Total Intake Research Articles

Evolution of critical nutrients (salt, sugars and saturated fats) in Spanish foods and beverages in the last 25 years

Non-communicable diseases (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, etc.) are the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 71 % of global deaths. The risk factors for all of them are closely linked to lifestyle and in particular to diet. For this reason, public health policies in European Union countries, in line with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, include in their priority measures actions aimed at promoting healthier food environments. One of these measures are policies for the reformulation of processed foods to reduce critical nutrients: salt, saturated fats, trans fats and added sugars. In Spain, as part of the NAOS Strategy, food reformulation measures have been implemented since 2008. Of all of them, the Plan de Colaboración para la Mejora de la Composición de Alimentos y Bebidas y otras Medidas 2020 stands out, which has led to a reduction in the content of salt, sugar, saturated and total fat in foods belonging to 57 subcategories marketed by the main food manufacturing and marketing companies from 2016 to 2021. Despite this, to date no population-based study has been conducted to test the impact of the measure on the diet of the Spanish population. The present article, by way of example, shows results of the theoretical estimation of total sugar intake in the pre-reformulation period (2016) and post-reformulation period (2024) based on the consumption of beverages in Spain. Data highlight that reformulation policies could have positive effects that need to be evaluated in representative studies of the Spanish population assessing the overall diet, in order to solidly confirm their positive effects on the population's diet.

Influence of dietary lysolecithin on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, haemato-biochemistry, and oxidative status of broiler birds

This study examined the effect of dietary lysolecithin on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, haematobiochemistry, and oxidative status in finisher broiler chickens. In a completely randomized design (CRD), 300 21-day-old Chikun strain chicks were randomly allocated to 30 pens in which they were allotted to 5 dietary treatments as follows TI (0 g /100kg), T2 (100 g /100kg), T3 (200 g /100kg), T4 (300 g /100kg), T5 (400 g /100kg) of feed with 6 replicates pens of 10 during the finisher phase (28 days). Results showed that dietary supplementation with lysolecithin increased the final body weight (FBW) (quadratic P = 0.0178), body weight gain (BWG) (quadratic P = 0.0232), whilst it decreased the total feed intake (TFI) (linear P = 0.0104). Similarly, it linearly increased the retention of dry matter (P = 0.0324); crude protein (P = 0.0029), crude fibre (P = 0.0147), and crude fat (P = 0.0002). Furthermore, it increased the superoxide dismutase (linear P < 0.001), glutathione peroxidase (quadratic P < 0.001), glutathione (linear P < 0.001), whilst it decreased malondialdehyde (linear P = 0.003), without affecting (P > 0.05) the haematobiochemistry parameters. Therefore, dietary lysolecithin could be supplemented up to 400 g /100 kg without compromising performance, nutrient retention, haemato-biochemistry, and oxidative status in finisher broiler diets.

The Potential of Three Vetch Species in Enhancing Feed Intake and Body Weight Gain of Growing Male Lambs

An experiment was intended to evaluate the potential of three vetch species in enhancing feed intake and body weight gain of growing male lambs and to investigate the difference among these three vetch species regarding their effect of supplementation on feed utilization and growth performance of growing male lambs. Twenty-four young male Arsi-Bale lambs of similar body weight were assigned to one of the four treatments in a randomized complete block design. The dietary treatments were 350 g of hay each of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Vicia sativa,&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Vicia Villosa,&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Vicia narbonensis&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; for T2, T3, and T4, and ad libitum fodder oat hay alone (T1). Weight measurements of the lambs were made every ten days during the ninety-day feeding trial. Compared to T1 and T3, T2&amp;apos;s total dry matter intake (1121.4 g/day) was substantially (P&amp;lt;0.05) greater. Lambs fed T2 diets showed significantly higher (P&amp;lt;0.001) crude protein intake (153.3 g/day) and average daily body weight increase (152.0 g/day). In conclusion, supplementation with Vicia sativa (T2) resulted in the highest feed intake and growth performance of lambs across all treatments. As a result, efforts should be undertaken to introduce and expand the production of this forage within the farming system.

Abstract A019: Dietary polyphenols and the risk of lung cancer in the prospective Southern Community Cohort Study

Abstract Objective: We examined total polyphenol intake and intake of polyphenol classes and subclasses with risk of lung cancer in the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS). Background: In the US, lung cancer incidence is highest in the south and among underrepresented and underserved populations. Diet is strongly associated with the risk of developing cancer, including lung cancer. Polyphenols, commonly found in plant-based foods, are biologically active compounds with antioxidant and other properties. Several population-based studies have found that higher intakes of some polyphenols were associated with a decreased risk of lung cancer, but this has not been studied in predominantly Black or low-income populations, nor have polyphenol classes and subclasses been studied extensively. Methods: The SCCS is a large, prospective cohort study established in 2002-2009 to study the causes of cancer disparities in 12 southern states. Two-thirds of the cohort are Black and over 50% have an annual household income less than $15,000. Diagnosis of lung cancer was obtained from state cancer registries and death records. Polyphenol intakes derived from a food frequency questionnaire assessing diet in the previous year were adjusted for total energy intake and grouped into quintiles. Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for potential confounders were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals to determine associations between polyphenol intakes and lung cancer risk. Multiple imputation was performed to account for participants with incomplete information. After exclusions, analyses included 71,569 participants, including 1,484 incident lung cancer cases. Results: Total polyphenols were associated with a statistically significant increased risk of lung cancer (HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.04-1.51; P=0.01, comparing the highest to lowest intake quintile). Additionally, three subclasses (phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, alkylmethoxyphenols) were associated with a similarly statistically significant increased risk of lung cancer. Most associations were similar between Black and White individuals but were largely only statistically significant among Black participants and there was no significant interaction by race. In stratified analysis by smoking status, the associations were primarily present among current and former smokers. Caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee consumption was a major contributor to intake of total polyphenols, phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and alkylmethoxyphenols for SCCS participants overall. Conclusions: Total polyphenols and three subclasses of polyphenols were unexpectedly associated with increased lung cancer risk. Further studies should be conducted to evaluate whether some polyphenols may have an adverse effect on lung carcinogenesis, particularly among individuals who smoke. Citation Format: Grace Xu, Heather Munro, Danxia Yu, Qi Dai, Martha Shrubsole. Dietary polyphenols and the risk of lung cancer in the prospective Southern Community Cohort Study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr A019.

Dietary soluble, insoluble, and total fiber intake and their dietary sources in association with breast cancer

BackgroundA few studies have examined the association between different types of dietary fiber as well as their sources and the risk of breast cancer (BC) and the present study aimed to investigate these associations in a case-control study among Iranian women.MethodsA total of 464 women with pathologically confirmed breast cancer within the past year and 498 age-matched healthy controls were included. Dietary intakes were assessed using a 168-item food frequency questionnaire. The association between dietary soluble, insoluble, total dietary fiber, as well as, fiber from fruits, vegetables, legumes, cereals, and nuts intake with odds of breast cancer was assessed using multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsMean total dietary fiber intake of patients with and without cancer were 33.1 ± 15.3 g per day (g/d) and 34.2 ± 16.5 (g/d), respectively. Dietary total fiber (OR = 0.65; 95%CI: 0.47–0.90, Ptrend = 0.01), insoluble fiber (OR = 0.68; 95%CI: 0.49–0.93, Ptrend = 0.01), fruits’ fiber (OR = 0.68; 95%CI: 0.49–0.94, Ptrend = 0.02), and vegetables’ fiber (OR = 0.66; 95%CI: 0.48–0.91, Ptrend = 0.01) were significantly associated with reduced likelihood of developing breast cancer in all participants. Furthermore, dietary total and insoluble fiber, as well as, fiber from fruits were significantly associated with lower odds of breast cancer in premenopausal women (P < 0.05). In contrast, cereals’ fiber significantly increased the risk of breast cancer by 84% in premenopausal women (OR = 1.84; 95%CI: 1.18–2.86, Ptrend = 0.009). In postmenopausal women, cereals’ fiber had a significant inverse association with odds of breast cancer (OR = 0.56; 95%CI: 0.31–1.03, Ptrend = 0.04). Also, fiber from vegetables was significantly associated with a lower risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women (OR = 0.53; 95%CI: 0.30–0.94, Ptrend = 0.03).ConclusionDietary fiber intake and more specifically insoluble, fruits’, and vegetables’ fiber intake might be associated with a reduced breast cancer risk, particularly in premenopausal women. Future prospective investigations are needed to confirm these findings.

Consumption of milk and other dairy products and incidence of Parkinson's disease: a prospective cohort study in French women.

Previous studies showed positive associations between milk intake and Parkinson's disease (PD) in men but not in women, but few studies were available in women. Due to the long prodromal PD phase, reverse causation represents a major threat to investigations of diet in PD; cohort studies with a long follow-up are needed. We investigated associations between intake of milk and other dairy products with PD incidence in women from the E3N cohort study (1993-2018). PD diagnoses were validated using medical records and drug claim databases. Diet was assessed via a dietary questionnaire. Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated using multivariable Cox regression models. Exposures were lagged by 5y in main analyses and longer lags in sensitivity analyses. We examined the impact of adjustment for premotor symptoms (constipation/depression). During a mean follow-up of 18.8y, 845 of 71,542 women developed PD. Main analyses showed a J-shaped association between total milk intake and PD (P-non linearity = 0.045), with a significant linear positive association among drinkers (HR/1-SD = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.01-1.18, P = 0.024), that was explained in secondary analyses by a different pattern of association for plain milk (alone or with cereals) and milk added to drinks (tea/coffee/chicory). PD incidence increased significantly with plain milk consumption (HR/1-SD = 1.08 [1.02-1.14], P = 0.014). A U-shaped relation was observed for milk added to drinks (P-non linearity = 0.038), with lower PD incidence in women with moderate consumption (HR = 0.77 [0.61-0.97], P = 0.030) and no difference between non-drinkers and those with the highest consumption (HR = 0.98 [0.79-1.21], P = 0.848). Findings were similar in analyses using longer lags and adjusted for constipation/depression. Consumption of other dairy products was not associated with PD. A J-shaped association between total milk intake and PD was explained by a different pattern of association for plain milk intake and milk added to drinks. Reverse causation is unlikely to explain a positive association of plain milk with PD incidence in women. The U-shaped relation for milk added to drinks could be explained by an interaction between milk and coffee/tea/chicory. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Maternal Folic Acid and Dietary Folate Intake in Relation to Sex Ratio at Birth and Sex-Specific Birth Weight in China.

It is well-established that prenatal folic acid supplements can reduce neural tube defects. However, the associations between folic acid supplementation, dietary folate intake, and overall folate intake with sex-specific birth outcomes are not yet fully understood. This study aims to investigate the association of periconceptional folic acid supplement, dietary folate, and total folate intake with the sex ratio at birth and sex-specific birth weight. Data were sourced from a cross-sectional survey conducted between August and December 2013 in Northwest China, involving 7318 infants and their mothers, recruited using a stratified multistage random sampling method. Folic acid supplements (400 μg/d) were ascertained via a retrospective in-person interview. Dietary folate was evaluated using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Birth outcomes, including sex and weight at birth, were obtained from the Medical Certificate of Birth. Generalized linear models were employed to calculate relative risks (RRs) or differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). No association or dose-response relationship was observed between folic acid supplement, dietary folate, and total folate intake during periconception and the likelihood of male births. However, women who took folic acid supplements during pre- and post-conception were associated with an increased male birth weight by 52.8 (8.1 to 97.5) g. Additionally, the total folate intake during periconception was associated with birth weight for males (upper vs. lower tertile: β = 38.8, 95%CI: 5.0 to 72.5 g, p-trend = 0.024) and females (upper vs. lower tertile: β = 42.4, 95%CI: 6.7 to 78.1; p-trend = 0.022). Our findings indicate that periconceptional total folate intake does not correlate with sex ratio at birth but was positively linked to infant birth weights, regardless of gender. These findings offer novel insights into potential benefits of total folate intake, beyond the prevention of neural tube defects, for policymakers and public health.

Prenatal Vitamin D Deficiency and Maternal and Fetal Health Outcomes.

Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is a significant health issue that could have serious implications for the well-being of women and their offspring. Prenatal vitamins are widely used, but deficiency still occurs frequently in the preconception period, during pregnancy, and in breastfed infants. We analyzed the association between prenatal VDD and maternal and fetal health outcomes by reviewing studies conducted in Europe. The literature was searched for articles published in the last 10 years focusing on preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, preterm birth, low birth weight, asthma, and autism spectrum disorder. We identified a total of 43 review articles, 31 original articles, and two guidelines. During pregnancy, VDD is associated with a higher likelihood of developing gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia. It may also lead to an increase in the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, as well as asthma, and autism spectrum disorder in the offspring. While the official guidelines for vitamin D dosage differ in various countries, health authorities usually recommend a total daily supplement intake of 400-2,000 IU. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the importance of establishing guidelines for vitamin D supplementation as well as the requirement of official standards for the consumption of vitamin D in the prenatal period. Future research should concentrate on developing more unified approaches to vitamin D assessment and establishing preventative measures that can be incorporated into prenatal care programs.

PSX-15 Effect of starch supplementation on rumen bacterial abundance in Bos taurus indicus steers consuming low-quality forage

Abstract Deficient ruminally available nitrogen caused by a basal diet of low-quality forage can limit microbial growth in the rumen and decrease forage utilization. Protein supplementation is well-documented to improve forage digestibility and performance. Additionally, starch has been evaluated to increase energy supply to grazing cattle when the forage cannot support adequate levels of production. However, most research in this area has been conducted in Bos taurus taurus, especially the response of the rumen microbiome to supplementation. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing starch supplementation on rumen bacterial populations in Bos taurus indicus steers supplemented protein and consuming low-quality forage. Ruminal samples were collected from five ruminally-cannulated Brahman steers (BW 420 ± 55 kg) used in a 4×4 Latin square fed a basal diet of King Ranch Bluestem Hay (3.5% CP and 73% NDF) provided ad libitum, and one of four isonitrogenous (130 mg N/kg BW) supplements with increasing levels of starch (2% starch= 100% soybean meal; 20% starch= 73% soybean meal, 26.2% corn, 0.8% urea; 38% starch = 47% soybean meal, 51.6% corn, 1.4% urea; 56% starch= 19% soybean meal, 78.6% corn, 2.4% urea). Rumen content samples were collected via rumen cannula at 4h post-feeding. Microbial DNA was extracted; full length 16S rRNA amplicon libraries were prepared using Kinnex kits and then sequenced on the PacBio Revio platform. Reads were analyzed using DADA2 and QIIME2. Statistical analysis was performed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Firmicutes, Bacteroidata, Actinobacteriota, Verrucomicrobiota, and Euryarchaeota were the most abundant phyla in all treatments (83, 10, 3, 0.4, and 1%, respectively), and were not affected by treatment (P ≥ 0.10). Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, Lachnospiraceae-XPB1014-group, Butyrvibrio, Lachnospiraceae-NK3A20-group, and Prevotella represented the most abundant genera for all treatments (7, 5, 11, 9, 7, and 3%, respectively). Lachnospiraceae-XPB1014-group and Lachnospiraceae-NK3A20-group responded quadratically (P ≤ 0.02) to increasing starch with decreased abundance for the 20% and 38% starch supplement. Comparatively, relative abundance of Butyrvibrio responded quadratically (P &amp;lt; 0.01) with increased abundance in the 20% and 38% starch supplement. Pseudobutyrvibrio increased with supplementation of 20% starch and then decreased as starch supplementation increased (quadratic, P = 0.04). In conclusion, supplementation of starch elicited changes in microbial relative abundance at the genus level with the response in Butyrivibrio suggesting greater fibrolytic activity. Forage and total digestible NDF intake in these steers decreased with increased starch supplementation; however, TDOMI was not affected by starch provision.

PSLBII-13 Bioinformatics of rumen fluid from steers fed alfalfa-bermudagrass mixtures in the Deep South

Abstract When harvesting high-quality, high-water content forages like legumes, there is often a greater percentage of nutritive loss due to the drying process. Alternative feeding strategies like baleage provide a way to mitigate these losses. However, there is not much adoption of baleage in the Deep South. Therefore, our objective was to assess the influence of conserved forage type on rumen metabolomes of beef cattle systems in the Deep South. Three treatments including bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) hay, alfalfa (Medicago sativa) baleage, and alfalfa-bermudagrass baleage were supplied to four fistulated steers with a calculated daily forage allowance based on intake, body weight, and feed refusals. Each diet was allocated to one of three periods in which all four animals received the same diet due to potential feed spoilage. Each period had a 21-d adaptation period followed by a 5-d collection period to analyze rumen fluid, total fecal weight, feed intake, feed refusal, and total urine. This study integrated 16S RNA sequencing and LC-MS-based metabolomics to evaluate rumen bacterial diversity and metabolome of beef steers. Sequencing data from the rumen fluid samples were then analyzed using QIIME2. Bermudagrass hay had a reduced alpha diversity compared with alfalfa baleage (Shannon: H = 5.19, P = 0.02). Additionally, we saw a change in beta diversity (P &amp;lt; 0.001), measured using the unweighted UniFrac distance, between conserved forage types and distinct clustering in the PCoA analysis. The most abundant taxa in all microbial communities were from the orders Lachnospirales, Bacteroidales, and Oscillospirales. Previous analysis in this study evidenced that baleage had an increased dry matter digestibility (DMD; P = 0.02). The increase in DMD was associated with the increase in diversity of the metabolome which could influence animal health and performance. Thus, baleage can serve as a beneficial conserved forage type that mitigates the losses of high-quality forages and diversifies the gut microbiome of ruminant animals.

401 Effect of protein and starch supplementation level on intake and digestibility by steers consuming low-quality forage: I. Bos taurus

Abstract A deficiency of ruminally available N (RAN) caused by a basal diet of low-quality forage depresses forage utilization. Supplemental protein improves forage utilization by increasing RAN, resulting in increased intake and potentially improving digestion. Addition of starch to a supplement can increase total digestible organic matter (OM) intake (TDOMI); however, too much starch decreases RAN and pH potentially decreasing forage utilization. Our objective was to determine the effect of starch supplementation on intake and digestion in Bos taurus indicus steers. Accordingly, five ruminally cannulated Brahman steers [body weight (BW) = 420 ± 55 kg) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square to evaluate the effect of decreasing supplemental starch when consuming King Ranch Bluestem hay (3.5% CP, 73% NDF). Steers received four isonitrogenous (130 mg N/ kg BW) supplements providing increasing levels of starch (2% starch = 100% soybean meal; 20% starch = 26.3% corn, 73% soybean meal, 0.7% urea; 38% starch = 51.6% corn, 47% soybean meal, 1.4% urea; 56% starch = 78.6% corn, 19% soybean meal, 2.4% urea). Five 14-d periods were conducted, consisting of 9 d adaptation and 4 d to measure intake and digestion, and 1 d for ruminal fermentation. As designed, supplement OM intake (SOMI) increased linearly (P &amp;lt; 0.01) as starch level increased. Other measures of intake, including forage OM intake (FOMI), total OM intake (TOMI), and total neutral detergent fiber intake (TNDFI) decreased in a cubic manner in response to increasing starch (P ≤ 0.04). Forage OMI also responded with a cubic decrease (72.2, 68.9, and 69.5 g/kg BW0.75) when the protein supplement contained 2, 20, and 38% starch, respectively, but decreased to 61.2 g/kg BW0.75 when the 56% starch supplement was provided. Similarly, TOMI decreased 5.3% when starch inclusion increased from 38 to 56%. Total tract OM digestion and NDF digestion were not significantly affected (P ≥ 0.86) by starch level in the supplement; therefore, despite TOMI and TNDFI decreasing, there was no effect on total digestible OM intake and (TDOMI) and total digestible NDF intake (TDNDFI). In conclusion, providing supplemental starch over 38% decreased forage utilization. Decreases in FOMI with starch inclusion may be attributed to competition for RAN between fiber fermenting and starch fermenting bacteria.

Evaluation of Polyphenol Intake in Pregnant Women from South-Eastern Spain and the Effect on Anthropometric Measures at Birth and Gestational Age.

During pregnancy, controlling nutrition is crucial for the health of both mother and foetus. While polyphenols have positive health effects, some studies show harmful outcomes during pregnancy. This study evaluated polyphenol intake in a cohort of mother-child pairs and examined its effects on foetal anthropometric parameters. Polyphenol intake was assessed using food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) and 24-h dietary recalls, and analysed with the Phenol-Explorer database. Gestational age and birth measurements were retrieved from medical records. Statistical analyses validated dietary records and assessed polyphenol impact using multivariate generalised linear models. The study found that mean gestational age was 39.6 weeks, with a mean birth weight of 3.33 kg. Mean total polyphenol intake by FFQ was 2231 mg/day, slightly higher than 24-h recall data. Flavonoids and phenolic acids constituted 52% and 37% of intake, respectively, with fruits and legumes as primary sources. This study highlights the use of FFQs to estimate polyphenol intake. Furthermore, the study found associations between polyphenol consumption and anthropometric parameters at birth, with the effects varying depending on the type of polyphenol. However, a more precise evaluation of individual polyphenol intake is necessary to determine whether the effects they produce during pregnancy may be harmful or beneficial for foetal growth.

418 Evaluation of an automated system for measuring individual animal water consumption

Abstract SmartWater is an automatic watering station that measures the volume of water consumed by individual animals when visiting the system. The self-contained, portable system is constructed of a steel frame, two load cells, and a stainless-steel water trough that measures 0.1 m3 with a water capacity of 113 L. SmartWater refills automatically when the water mass is below 55 L, refilling for 120 s, or until the water mass reaches 70 L. The flow rate of water entering the system and the weight of the bin are measured every second in L/s and L, respectively. When the bin is being refilled, animals are still able to drink from the system. Animal water intake during a visit is measured by summing the amount of water dispensed into the bin and the difference in bin weight at the start and end of the visit. Water intake days are considered valid if the unknown percentage is less than 5% of the total daily water intake, where unknown intake is defined as feed mass disappearance that cannot be assigned to an EID. Invalid days are excluded from final datasets. System performance was evaluated using 17 Angus heifers (body weight = 248 ± 37 kg) in a 55-d trial period. Animals were given ad libitum access to two SmartWater systems, and all animals successfully adapted to the system. Mean daily visitation was 2.7 ± 0.4 and average visit length was 87 ± 175 s. Mean water consumption over the trial period was 13.7 ± 1.8 L. The coefficient of variance of water consumption between animals was 12.8%. The average standard deviation water consumption within animals between days was 5.9%. SmartWater provides an accurate and efficient way to measure water intake of animals in extensive and intensive systems, eliminating the need to manually monitor water levels and refill watering stations.

490 Lifetime growth performance and carcass composition of offspring when inactivated Saccharomyces cerevisiae was included in gestating and lactating gilt diets and/or offspring nursery diets

Abstract Gilts [n = 90; initial body weight (BW) = 189.1 ± 3.9 kg] were used to determine the effect of feeding a yeast additive (Saccharomyces cerevisiae inactivated through hydrolyzation; HY) to gestating and lactating gilts and/or the offspring during the nursery period on lifetime offspring growth performance. Gilts were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments (n = 30/treatment): standard gestation and lactation diets (GHY0) or supplemented with 0.25% (GHY0.25) or 1% (GHY1.0) HY. Diets were fed between d 85 of gestation until weaning at d 21 (2.6 kg/d in gestation, ad libitum in lactation). At weaning, 8 piglets/litter were placed in nursery pens and pens were randomly assigned to a control (NO) or a HY-supplemented diet (NHY), apart from GHY1.0 offspring who were only provided NO during the nursery period (n = 12). In nursery phases 1, 2 and 3, HY was included at 0.75, 0.50, and 0.25% respectively. Thereafter, pigs received standard grower and finisher rations until slaughter (160 d of age). Data were analyzed in SAS using GLIMMIX with gilt treatment as the main effect (pre-weaning); post-weaning performance used gilt and nursery treatments as the main effects, and interactive effects were tested separately due to the incomplete 3 × 2 factorial design. Mean comparisons were conducted using the Tukey-Kramer test to separate LSmeans. Gilt BW was unaffected by gilt treatment, but gilts fed GHY1.0 had greater total lactation feed intake versus GHY0.25 (128.6 vs. 109.4 ± 7.7 kg; P &amp;lt; 0.01). At birth, GHY0.25 offspring were 70 g heavier than pigs from GHY0 (P &amp;lt; 0.001) with GHY1.0 intermediate. At weaning, GHY0.25 and GHY1.0 offspring were heavier than GHY0 offspring (5.9 vs. 5.6 kg; P &amp;lt; 0.001). After weaning, neither gilt nor nursery diet influenced offspring BW. Pigs fed GHY1.0-NO had greater ADFI versus all other treatments in the nursery (interaction; P &amp;lt; 0.001), GHY0.25-NHY had greater ADFI than GHY0.25-NO and GHY1.0-NO in the grower (interaction; P = 0.005), and NHY consumed more feed than NO in the finisher phase (main effect; P &amp;lt; 0.001). In the nursery, NHY had less average daily feed intake (ADFI) than NO (main effect; P &amp;lt; 0.05), but in grower and finisher, NHY had greater ADFI than NO pigs (main effect; P &amp;lt; 0.001). In the nursery, gain to feed (G:F) was greater for GHY0-NHY versus GHY0.25-NHY and GHY1.0-NO, and greater for GHY0-NO versus GHY0.25-NHY with all other treatments intermediate (interaction; P &amp;lt; 0.05). In the grower phase, G:F was unaffected by maternal or nursery diet, but in the finisher phase, G:F was less for pigs fed NHY versus NO during the nursery phase (main effect; P &amp;lt; 0.05). Slaughter BW, hot carcass weight, and fat and lean percents were not influenced by gilt or nursery diet. Therefore, HY provided to gilts during gestation and lactation, improved pre-weaning offspring growth, but HY supplemented to pigs during the nursery period had greater positive effects on lifetime growth performance.

Associations Between Flavonoid Intake and Subclinical Atherosclerosis: The MESA.

Flavonoids may play a role in mitigating atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, with evidence suggesting effects may differ between vascular beds. Studies examining associations with subclinical markers of atherosclerosis between subpopulations with different underlying risks of atherosclerosis are lacking. Among 5599 participants from the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis), associations between dietary flavonoid intakes (estimated from a food frequency questionnaire) and subclinical measures of atherosclerosis (ankle-brachial index, carotid plaques and intima-media thickness, and coronary artery calcification) were examined using repeated measures models. Exposures and outcomes were measured at exam 1 (2000-2002) and exam 5 (2010-2011). Stratified analyses and interaction terms were used to explore effect modification by time, sex, race/ethnicity, and smoking status. In the analytic population, at baseline, ≈46% were males with a median age of 62 (interquartile range, 53-70) years and total flavonoid intakes of 182 (interquartile range, 98-308) mg/d. After multivariable adjustments, participants with the highest (quartile 4) versus lowest (quartile 1) total flavonoid intakes had 26% lower odds of having an ankle-brachial index <1 (odds ratio, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.60-0.92]) and 18% lower odds of having a carotid plaque (odds ratio, 0.82 [95% CI, 0.69-0.99]), averaged over exams 1 and 5. Moderate (quartile 3) to high (quartile 4) intakes of flavonols, flavanol monomers, and anthocyanins were associated with 19% to 34% lower odds of having an ankle-brachial index <1 and 18% to 20% lower odds of having carotid plaque. Participants with the highest intakes of anthocyanins (quartile 4) at baseline had a marginally slower rate of carotid plaque progression than those with moderate intakes (quartiles 2 and 3). There were no significant associations with intima-media thickness or coronary artery calcification. Observed associations did not differ by sex, race/ethnicity, or smoking status. In this multi-ethnic population, higher dietary flavonoid intakes were associated with lower odds of peripheral and carotid artery atherosclerosis. Increasing intakes of healthy, flavonoid-rich foods may protect against atherosclerosis in the peripheral and carotid arteries.

Description of the etiological factors behind acute moderate and severe malnutrition in children under 5 years hospitalized at two high-complexity referral centers: Case series.

Acute malnutrition in children <5 years of age has a direct relationship with medical complications and mortality. We aimed to describe the etiologic factors in children with moderate and severe non-illness-related acute malnutrition who required hospitalization for treatment of malnutrition in two high-complexity hospital centers in Bogotá, Colombia. This is a multicenter case series (December 2016 to December 2020) including patients aged 1-59 months with a weight/height indicator less than -2 SD. Electronic health records were reviewed, and demographic (sex, age, city of origin, and socioeconomic status) and clinical data (gestational age at birth, edema, and nutrition status) were collected. Descriptive analysis of information was performed. An exploratory bivariate analysis by diagnostic categories of moderate and severe acute malnutrition vs days of hospitalization was also performed. Forty-five patients were included, 62.2% of whom were male, with a median age of 14 months (Q1-Q3: 7-24). The main etiologic factors of malnutrition were related to problems with total food intake (33.3%), transition in consistency of feeding (31.1%), and breastfeeding technique (22.2%). Only 13.3% had problems related to food insecurity. There were no statistically significant differences between moderate (median: 7 days; Q1-Q3: 5-12) and severe (median: 8 days; Q1-Q3: 5-16) acute malnutrition when compared by days of hospitalization. The main etiologic factors of malnutrition in our study population were related to problems in the amount of food provided and transition in consistency of complementary feeding.

Low Intake of Total Antioxidant Nutrients as a Risk Factor for Incident Dementia in Older Adults: The Shanghai Aging Study

Introduction: Previous longitudinal studies reported the impact of antioxidant nutrients (ANs) on cognitive impairment in the older population, but the conclusions were inconsistent. This study aimed to verify the hypothesis that dietary intake of total AN was associated with incident dementia among older individuals. Methods: Community residents without dementia aged ≥60 years were prospectively followed up for an average of 5.2 years in the Shanghai Aging Study. At baseline, daily intakes of total dietary AN (the sum of carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, lutein, and flavonoids) and energy were calculated based on an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire measuring the dietary intake over the past 1 year for each participant. A battery of neuropsychological tests was used to evaluate cognitive function, and a consensus diagnosis of dementia was made according to the DSM-IV criteria at baseline and follow-up. Results: Among 1,550 dementia-free participants, 135 (8.7%) incident dementia cases were identified during the average of 5.2 years of follow-up. Participants with low AN intake (<112 mg/day) had a significantly higher risk of incident dementia than those with high AN intake (≥112 mg/day) (hazard ratio 1.87, 95% confidence interval 1.26–2.77) after adjusting for age, gender, education, obesity, APOE-ε4, hypertension, diabetes, depression, baseline Mini-Mental State Examination score, and total energy intake. The significant association of total AN intake with incident dementia was only found in individuals ≥70 years. Conclusion: Low total AN intake may be a risk factor for incident dementia among older adults. Maintaining sufficient AN intake may be beneficial against age-related cognitive decline.

Calcium intake and genetic variants in the calcium sensing receptor in relation to colorectal cancer mortality: an international consortium study of 18,952 patients

BackgroundResearch on calcium intake as well as variants in the calcium sensor receptor (CaSR) gene and their interaction in relation to CRC survival is still limited.MethodsData from 18,952 CRC patients, were included. Associations between primarily pre-diagnostic dietary (n = 13.085), supplemental (n = 11,837), total calcium intake (n = 5970) as well as 325 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the CaSR gene (n = 15,734) in relation to CRC-specific and all-cause mortality were assessed using Cox proportional hazard models. Also interactions between calcium intake and variants in the CaSR gene were assessed.ResultsDuring a median follow-up of 4.8 years (IQR 2.4–8.4), 6801 deaths occurred, of which 4194 related to CRC. For all-cause mortality, no associations were observed for the highest compared to the lowest sex- and study-specific quartile of dietary (HR 1.00, 95%CI 0.92–1.09), supplemental (HR 0.97, 95%CI 0.89–1.06) and total calcium intake (HR 0.99, 95%CI 0.88–1.11). No associations with CRC-specific mortality were observed either. Interactions were observed between supplemental calcium intake and several SNPs of the CaSR gene.ConclusionCalcium intake was not associated with all-cause or CRC-specific mortality in CRC patients. The association between supplemental calcium intake and all-cause and CRC-specific mortality may be modified by genetic variants in the CaSR gene.

Associations of minerals intake with colorectal cancer risk in the prostate, lung, colorectal, ovarian cancer screening trial.

Exploring the association between common mineral intake and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). We utilized the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model to assess the association between intake of minerals and the risk of CRC, estimating hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 101,686 eligible participants were included in the analysis of this study, including 1,100 CRC cases. After adjusting for potential confounders, we found that total zinc intake (HRQ4vs.Q1: 0.79, 95%CI 0.67-0.93; P for trend <0.05), iron intake (HRQ4vs.Q1: 0.81, 95%CI 0.68-0.96; P for trend <0.05), copper intake (HRQ4vs.Q1: 0.80, 95%CI 0.68-0.95; P for trend <0.05), selenium intake (HRQ4vs.Q1: 0.83, 95%CI 0.69-0.98; P for trend <0.05) were significantly negatively associated with the incidence of CRC, but magnesium intake in the appropriate range is associated with a reduced risk of CRC (HRQ3vs.Q1: 0.77, 95%CI 0.65-0.91; P for trend >0.05). Our findings suggested that an appropriate intake of total zinc, iron, copper, selenium and magnesium were associated with lower CRC risk.

Влияние содержания действующего вещества в родентицидном средстве на эффективность дератизационных обработок

House mice, gray rats and other mouse-like rodents pose a threat to human health and cause significant damage to its activities. Despite significant advances in deratization practice, rodent control currently remains a significant problem, since these biological species have a unique genetic ability to rapidly recover and increase their numbers. The rodent control program should be based on data on the ecology, behavior and preferences of rodents, their sensitivity to active substances, the specific situation of a certain object and territory. Each species has its own characteristics. It is necessary to take into account species preferences when developing the composition and form of application of rodenticidal baits. It is important to ensure the achievement of target values in the consumption of the product by rodents, its effectiveness, safety in relation to non-target species and safety during its placement and use. It is necessary to take into account what concentration of the active substance (DV) for rodents will be fatal, how much rodenticidal bait will be required for their death and for how long this amount of bait will be eaten by them. The effectiveness of the conducted deratization treatments is directly influenced by the content of the active substance in the applied rodenticidal agent. The analysis of the effectiveness of rodenticidal baits with different contents of the active substance bromadiolone in relation to house mice and gray rats showed that with a decrease in the concentration of DV in the bait, the period from the beginning of its eating to the onset of irreversible changes in the body of rodents leading to their death occurs. The placement of baits during deratization treatments should take place taking into account the species characteristics of rodents. In terms of body weight, the amount of absorbed DV by the body of a house mouse in comparison with a gray rat when eating rodenticidal bait is significantly higher, which is observed in the average daily and total intake. But in quantitative terms, gray rats consume significantly more bait. For the death of a house mouse, an average of about 8 g of bait is required with a bromadiolone content of 0.005?%, and the minimum amount was 3.2 g. For a gray rat, the average amount of bait was 32.4 g, and the minimum ~ 10 g. Taking into account these data, the amount of bait placed at the facility will vary from the number of rodents and the feedability of baits. A lower content of DV in baits contributes to an increase in their consumption during deratization treatments. With a high number of rodents, the amount of bait placed must be multiplied. Keywords: synanthropic rodents, gray rat, house mouse, deratization measures, anticoagulants, bromadiolone.