Total Interpretive Structural Modeling Technique Research Articles

Unmasking user vulnerability: investigating the barriers to overcoming dark patterns in e-commerce using TISM and MICMAC analysis

PurposeE-commerce companies use dark patterns to manipulate customer decisions to survive in the crowded online market and make profit. Although some online customers are aware of the dark patterns, they cannot overcome such manipulations. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify and model the barriers to overcoming dark patterns using total interpretive structural modeling (TISM).Design/methodology/approachBarriers to overcoming dark patterns were identified from the extant literature and were validated by a panel of 18 domain experts. In the modeling phase, TISM technique was used to identify the relationships between the barriers and assign priority to the barriers. Finally, the barriers were plotted and classified into three categories.FindingsUser unawareness, trust in brands and normalization of aggressive marketing were found to be the highest priority barriers. Whereas, designer bias, user fatigue, short-term user benefits and design complexity were identified as the most challenging barriers because they have least dependence over the other barriers.Research limitations/implicationsBecause TISM results are based on the opinion of domain experts, other statistical techniques could be applied for validation.Practical implicationsThis study would educate online customers, while assisting online user communities and regulatory bodies to devise strategies to overcome dark patterns. Additionally, business managers could use the study’s findings to encourage designers to embrace ethical design methods as a competitive advantage.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the research as it is first of its kind to examine the link between dark pattern barriers.

Critical factors for capacity building of NGOs working in the intellectual disability sector in India: a TISM-MICMAC approach

PurposeThis study aims to identify the critical factors contributing to India-based non-governmental organizations (NGOs) capacity building and value creation for beneficiaries.Design/methodology/approachA total interpretive structural modeling technique has been used to develop a hierarchical model of critical factors and understand their direct and indirect interrelationships. The driving force and dependence force of these factors were determined by using cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification analysis.FindingsThis study identifies 12 critical factors influencing NGO capacity building in India’s intellectual disability sector across four dimensions. Internal organizational capabilities include infrastructure, staff qualifications, fundraising, vocational activities and technical resources. Second, coordination and stakeholder engagement highlight government and agency collaboration, dedicated board members and stakeholder involvement. Third, adaptability and responsiveness emphasize adjusting to external trends and seizing opportunities. Finally, impact and value creation emphasis on improving value for persons with disabilities (PWDs).Practical implicationsThe findings of this study have practical implications for Indian NGOs working for PWDs. The study provides NGOs with a structural model for improving organizational capacity by identifying and categorizing critical factors into the strategic model.Originality/valueThere is a scarcity of literature on capacity building for disability-focused NGOs in India. This study seeks to identify critical factors and develop a hierarchical model of those factors to assist policymakers in India in building the capacity of NGOs.

Factors influencing competitive advantage in start-ups operations 4.0

Purpose The ability of a business to outperform its rivals is known as its competitive edge, and it presents special difficulties in the context of the “digital revolution,” or the fourth industrial revolution. To obtain a competitive edge in the startup operations 4.0 era, this study aims to examine the organizational, technological and competence-related challenges presented by Industry 4.0. It does this by concentrating on the tools, competencies, methods, approaches, tools and strategies that are crucial. Using the Total Interpretive Structural Modeling (TISM) technique, the goal is to find, analyze and classify enablers for startup operations 4.0. Design/methodology/approach A closed-ended questionnaire and planned interviews were used in the data collection process. In startup operations 4.0, the cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification method is used to rank and categorize competitive advantage factors, whereas the TISM technique is used to analyze how components interact. Findings The study highlights the critical significance of the “Internet of Things (IoT),” “information technologies,” “technological platforms,” “employee empowerment,” “augmented reality (AR)” and “operational technologies” in its identification of 12 enablers for startup operations 4.0. Research limitations/implications The main focus of the study is on the variables that affect startup operations 4.0’s competitive advantage. Practical implications Academics and important stakeholders can better understand the factors influencing competitive advantage in startup operations 4.0 with the help of this research. Originality/value Large businesses have been profoundly impacted by Industry 4.0 principles; however, startup operations 4.0’s competitive advantage has not received as much attention. This paper offers a fresh take on the concept of competitive advantage in startup operations 4.0 research.

Readiness of lean sustainability in healthcare organizations

PurposeThis paper aims to “identify,” “analyse” and “categorise” the readiness factors of lean sustainability in health-care organisation using total interpretive structural modelling (TISM).Design/methodology/approachTo obtain the data, a closed-ended questionnaire was used in addition to a scheduled interview. To identify how the factors interact, the TISM approach was used, and the matriced’ impacts croise’s multiplication applique’e a UN classement (MICMAC) analysis was used to rank and categorise the lean sustainability readiness factors.FindingsThis study identified ten lean sustainability readiness factors for health-care organisation. The identified factors are resources utilization practice (F1), management commitment and leadership (F2), operational flexibility (F3), workforce engagement and time commitment (F4), sustainability motivational factors (F5), awareness of lean and sustainable practice (F6), hospital design (F7), energy efficiency practices in hospitals (F8), responsible autonomy (F9) and new system adoptability training (F10). The key/driving factors are identified in this study are operational flexibility, sustainability motivational factors, management commitment and leadership, new system adoptability training.Research limitations/implicationsThe study focussed primarily on lean sustainability factors for the health-care sector.Practical implicationsThis research will aid key stakeholders and academics in the better understanding the readiness factors that influence lean sustainability in health-care organisation. This study emphasises the factors that must be considered when applying lean sustainable practices in health care as a real-world application in a health-care organisation. These readiness factors for lean sustainability can be used by an organization to comprehend more about the concept and the components that contribute to health-care lean sustainability.Originality/valueThis study proposes the TISM technique for health care, which is a novel attempt in the subject of lean sustainability in this sector.

Examining the causal relationships among factors influencing SMEs' competitive advantage: a TISM-neutrosophic MICMAC approach

PurposeSmall and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are a major source of employment and revenue growth in developing nations like India, but they also face challenges from resource shortages, shifting consumer demand and heightened competition. This research aims to discover the aspects that enhance SMEs' competitiveness and performance.Design/methodology/approachBy analyzing literature and consulting experts, 10 factors that boost a firm's competitiveness were identified. The total interpretive structural modeling (TISM) method was then used to determine their interaction and structural hierarchy. Neutrosophic-MICMAC analysis was employed to assess the driving-dependence power of each factor.FindingsThe study discovered that the factor, namely “entrepreneurial orientation,” was found to be a significant one. “Manufacturing strategy” was found to be extremely dependent on the remaining competitive advantage factors.Research limitations/implicationsThis SME-focused framework can be adopted by large businesses to enhance organizational performance by focusing on critical factors. The study depends on experts' judgment, which might be biased. Findings will assist SMEs in identifying significant factors influencing competitive advantage and relationships, increasing awareness of factors contributing to competitive edge.Practical implicationsThe results of the research may encourage SME sector managers and practitioners to prioritize the factors that contribute to a firm's competitive advantage.Originality/valueThe majority of research on SME competitive advantage focuses on individual aspects. To add to the body of knowledge on the subject, this study applies the TISM technique to Indian SMEs to identify the contextual interactions among factors that increase long-term competitiveness.

Implementing Area Business Continuity Management for Large-Scale Disaster: A Total Interpretive Structural Modeling Approach

A large-scale disaster striking a fundamental infrastructure can disrupt the entire business area. Hence, Area Business Continuity Management (Area-BCM) is proposed to bring together stakeholders in the same area who aim to minimize economic losses and impacts due to a disaster. Its distinctive features consider public–private partnerships, critical external resources, and scalability of risk management. However, Area-BCM is still a long way from being successful as many challenges are found. This study aimed to build a model of success factors and analyze relationships among factors for Area-BCM implementation. The total interpretive structural modeling technique was utilized to construct a hierarchical model. Interviews and questionnaire surveys were performed for data collection. A process-automated tool was used to ensure accuracy and eliminate complicated calculations. The results indicate the foundation factors and critical suggestions to be grounded for success. The outstanding findings are the interpreted interrelationships in the final model. Moreover, cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification approach categorizes factors into four groups based on driving and dependence powers. The outcomes provide strong implications for Area-BCM practitioners or executors, helping them prioritize attention and prepare suitable strategies for successful implementation.

Agility adaptability and alignment in start-ups

Purpose When coping with uncertainties, three characteristics distinguish firms: agility, adaptability and alignment (triple-A). Based on significant field research, the triple-A highlights the significance of coordinating agility, adaptability and alignment. Start-ups are facing a lot of challenges in this turbulent environment. However, this sector is undergoing a major transformation. Agility, adaptability and alignment concepts have had a major influence on the supply chain, but their implementation in start-ups has been less visible. This paper aims to identify, analyze and categorize the enablers for agility, adaptability and alignment in start-ups using the total interpretive structural modeling (TISM) approach. Design/methodology/approach In addition to the scheduled interview, a closed-ended questionnaire was used to collect data. To identify how the factors interact, the TISM technique is used, and the Matriced’Impacts Croises-Multipication Applique’ and Classment method is used to rank and categorize the agility, adaptability and alignment enablers. Findings This study identified ten agility, adaptability and alignment factors for start-ups. It has been found that the key importance should be given to management involvement, conflict management, collaboration and information integration. Research limitations/implications This study primarily focused on the agility, adaptability and alignment factors in start-ups. Practical implications This study will help academics and key stakeholders understand the aspects that lead to agility, adaptability and alignment in start-ups. Originality/value Agility, adaptability and alignment concepts have had a major influence on the supply chain, but their implementation in start-ups has been less visible. Therefore, this is a novel attempt in this industry’s agility, adaptability and alignment.

Agile readiness for sustainable operations in start-ups

PurposeThis study aims to identify the factors influencing agile readiness in start-ups. Start-ups are being confronted with increased competition, customer demands, technological innovations and changes in the market environment. Adopting agile readiness for sustainable operations is a profitable and dependable way to improve the competition and reduce the number of failures of start-ups. The start-ups may investigate “how” after understanding the “whys.” The answers to these questions will be crucial to develop a strategy and a plan for luring clients, users, investors and partners. Therefore, this study will help in answering these crucial questions by using Total Interpretive Structural Modeling (TISM), whose main aim is to answer the key question of “what,” “how” and “why.” Using the “Total Interpretive Structural Modeling (TISM)” technique, this research tries to “describe,” “analyze” and “categorize” the agile readiness for sustainable operations enablers in start-ups.Design/methodology/approachExpert feedback and literature reviews from various start-ups led to the discovery of 10 enablers. In this study, the TISM technique was used to examine the inter-relationships between the enablers. The agile readiness for sustainable operations enablers was ranked and classified using the “Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC)” technique. They were divided into four different categories: “autonomous,” “independent,” “linkage” and “dependent enablers.”FindingsThe results show that executive-level aid is the key agile readiness factor for sustainable operations. The next priority has been capability, experienced and skilled employees, market knowledge and environment agility. Leadership and clear vision have been given further priority. The next important is flexibility. The last and the least priority is given to receptive and strategic agility. This directional flow assists management in attaining adaptable sustainability, leading to continued growth in this dynamic environment.Research limitations/implicationsThe study focuses primarily on the agile readiness for sustainable operations of start-ups. This study offers a recommended list of crucial elements for start-ups, which may aid in creating guidelines for implementing agility for sustainable operations. This study provides academics with a TISM model that illustrates how start-ups can be ready to implement agility for sustainable operations. Future researchers could add more agility readiness variables to this study and validate this model across different start-ups.Practical implicationsBefore implementing agile readiness for sustainable operations in start-ups, this study will aid managers and practitioners in the start-up business in understanding the relationships of enablers and identifying important readiness enablers.Originality/valueThe current study analyzes the agile readiness for sustainable operations in Start-ups. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is the first endeavor to use the “TISM approach” to examine the interrelationships across agile readiness for sustainable operations characteristics in start-ups.

Barriers affecting the green transformation process in healthcare organizations

ABSTRACT This paper aims to ‘identify’, ‘analyse’, and ‘categorise’ the barriers affecting the green transformation process in healthcare using Total Interpretive Structural Modelling (TISM) and MICMAC analysis. The TISM technique was utilized to determine how the components interacted and the green transformation process barriers criteria were ranked and categorized using the MICMAC method. This study identified 11 barriers to green transformation process in healthcare organizations. The key factors identified in this study are inadequate strategic planning, financial barriers, and high technology adoption cost, information barriers, international issues in healthcare environmental sustainability, lack of supportive atmosphere. The TISM technique for healthcare is proposed in this paper as a novel attempt to address the subject of green transformation process barriers. This research will aid key stakeholders and academics in the better understanding the barriers affecting the green transformation process in healthcare organizations.

Green Operation Strategies in Healthcare for Enhanced Quality of Life

Healthcare services have now become a fundamental requirement for all individuals owing to rising pollution levels and shifting lifestyles brought on by fast modernization. The hospital is a specialized healthcare facility where doctors, nurses, and other medical professionals offer their services. Academics and professionals have emphasized green operation initiatives such as green design, green purchasing, green supply chain, and green manufacturing to increase public awareness of environmental problems affecting company operations associated with healthcare for the quality of life. The purpose of this research is to use total interpretive structural modeling and MICMAC (matrix cross multiplication applied to a classification) analysis to investigate and analyze the elements impacting green operations strategies in healthcare. The data are gathered using a closed-ended questionnaire together with a scheduled interview. The components' interactions are explored using the total interpretive structural modeling technique, and the MICMAC analysis is used to rank and categorize the green operation strategy variables. The study is a novel effort to address and focus on stakeholders, vision and structure, resources, and capabilities. Green operations strategies have only been the subject of a small number of studies in the past, and those studies were mostly addressed at manufacturing-specific green strategies. Thus, by promoting energy efficiency programs, green building design, alternative sources of energy, low-carbon transportation, local food, waste reduction, and water conservation, the health sector can develop multiple key strategies to become more climate-friendly with significant health, environmental, and social co-benefits for quality of life.

Readiness for agility adaptability and alignment in healthcare organizations

This paper aims to ‘identify,’ ‘analyze,’ and ‘categorize’ Agility, Adaptability, and Alignment (Triple-A) readiness factors in healthcare organizations using Total Interpretive Structural Modeling (TISM). This study identified nine triple-A readiness factors for healthcare organizations. The present research looked at the interrelationships between readiness variables for agility, adaptability, and alignment deployment in healthcare organizations. The findings would assist healthcare practitioners in implementing triple-A in hospitals to enhance service quality. TISM and MICMAC analysis is utilized to determine the importance of each of the elements, allowing organizations to prioritize the most important variables first, followed by the rest of the factors. The identified key factors are organizational leadership, flexible service design, advanced technology and innovativeness, strategy fits. This research will aid key stakeholders and academics in better understanding the readiness factors that influence agility, adaptability, and alignment in a healthcare organization. This study proposes the TISM technique for healthcare, which is a novel attempt in the subject of Triple-A in this sector. This research contributes to the Triple-A theory of knowledge, model conceptualizing, and organizational change.

Modelling of factors influencing organizational readiness for change in start-ups during the COVID-19 emergency

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to “identify”, “analyze” and “construct” a framework to quantify the relationships between several determinants of organizational preparedness for change in the start-ups during the COVID-19 emergencies.Design/methodology/approachTotal interpretive structural modelling (TISM) is used to find characteristics that assist in analyzing the readiness or preparedness level before initiating a change deployment process in start-ups. A cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) analysis is performed to determine the driving and dependent elements of change in start-ups.FindingsFrom literature research and an expert interview, this study selected ten variables of change preparedness to explore inner interconnections and comprehend the inner connections factors. The findings depict that clarity of mission and goals, reward system, technological advancement and motivational readiness have been considered the most important readiness factor for deploying organizational change in start-ups during the COVID-19 emergencies.Practical implicationsThis research will aid the management and researchers gain a better understanding of the factors that influence change preparedness. Constant observation of current changes in the start-ups and the external environment will aid in improving the quality of products or services provided by the start-ups during the COVID-19. The start-ups can use these criteria linked to change readiness. The priority of each element is determined using MICMAC analysis and ranking using the TISM technique, which assists start-ups in ordering the enablers from highest to lowest priority.Originality/valueThere is no research regarding factors influencing organizational readiness for change in start-ups during the COVID-19 emergencies. This research gap is filled by analyzing aspects linked to organizational readiness for change in start-ups. This gap inspired the present study, which uses the “Total Interpretive Structural Modelling (TISM)” technique to uncover change determinants and investigate hierarchical interconnections among factors influencing organizational readiness to change in start-ups during the COVID-19 emergencies.

Drivers of circular economy for small and medium enterprises: Case study on the Indian state of Tamil Nadu

The present paper highlights the growing relevance of the Circular Economy (CE), its adoption by Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), and the relationship between the drivers of CE. Using a case study of CE adoption by Tamil Nadu state in India, we analyse the interactions between the drivers and examine the challenges and benefits of CE adoption. Using Total Interpretive Structural Modelling (TISM) this paper identifies 10 main drivers relevant for SMEs in Tamil Nadu based on literature and discussions with 78 industrial-academic experts, comments on the driving, dependent and linking elements that impact the uptake and adoption of CE. The modelling results confirm that three drivers, namely urbanisation, funding availability and resource consumption, are relevant and support the successful adoption of CE. The paper is among the first that uses the TISM technique to establish a contextual linkage between CE drivers and relationship between the different drivers.

Factors affecting repurposing operations in Micro Small and Medium Enterprises during Covid-19 emergency

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector plays a substantial role in the overall economic development and employment generation of a country. The Covid-19 pandemic has impacted adversely, and it is inevitably necessary to consider the influence of the pandemic on MSME, which will assist the policymakers in helping in the repurposing operations of the sector. Because of its size, scale of operations, and availability of financial resources, the MSMEs sector has been one of the most susceptible sectors post-Covid-19. Many academics have explored the constraints to MSMEs' development in the past, but limited research has been done using Total Interpretive Structural Modelling (TISM) technique for the factors impacting MSMEs' repurposing operations during the Covid-19 emergency. This research seeks to "identify," "analyze," and "categorize" the elements impacting MSMEs' repurposing operations during the Covid-19 pandemic. Literature review and experts’ comment from various MSMEs resulted in identification of 7 enablers. The TISM and MICMAC approach was employed in this study. The findings shows that occupational health and safety, logistics, and government rules and regulations are the key factors affecting repurposing operations in MSMEs during the Covid-19 emergency. This research helps the top-executives of MSME to look into the factors affecting repurposing operations in MSMEs during the Covid-19 emergency. This research examines factors affecting repurposing operations in MSMEs during the Covid-19 emergency. It is the first study to analyze the factors affecting the repurposing operations in MSME during the Covid-19 using TISM technique.

Readiness for lean-sustainability in start-ups during the COVID-19 era

PurposeThis study aims to “identify”, “analyse” and “categorise” the lean-sustainability enablers for start-ups during the COVID-19 epidemic using total interpretive structural modelling (TISM).Design/methodology/approachA closed-ended questionnaire was used to collect data in addition to the scheduled interview. The TISM methodology is used to determine how the variables interact, and the matrice d’Impacts croises-multiplication applique´ a classement (MICMAC) method is used to rank and categorise the lean-sustainability enablers.FindingsThis study identified ten lean-sustainability enablers for start-ups during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study says that the key factors are leadership and managerial commitment, implementation of employee skills and abilities, strategic need, personnel engagement and financial ability.Research limitations/implicationsThe study focused primarily on lean-sustainability characteristics for start-ups.Practical implicationsThis research will aid key stakeholders and academics in better understanding the factors that contribute to lean-sustainability in start-ups.Originality/valueThis study proposes the TISM technique for start-ups, which is a novel attempt in the subject of lean-sustainability in this industry.

Readiness for sustainable-resilience in healthcare organisations during Covid-19 era

PurposeUsing total interpretive structural modelling (TISM), this paper aims to “identify”, “analyse” and “categorise” the sustainable-resilience readiness factors for healthcare during the Covid-19 pandemic.Design/methodology/approachTo obtain the data, a closed-ended questionnaire was used in addition to a scheduled interview with each respondent. To identify how the factors interact, the TISM approach was employed and the cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to a classification method was used to rank and categorise the sustainable-resilience readiness factors.FindingsThis study identified ten sustainable-resilience readiness factors for healthcare during the Covid-19 pandemic. The study states that the major factors are environmental scanning, awareness and preparedness, team empowerment and working, transparent communication system, learning culture, ability to respond and monitor, organisational culture, resilience engineering, personal and professional resources and technology capability.Research limitations/implicationsThe study focused primarily on sustainable-resilience readiness characteristics for the healthcare sector.Practical implicationsThis research will aid key stakeholders and academics in better understanding the factors that contribute to sustainable-resilience in healthcare.Originality/valueThis study proposes the TISM technique for healthcare, which is a novel attempt in the subject of readiness for sustainable-resilience in this sector. The paper proposes a framework including a mixture of factors for sustainability and resilience in the healthcare sector for operations.

Analysis of Collaborative Sustainable Practices in multi-tier food supply chain using integrated TISM-Fuzzy MICMAC model: A supply chain practice view

Increasing sustainability demands of stakeholders and government regulators are driving Food Manufacturing Companies (FMCs) towards embedding sustainability practices across the entire food value chain. This is most relevant in emerging economies such as India, as the sustainable growth of the food supply chain (SC) is predominantly dependent upon its multiple tiers of suppliers. Regrettably, the most impactful tier of suppliers, which are the grass-root suppliers, lie outside the reach of the sustainable efforts of the FMC. Significantly, the incorporation of the sustainability initiatives needs consistent and coordinated efforts of all the tiers of suppliers and stakeholders, especially in the current situation where a global pandemic badly hits farmers. This can be achieved by adopting Collaborative Sustainable Practices (CSPs) for channelization of joint efforts of FMC and stakeholders towards sustainability of grass-root suppliers using supply chain practice view. However, minimal documentation exists regarding the same, and the present study intends to fill this gap. Based on a case study of an Indian flour milling company, the focus of the research work is (1) identifying CSPs that FMC can adopt, (2) ascertaining the role of interim suppliers for ensuring sustainability up to the last tier of suppliers, and (3) developing a structural model utilizing combined efficiencies of Total Interpretive Structural Modeling technique and Fuzzy-MICMAC analysis, which the FMC can adopt for effectively implementing both the traditional practices as well as the CSPs. Through the result findings, decision-makers can visualize the impact and strength of each CSP and its interactions with other CSPs. It can enable them to cascade effective managerial responses into the respective tiers of SC for successful implementation of the CSPs and transmission of sustainability benefits to include the grass root suppliers. The study provides significant theoretical implications contributing to the existing literature on sustainability in a multi-tier food SC. Further, inputs to policy formulators for enhancing sustainability of farmers are outlined.

Total interpretive structural modelling (TISM) and MICMAC approach in analysing knowledge risks in ICT-supported collaborative project

PurposeAs emphasised by the theory of knowledge-based view, knowledge constitutes the basic element for a firm’s competitive advantage. Consequently, a firm’s knowledge at risk could have an adverse effect on its performance. In this regard, this paper aims to investigate potential knowledge risks present in an (ICT)-supported collaborative project and establishes inter- and multi-relationships among these risks.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, an integrated approach using the total interpretive structural modelling (TISM) technique and MICMAC analysis is implemented to determine the hierarchical inter-relationships among knowledge risks and classify them according to their driving and dependence power.FindingsThe result reveals seven knowledge risks. The analysis establishes cybercrime and espionage as high drivers of knowledge risks in an ICT-supported collaborative project. Further, a comprehensive model is developed showing the hierarchical structure and multi- and inter-relationships among the analysed risks.Practical implicationsFrom a practical viewpoint, the proposed model in this study will be of great importance to practitioners because it highlights the most prominent knowledge risks in an ICT-supported collaborative project. Additionally, it will provide a clue for effective knowledge risk management in a systematic approach.Originality/valueTo the best of the author’s knowledge, this is one of the first studies to use both the TISM technique and MICMAC analysis to identify and classify knowledge risks in an ICT-supported collaborative project.

Modelling the Enablers of e-Trading Adoption in Agricultural Marketing: A TISM-Based Analysis of eNAM

Purpose: This research study identifies the enablers of adoption of e-trading of agricultural produce in India. It also proposes an adoption framework for promoting e-trading of the agricultural produce. The total interpretive structural modelling (TISM) method is used to develop hierarchical relationships among enablers. It brings the suggestions to improve the critical enablers for the use of policymakers, e-trading managers and market makers. Methodology: The research conducted in two phases, identification of variables, using literature assessment and analysing the relationship between the identified enablers using TISM. A case study of the National Agriculture Market (eNAM) project was undertaken to understand the enablers of the adoption in a common pan-India e-trading platform. Further, cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) analysis explores the driving and the dependence power of the identified enablers. Findings: This research proposes an e-trading adoption framework for the Indian agricultural supply chain. The ‘perceived ease of use’, ‘facilitating conditions’, ‘social influence’ and lower ‘cost’ are identified as significant enablers in this study besides ‘trust’ and ‘perceived usefulness’. A few suggestions bought out in this paper are expected to improve these enablers, which are expected to help in enhancing eNAM adoption, thereby improving the supply chain of agricultural produce. Research Implications: The well-structured analysis in the hierarchical form helps to get more insight into the influence of the seven enablers identified by TISM technique on the adoption of e-trading in the Indian agricultural marketing and supply chain. The e-trading in Indian agricultural has significant economic and workforce value for the country. The suggestions of this study provide insight into practical improvement step considerations for policymakers and e-trading managers in the agricultural sector and micro, small and medium enterprises.

Barriers to the adoption of blockchain technology in business supply chains: a total interpretive structural modelling (TISM) approach

Blockchain is an emerging technology with a wide array of potential applications. This technology, which underpins cryptocurrency, provides an immutable, decentralised, and transparent distributed database of digital assets for use by firms in supply chains. However, not all firms are appropriately suited to adopt blockchain in the existing supply chain primarily due to their lack of knowledge on the benefits of this technology. Using Total Interpretive Structural Modelling (TISM) and Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC), this paper identifies the adoption barriers, examines the interrelationships between them to the adoption of blockchain technology, which has the potential to revolutionise supply chains. The TISM technique supports developing a contextual relationship-based structural model to identify the influential barriers. MICMAC classifies the barriers in blockchain adoption based on their strength and dependence. The results of this research indicate that the lack of business awareness and familiarity with blockchain technology on what it can deliver for future supply chains, are the most influential barriers that impede blockchain adoption. These barriers hinder and impact businesses decision to establish a blockchain-enabled supply chain and that other barriers act as secondary and linked variables in the adoption process.