Significant effects due to hormonal treatment were recorded for plasma TG at weeks 1, 5, 6, 7 and 8 mainly due to increases in group T1 compared with group C1. Hormonal treatment increased the proportions of C12:0, C15:0, C16:1 and C18:1 in SCAT and C16:1 and C18:1 in IMAT; reduced the proportions of C16:0 and C18:0 in SCAT and C18:0 in MAT and IMAT and reduced the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in SCAT and IMAT and to a lesser extent in MAT.

Acetate and mevalonate labeling studies with developingCuphea lutea seeds

AbstractCuphea seeds contain large amounts of medium chain (C8 to C14) fatty acids, mainly as triacylglycerols. The biosynthesis of these lipids was studied in vivo by incubating developingCuphea lutea seeds with labeled acetate. Incorporation of label into triacylglycerols and into medium chain fatty acids occurred principally during the period of endogenous lipid deposition, but some label was encountered in these products even during seed dehydration. At this later stage palmitate and oleate were the dominant labeled fatty acids. During the period of rapid endogenous lipid deposition acyl lipids other than triacylglycerols were minor labeled components. The labeling patterns were consistent with the Kennedy pathway for triacylglycerol biosynthesis. The fatty acid composition of the acyl‐CoA pool was similar to the total lipid fatty acid composition, but the acyl‐ACP pool contained relatively more short chain acyl groups. Squalene was labeled from acetate throughout the period of seed development, but labeled sterols were not detected. Using [2‐14C]mevalonic acid lactone as substrate, squalene was the principal labeled product. Small amounts of label were found in free sterols. However, in terms of mass, free sterol dominated over squalene. The possibility of two independent sites of isoprenoid biosynthesis in the developing embryo is discussed.

Effect of dietary cholesterol on microsomal membrane composition, dynamics and kinetic properties of UDPglucuronyl transferase

The effect of cholesterol administration in vivo on the lipid composition, dynamic properties of the microsomal membrane of guinea pig livers and the kinetic properties of UDPglucuronyl transferase were studied. Cholesterol administration in the diet evoked an increase of microsomal cholesterol, but no significant changes in the fatty-acid composition of total lipids or of each phospholipid class. Instead, the phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine molar ratio of the membrane was markedly decreased from 0.57 to 0.38. This decline was not enough to counterbalance the overall ‘ordering’ effect of cholesterol and consequently, the fluorescence anisotropy of the membranes labeled with 1,6-diphenylhexatriene was increased. The lateral diffusion evaluated by measuring the pyrene excimer formation was decreased by the cholesterol incorporation. These physical changes were associated with changes in the kinetic properties of UDPglucuronyl transferase: V max increased, while the K m of the different steps of the reaction decreased in the modified microsomes. Furthermore, a shift of the non-michaelian kinetics to michaelian, equivalent to a decrease of a negative homotropic effect and apparent cooperativity of UDPglucuronic acid was observed since the Hill coefficient changed, approaching 1. A non-michaelian kinetics of this enzyme is an indication of boundary lipids in the gel phase and a shift to michaelian, a change of the surrounding lipids to a liquid-crystalline structure. In consequence, our results suggest that cholesterol incorporation in the microsomal membrane while producing a condensing effect of bulk lipids would produce an opposite effect on the UDPglucuronyl transferase boundary lipids.

Effect of diets containing different oils on brain fatty acid composition in sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax L.)

1. 1. Four groups of adult sea bass were given diets containing about 8% of one of four different oils having a different fatty acid composition: linseed oil, grape-seed oil, containing high amounts of linolenic and linoleic acids respectively, hydrogenated coconut oil, mainly containing saturated fatty acids, and cod liver oil which was considered as reference. 2. 2. Total lipid, phospholipid and polar lipid contents of the brain of the different groups of sea bass were unaffected. 3. 3. The fatty acid composition of the brain agreed with the dietary history of sea bass: thus adult sea bass brain is capable of incorporating dietary fatty acids. 4. 4. Sea bass brain and structural lipids of the liver appeared to be similarly sensitive to the dietary input in contrast with mammalian brain which was reported to be more resistant than other tissues. 5. 5. The more striking dietary effect on liver total lipid fatty acid composition is ascribed to the incorporation of dietary fatty acids in depot fats.

Lipid composition of three morphological stages of Trypanosoma cruzi.

The neutral and phospholipid content at each of the three morphological stages of the parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. Total lipid fatty acid composition at each stage was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography and the results were compared. Change in lipid composition at each stage was observed.

661 CORRECTION OF BIOCHEMICAL INDICES OF ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID DEFICIENCY WITH INTRAVENOUS FAT IN SICK PREMATURE INFANTS

In order to determine whether biochemical indices of essential fatty acid deficiency could be corrected in the first week of life, six premature infants with ventilator-dependent RDS were infused with Intralipid at doses increasing from 0.5 to 2.0 g/kg/d for 18/24 hours on days 2-7 of life. Oxygenatlon was continuously monitored. Serum triglycerides (TG) and multiple measure of bilirubin binding were also monitored prior to and 6 hrs after the initiation of the lipid infusion. Total plasma lipid fatty acid (FA) composition was assessed daily 4-6 hrs after stopping the previous day's infusion. A linear model can be used to predict the plasma level of 18:2 based on the preceding two days' intake of 18:2; a curvilinear model describes the dependence on cummulative intake. We conclude that this dosage schedule closely approximates the FA pattern observed in enterally fed infants during the first week of life.

Lipids and carbohydrates in symbiotic and aposymbiotic Crithidia oncopelti and Blastocrithidia culicis

1. 1. Normal and aposymbiotic Crithidia oncopelti and Blastocrithidia culicis were compared as to neutral and polar lipid, total lipid, total lipid fatty acid, mono- and polysaccharide compositions using thin-layer (TLC) and gas-liquid (GLC) chromatography and cellulose acetate electrophoresis. 2. 2. Blastocrithidia possessed a major neutral lipid, lacking in Crithidia, with a TLC mobility similar to that of a monoglyceride. GLC of total lipid fatty acid methyl esters revealed that a major (20:4) components of Blastocrithidia was lacking in Crithidia. 3. 3. Blastocrithidia displayed one more toluidine blue-stainable glycosaminoglycan, separable by cellulose acetate electrophoresis, than did Crithidia. 4. 4. GLC of alditol acetate derivatives of monosaccharides revealed relatively more fucose than manose in whole-cell and protein fractions, but not in lipid, in normal compared to aposymbiotic Crithidia. 5. 5. Differences in carbohydrate composition may help explain the differential susceptibility of normal and aposymbiotic flagellates to agglutination by lectins which recognize fucosyl or mannosyl linkages.

Chronic ingestion of saturated hydrocarbons by rainbow trout: influence of dodecylcyclohexane and pristane on lipid metabolism.

The influence of alkanes on total lipid content and fatty acid composition of trout was investigated inSalmo gairdneri Richardson fed for 9 months or 10 months a diet containing 1% of dodecylcyclohexane or pristane. Results were compared with a control group fed a standard diet. Total lipids in the whole carcass and muscle were lower in the two test groups than in the control group.

Rapid kinetin effects on lipid synthesis in isolated mesophyll protoplasts ofPetunia

Cytokinins show effects on the lipid fatty acid composition of isolated green leaves within 2 to 4 h {Il. These efTccts follow a dose-response curve with an optimum dose. Furthermore, lipid synthesis in leaf tissue is stimulated by cytokinins within a few Ilours 121. Using isolated mesophyll protoplasts from Pelwlia, we have now shown that kinetin influences lipid and falty acid synthesis respectively, within 45 min. The effects of phytohormones which can be recognized in a period shorItf than I h arc usually classified as rapid effC<:ts. Thus, for Ihe first time a rapid cyIOkinin !.:m .... l;L 011 lipid JIlt;labuli~m call be established. Mcsophyl1 protoplasts were isolated from leaves of fell/Ilia hybrida by simultaneous treatment with pectinase and cellulase after removing the lower epidermis with carborundum [31. ne viabililY of Ihe protoplasts was tested using Larkin·s method \4J. Protoplasts were then incubated in mannitolcontaining kinetin solutions together with 14C_acetate for 45 min or 1 to 3 h. Controls were run in the same manner without kinetin. After the incubation period, total lipids were extracled; following a thorough waShing of the lipids, the relative specific activity was determined by a windowless CH 4 -now counter and by scintillation counting [5}. The total lipid content and fatty acid compOSition of the protoplasts were not significantly altered by kinetin. Since different amounts of 14C_acctate were applied, or different incubation periods took place, the absolute values of spccific activity for controls range from 600 to 12000 cpm/mg lipid. Table I shows that the labeling activity i~ enhanced most considerably by 1 ~tg kinctinlml. Application of 10 )lg/ml always !cd to a decrease in the 14C incorporation, results comparable to the negative effects of the 100 high concentrations already described [I]. 111e activity of the different fatty acids was measured by radio-gas chromatography [51 (Table 2). Even after the very short incubation period of 45 min, a significant rise in the activity of unsaturated C'8 acids could be measured . Extension of Lhe application period of kinetin LO 2 and 3 h led to an increase in percentage activity in C 16 acids. From these results, together with some earlier fin d ing:; [I, 21, it m~y be concluded