Fatty Acid Composition Of Total Lipids Research Articles

Total Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Seeds of Some Wild Achillea Species

Total Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Seeds of Some Wild Achillea Species

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English

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis on effects of thermal shock on the fatty acid composition of the gills of the Antarctic teleost, Trematomus bernacchii

Environmental contextGlobal warming is an important problem for life on Earth, and there is an increasing need to understand how organisms respond to rising temperatures. We show that an Antarctic fish, the emerald rockcod, can acclimate to thermal shock by modifying the fatty acid composition and total lipid content in its gills. This study contributes to our understanding of how the physiology of Antarctic life could be influenced by climate change. AbstractAs a result of rising temperatures in the Antarctic seawater, there is an increasing interest to investigate the capacities for inducing a temperature acclimation response in Antarctic organisms. We analysed the effect of a thermal shock on the fatty acid (FA) composition of gills of the Antarctic notothenioid Trematomus bernacchii. To perform the quantification of fatty acids in gills, we applied an analytical method based on a fast microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of lipids from a lyophilised sample, a base-catalysed trans-esterification of lipid extract to obtain fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and their separation and identification by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The percentage of lipids extracted with MAE preceded by sample lyophilisation, 0.6 ± 0.3 % ww (wet weight), was consistent with the lipids obtained by the official Bligh and Dyer method, 0.8 ± 0.3 % ww. These data are among the first ever published for T. bernacchii. Specimens, caught in Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea), were held in different tanks at 0, +1 and +2 °C, for 1, 5 and 10 days. In general, thermal shock produced an alteration in total lipid content, an increase in the percentage of saturated FAs, a decrease in mono-unsaturated FAs, and a variable response of poly-unsaturated FAs (an increase in specimens exposed to 0 and +1 °C, a decrease in those exposed to +2 °C). A chemometric approach based on principal component analysis indicated that temperature and exposure time influenced the composition of FAs in the gills, probably through an alteration of the metabolic pathways of FAs. This is the first study ever published on the FA composition of total lipids in gills of T. bernacchii exposed to high temperatures. This study demonstrates that T. bernacchii is capable of rapidly acclimating to a thermal shock, and contributes to increasing the knowledge on the effect of temperature on Antarctic notothenioids.

Histological Characteristics, Fatty Acid Composition of Lipid Fractions, and Cholesterol Content of Semimembranosus and Triceps Brachii Muscles in Maremmana and Limousine Bovine Breeds.

This study examined the histological properties of Semimembranosus and Triceps brachii muscle in two different bovine breeds, Maremmana (Ma) (an autochthonous breed from Tuscany, Italy) and Limousine (Lm). The animals were grazed in two adjoining pastures, received the same feed supplementation, and were weighed monthly. The experimental period lasted from weaning (6 months old) to slaughter (19 months old). Muscle samples were collected immediately after slaughter, before carcass cooling. Regarding the histological properties, the number of muscle fibers (TNF), mean sarcolemma perimeter (MSP), cross-sectional area, and total sarcolemma perimeter (TSP) were determined. Samples were also analyzed for proximate composition, fatty acid profile of total lipids (TLs), phospholipids (PLs), and neutral lipids (NLs), and for total cholesterol content. Breed was a significant variation factor for the performance parameter and histological muscle fiber properties. Interestingly, despite that Ma being a less extensively genetically improved breed than Lm, it showed higher weight at slaughter (+18%) and daily weight gain (+19%). Ma also showed smaller muscle fibers than Lm and, consequently, the TSP was higher. This difference affected the lipid fraction distribution (Lm was higher in PLs and lower in NLs than Ma) and, consequently, the fatty acid composition of TLs (Lm was high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, while Ma was high in monounsaturated fatty acids). The results of this experiment highlight the importance of environmental and management conditions on the full expression of genotypic potential.

High level of tetracosapolyenoic fatty acids in the cold-water mollusk Tochuina tetraquetra is a result of the nudibranch feeding on soft corals

Fatty acid (FA) markers are used to trace predator–prey relationships in the marine environment. Soft corals contain tetracosapolyenoic acids (TPA), namely 24:5n-6 and 24:6n-3, which are considered as octocoral FA markers. The nudibranch mollusks are known to feed on soft corals. To check whether TPA are transferred from soft corals to nudibranch mollusks during their nutrition, we determined and compared FA compositions of total lipids of Tochuina tetraquetra and soft corals (Acanella sp., Anthomastus rylovi, Gersemia fruticosa, and Paragorgia arborea) collected together near the Kuril Islands (the depths of 80–550 m). FA compositions of T. tetraquetra, Acanella sp. and A. rylovi were described for the first time. In Acanella sp., G. fruticosa, A. rylovi, and P. arborea, the average contents of TPA were 6.5, 13.4, 5.9, and 12.0 % of total FAs, whereas the 24:5n-6/24:6n-3 ratio was 1.0, 1.4, 5.4, and 2.6, respectively. The high level of TPA (21.7 %) found in T. tetraquetra indicates that 24:5n-6 and 24:6n-3 are transferred from soft corals to the mollusks during their feeding and accumulated in mollusk tissues. The most possible feed source of the mollusk is suggested to be G. fruticosa and/or Acanella sp., because the 24:5n-6/24:6n-3 ratios in T. tetraquetra and these soft corals were similar. Thus, the TPA could be used as FA markers to estimate a proportion of soft corals in feeding of cold-water nudibranch mollusks.

Characterisation of commercial Perna canaliculus samples and development of extemporaneous oral veterinary paste formulations containing Perna

Perna canaliculus is a nutritional supplement recently studied and highly recommended for its anti-inflammatory effects in both animals and humans. In this study, the physicochemical properties, the microbiological quality, the total lipid content and fatty acids composition of three commercial samples of Perna powder were determined. Subsequently, three simple formulations of extemporaneous oral pastes containing Perna were prepared and designed for veterinary use. Their microbiological stability was assessed after 1-month storage at either room temperature or 35 °C. The results demonstrated that commercial Perna samples lack homogeneity, in regard to some technological properties and fatty acid composition; therefore, a preliminary characterisation of commercial Perna samples is recommended to assure the quality of formulations containing this nutritional supplement. Oral paste formulations are easy and simple to prepare and show good physical and microbiological stability, suggesting their large-scale production.

Evaluation of the effect of dietary sesamin on white muscle lipid composition of common carp (Cyprinus carpioL.) juveniles

This study was focused on the clarification of the effect of dietary sesamin on fatty acids and the composition of different lipid fractions [phospholipids (PLs), cholesterol and triacylglycerols] in the white muscle of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) juveniles. Two different basic diets with defatted fishmeal as a protein source and either only linseed oil or a mixture of linseed and sunflower oil as a lipid source designed to have two different n-3/n-6 ratios (1.21 – CL group; 0.32 – CM group) were produced. Each diet was then used with or without added sesamin (0.58 g 100g−1). One hundred and forty-four individuals were fed in triplicated groups for 63 days until their weight had doubled. No influence of dietary sesamin on growth, mortality or on the white muscle lipid content of the fish was found. Added sesamin significantly decreased the content of PLs and increased the cholesterol content in the CM group. No effect was found in the total lipid fatty acid composition but there was found a significantly lower content of saturated fatty acids and 20:5n-3 in PLs and of 22:6n-3 in triacylglycerols in the sesamin supplemented CL group. These and other differences show either a tendency of lower long chain n-3 fatty acids biosynthesis or their higher use in β-oxidation in sesamin-supplemented groups. We conclude that sesamin in this experiment had no substantial positive impact on the lipid metabolism of juvenile carp.

The Establish of Four Kinds of Chinese Primary Economic Crab Species Fatty Acid Fingerprints

In order to establish our common economic crabs fatty acid fingerprints, the total lipid and phospholipid fatty acid composition of our common economic crabs were determined and analyzed by GC-MS. The results show that: the highest proportion of Eriocheir sinensis is monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), while the highest proportion of the other three crab is polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). The percentage of EPA+DHA in Total fat of four kinds of crab is between 7.58%~36.82% .The ratio of EPA and DHA of three kinds of sea crab is higher than it in Eriocheir sinensis. Through the comparative analysis of the fatty acid composition of the total lipid and the phospholipids, we identified seven characteristic fat acids of the four species of crabs.They are C16:0, C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, C20:5n-3, C22:6n-3,and PUFA(PL). Chemical information of four kinds of crabs in lipid composition can be mastered through fatty acids fingerprints of four kinds of crabs which used seven kinds of characteristic fatty acid as index.

The effect of alkanes on the physiology and metabolism of the entomopathogenic fungus, Isaria fumosorosea

The influence of different alkanes on spore morphology, glyoxlate pathway enzyme activities, total lipid contents and fatty acid composition of Isaria fumosorosea were investigated under laboratory conditions. Fungal spores grown on different alkanes showed higher germination and mycelial growth when compared to control. A strong induction of glyoxlate cycle enzymes in cell-free extracts was observed for cells grown on different alkanes when compared to glucose and control. Higher activities of glyoxlate cycle enzymes were observed for cells grown on alkanes when compared to other treatments. Even numbered fatty acids accounted for the majority of fatty acid production with a significant increase in relative amounts of linoleic acid and palmatic acid observed for conidia grown on alkanes. These results indicate that addition of alkanes to culture media can be a tool to pre-induce metabolic adaptations that can facilitate successful infection of insect host by entomopathogenic fungi.

Rapid adaptation of Rhodococcus erythropolis cells to salt stress by synthesizing polyunsaturated fatty acids

Bacterial cells are known to adapt to challenging environmental conditions such as osmotic stress. However, most of the work done in this field describes the adaptation of growing populations where the new generations acquire traits that improve their ability to survive. In the present study, the responses of Rhodococcus erythropolis cells within the first 30 min after exposure to osmotic stress caused by sodium chloride were studied. The cells changed the total lipid fatty acid composition and also the net surface charge in the 30 min following exposure. Surprisingly, the cells produced a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In the presence of 7.5 % NaCl, these polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5ω3), arachidonic acid (C20:4ω6) and docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5ω3), comprise more than 36 % of the total fatty acids. The possible function of these very uncommon fatty acids in bacteria could be the decrease in the number of negatively charged groups in ion channels resulting in a repellence of the NaCl.

Effects of mPGES-1 deletion on eicosanoid and fatty acid profiles in mice

mPGES-1 is considered an alternative target for anti-inflammatory treatment with improved selectivity and safety compared to NSAIDs. mPGES-1 depletion not only suppresses inflammation via absence of inducible PGE2 but might also cause an activation of anti-inflammatory pathways. We studied effects of mPGES-1 deletion on the eicosanoid and fatty acid (FA) profiles in mice. In LPS-induced peritoneal macrophages from mPGES-1 knock-out (mPGES-1−/−, KO) mice PGE2 production was markedly attenuated, whereas levels of PGD2 metabolites (15-deoxy-Δ12,14 PGJ2 and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14 PGD2) were increased compared to wild type mice. The levels of oxidized fatty acid 13-HODE were also significantly up-regulated in KO macrophages. Significant differences in the total lipid FA composition (decrease in monounsaturated FA and increase in eicosadienoic acid) were detected in spleen of KO and WT mice. These effects of mPGES-1 deletion on eicosanoid and fatty acid metabolism have important implications for future mPGES-1 inhibitors and deserve further investigation.

Influence of genotype on the modulation of gene and protein expression by n-3 LC-PUFA in rats

It is becoming increasingly apparent that responsiveness to dietary fat composition is heterogeneous and dependent on the genetic make-up of the individual. The aim of this study was to evidence a genotype-related differential effect of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) on the modulation of hepatic genes involved in cholesterol metabolism. Fourteen spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats, which present a naturally occurring variation in the gene encoding for sterol responsive element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), contributing to their inherited variation in lipid metabolism, and 14 Wistar-Kyoto (WK) rats were fed a control diet or an n-3 LC-PUFA enriched diet for 90days. Plasma lipid profile, total lipid fatty acid composition in plasma and liver, and the expression of SREBP-1 and 2, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase, low-density lipoprotein receptor, and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 encoding genes and proteins were determined. The positive effect of the enriched diet on the serum lipid profile, particularly on total cholesterol and triglyceride level, was clearly evidenced in both WK and SH rats, but n-3 LC-PUFA acted through a different modulation of gene and protein expression that appeared related to the genetic background. Our study evidences a different transcriptional effect of specific nutrients related to genetic variants.

Fatty acid composition of commercially available nutrition supplements

We analysed the fatty acid (FA) composition of plant and fish oil supplements available in the Czech Republic. Total lipid FA composition was analysed by gas chromatography. A total of 62 plant and 50 fish oil supplements were analysed. Their FA composition ranged widely. Linoleic acid was a dominant FA in soya lecithin (45–60%), evening primrose (65–75%), amaranth (20–50%), pumpkin seed (45–55%), and borage oil supplements (40%). α-Linolenic acid ranged between 2% and 8% in soya lecithin and from 0.2% to 1% in the majority of the other plant oil supplements. Saw palmetto oil supplements were rich in saturated FA (40–90%). γ-Linolenic acid was found in evening primrose and borage oil supplements (10–20%). Sea buckthorn oil composition varied according to the part of the plant used. The majority of fish oil supplements contained 12–23% of eicosapentaenoic and 7–17% of docosahexaenoic acids. Oil supplements may be beneficial for patients with metabolic disorders because of their FA as well as antioxidant and phytosterol content.  

Dietary lipid-induced changes in enzymes of hepatic lipid metabolism

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of different dietary oils on the main hepatic enzymes involved in metabolism and their impact on oxidative stress status. MethodsTwenty-four male Wistar rats were fed for 60 d on the same basal diet plus different lipid sources from commercial oils: soybean (S), olive (O), coconut (C), and grape seed (G). After sacrifice, the liver lipid fatty acid composition, enzymatic and non-enzymatic components of the antioxidant defense system, and the activity of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism were determined. The concentration of Ca2+ in plasma and liver homogenates was also measured. ResultsThe diets produced significant changes in the total and polar lipid fatty acid compositions and alterations in key enzyme activities involved in lipid metabolism. The S and G groups showed significantly increased oxidative stress biomarkers. The enzymatic and non-enzymatic components of the antioxidant defense system were increased in the O and C groups. The highest levels of nitrite plus nitrate were observed in the S and G groups compared with the O and C groups in plasma and in liver homogenates. These were directly correlated with the Ca2+ concentration. The most beneficial effects were obtained with olive oil. However, it is necessary to study in more detail appropriate mixtures of olive and soybean oils to provide an adequate balance between ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids. ConclusionDifferent dietary oils modify the lipid composition of the plasma and liver, local and systemic antioxidant statuses, and the activity of the key enzymes of lipid metabolism. The interrelation between Ca2+ and nitrite plus nitrate could be the causal factor underlying the observed changes.

Fatty acid profile of fillet, liver and mesenteric fat in tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>) fed vegetable oil supplementation in the finishing period of fattening

Abstract. Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) previously reared on a commercial feed were shifted to 3 experimental diets with added 5 % of soybean, linseed oil or fish oils, for 42 days as a finishing diet, according to literature recommendations. Fillet, liver and mesenteric fat total lipid fatty acid composition was determined and evaluated taking health and dietary recommendations into consideration. It was found that dietary vegetable oil fatty acids are effectively incorporated into tilapia hepatic and muscular total lipids, but have no pronounced effect on further fatty acid metabolism, in particular on the n-3 fatty acids. Liver was found to sensitively indicate elevated dietary lipid intake, as proven by its higher, most probably endogenous palmitate synthesis. Based on our results the application of vegetable oils to partially substitute fish oil for tilapia can be recommended in relation to the most important dietary lipid quality indicators.

Lipids and fatty acids from Ulva intestinalis from estuaries of the Caspian basin (Elton Region)

The fatty-acid composition of total lipids from eurybiotic species of green alga Ulva intestinalis from saltwater and estuaries of the Caspian arid zone basin (Elton Region) was studied. It was shown that the relative content of trienoic acids increased and the relative content of long-chain acids decreased as the salinity of the water increased. A feature of the phospholipid composition of U. intestinalis estuary populations was the presence of phosphatidylcholine in plants growing in water with salinity 10.0–11.6 g/L and its absence in algae at higher salinities (28.5–31.2 g/L).

Effect of replacing dietary fish oil with soybean oil on production performance and fillet lipid and fatty acid composition of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum

As a marine carnivore exhibiting exceptionally high growth rates, cobia are considered a species for which fish oil (FO) replacement may be difficult. However, partial, if not complete, FO replacement is necessary to ensure sustainability. We evaluated the effects of graded substitution of dietary FO with soybean oil (SO) in cobia culture. Feeds contained FO (100% FO), SO (0% FO) or blends of the two (67% FO, 33% FO) as the supplemental lipid source. Production performance was largely unaffected by partial replacement of FO with SO: feed intake and final weight were reduced only in the 0% FO dietary treatment. Fillet total lipid fatty acid (FA) composition differed among the dietary treatments, closely approximating dietary FA profile. As increasing amounts of FO were replaced, SO-associated FA became enriched within the fillet lipid at the expense of FO-associated FA. Fillet lipid classes were associated with a particular FA signature, regardless of dietary FA profile. SO can replace a substantial amount of dietary FO; however, juvenile cobia appear to exhibit a nominal requirement for intact long-chain polyunsaturated FA. Therefore, aggressive FO replacement may result in essential fatty acid deficiencies unless the feeds can be amended with alternative sources of these essential nutrients.

Total lipid content, fatty acid and mineral compositions of muscles and liver in wild and farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

The fatty acid and mineral compositions in the dorsal and ventral muscles and liver of wild and farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were evaluated. The farmed animals showed a significant higher fat content (p < 0.05) than the wild ones, for all studied samples. The percentages of SFA and PUFA as well as the n-6/n-3 were higher (p < 0.05) in the muscle in wild compared with farmed sea bass. However, in liver, SFA and MUFA were concentrated in wild fish. Among n-3 PUFA both fish were good sources of EPA and DHA. The results revealed also that levels of trace elements varied depending on different tissues in both fish (p < 0.05). Potassium, calcium and magnesium were concentrated in muscles compared with liver, in both fish, whereas iron, zinc, copper and manganese concentrations were higher in liver than in muscle tissue (p < 0.05). Key words: Family Moronidae, Dicentrarchus labrax, essential minerals, fatty acids, EPA, DHA.

Evaluation of lipid extraction and fatty acid composition of human plasma

AIM: The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of lipid extraction and to evaluate the fatty-acid composition in total lipids from human plasma, using a new technique and the established Folch, Lees and Stanley (FLS), Bligh and Dyer (BD), Rose-Gottlieb (RG), and Gerber (GM) methods. METHOD: A new technique, the alternative method, to extract total lipids using a microwave was proposed and evaluated. RESULTS: The total lipids extracted from human plasma varied between 0.19% and 0.41%; the highest total lipid extracted were obtained by the Folch, Lees and Stanley (0.41%), alternative method (0.37%) and Rose-Gottlieb (0.36%) methods. The Gerber method was ineffective to extract total lipids from human plasma. A total of 24 fatty-acid species were quantified by gas chromatography. Of the methods studied, the highest concentrations were found using the Folch, Lees and Stanley method (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The alternative method is a fast lipid-extraction technique that can be used for the identification of human plasma fatty acids, but it is not suitable for their measurement.

Lipid characteristics of coastal migratory Sarda orientalis tissues

To characterize the 22:6 n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) levels of the oriental bonito Sarda orientalis, a coastal migratory tuna species, total lipids (TL) of white muscle, dark muscle, liver, pyloric cecum, gonad, and other viscera were separated into lipid classes, the constituents of TL were quantified, and the fatty acid composition of TL, triacylglycerols (TAG), phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine was analyzed. The crude lipid contents of muscle and other organs were 0.8–3.2% and 2.3–9.1%, respectively. DHA was found in TL of various organs at levels ranging from 19.2% to 27.6% in muscle and 16.3% to 28.5% in other organs. The levels of DHA in muscle TAG (8.2–16.0%) were lower than or comparable to those in visceral TAG (6.9–24.0%). These findings did not coincide with those observed in active-migratory tuna species, which accumulate DHA in their muscle TAG during migration. These findings suggest that the DHA distribution of S. orientalis is different from that observed in active-migratory tuna species, and that the differences may be due to migration type of the fish.