Total Inflow Research Articles

Quantification of effects of mean blood pressure and left ventricular mass on noninvasive fast fractional flow reserve.

Proper inlet boundary conditions are essential for accurate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. We developed methodology to derive noninvasive FFRB using CFD and computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) images. This study aims to assess the influence of brachial mean blood pressure (MBP) and total coronary inflow on FFRB computation. Twenty-two patients underwent both CTCA and FFR measurements. Total coronary flow was computed from left ventricular mass (LVM) measured from CTCA. A total of 286 CFD simulations were run by varying MBP and LVM at 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, and 130% of the measured values. FFRB increased with incrementally higher input values of MBP: 0.78 ± 0.12, 0.80 ± 0.11, 0.82 ± 0.10, 0.84 ± 0.09, 0.85 ± 0.08, 0.86 ± 0.08, and 0.87 ± 0.07, respectively. Conversely, FFRB decreased with incrementally higher inputs value of LVM: 0.86 ± 0.08, 0.85 ± 0.08, 0.84 ± 0.09, 0.84 ± 0.09, 0.83 ± 0.10, 0.83 ± 0.10, and 0.82 ± 0.10, respectively. Noninvasive FFRB calculated using measured MBP and LVM on a total of 30 vessels was 0.84 ± 0.09 and correlated well with invasive FFR (0.83 ± 0.09) (r = 0.92, P < 0.001). Positive association was observed between FFRB and MBP input values (mmHg) and negative association between FFRB and LVM values (g). Respective slopes were 0.0016 and -0.005, respectively, suggesting potential application of FFRB in a clinical setting. Inaccurate MBP and LVM inputs differing from patient-specific values could result in misclassification of borderline ischemic lesions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY While brachial mean blood pressure (MBP) and left ventricular mass (LVM) measured from CTCA are the two CFD simulation input parameters, their effects on noninvasive fractional flow reserve (FFRB) have not been systematically investigated. We demonstrate that inaccurate MBP and LVM inputs differing from patient-specific values could result in misclassification of borderline ischemic lesions. This is important in the clinical application of noninvasive FFR in coronary artery disease diagnosis.

Sustainability assessment of phosphorus in the waste management system of Bangladesh using substance flow analysis

Quantification of multi-year phosphorus flow through the waste sector of developing countries is essential for formulating effective policies towards sustainable global management of the phosphorus resource to ensure food and water security. However, such quantification is often difficult in developing countries due to data limitation. This study, first of its kind, develops a novel approach of training several machine learning regression models to fill the data gap for analyzing multi-year (2000–2018) phosphorus flow in both the urban and rural waste management systems of Bangladesh (a typical developing country in South Asia) using the substance flow analysis. The analysis indicates that average annual total phosphorus inflow in its waste sector was 103.3 kt over the study period, of which almost 70% remained there as an increase in stock. The country lost 31.6 kt (30.59% of total inflow) of phosphorus annually as waste discharge to its numerous rivers and water bodies, which may account for scattered instances of algal blooms and eutrophication throughout the country. On average only 0.12 kt phosphorus was recovered annually from the solid waste stream and reused as compost and livestock feed. There were significant annual losses from both the urban and rural wastewater subsystems, on average at 13.67 kt and 12.15 kt respectively. A high annual inflow of 60.1 kt was observed for the rural wastewater subsystem, which retained most of it as an increase in stock of 47.95 kt. On the other hand, inflow into the urban wastewater system was 25.57 kt of which 53% was lost as outflow to rivers. In a global comparison of phosphorus substitutability indices (calculated based on recycling efficiency), Bangladesh displays the lowest (0.12%) score among several developed and developing countries despite of having a handsome inflow to waste sector. The methods developed for quantifying multi-year phosphorus flow in a data deficient condition and specific policy recommendations provided in this study could be utilized for sustainable management of phosphorus in similar developing countries.

Numerical investigations on the methane-oxygen diffusion flame-street phenomena in a microchannel: Effects of wall temperatures, inflow rates and global equivalence ratios on flame behaviors and combustion performances

“Flame-street” is an exotic diffusion flame behavior characterized by the peculiar formation of intermittent reaction-zones in the mixing layer of fuel and oxidizer streams in a micro-channel. In the present work, parametric studies were numerically performed to investigate the influences of operation conditions on flame behaviors as well as the overall performances of the micro-burner. The operation conditions investigated included wall temperatures (500–1400 K), methane/oxygen inflow rates (5/10–650/1300 sccm) and global equivalence ratios (0.5–2.0). The number of flame segments was observed to show a non-monotonic variation trend (first increasing from one to three and then decreasing from three to one) as the wall temperature or total inflow rate increased; while it was noticed to be insensitive to the variation of global equivalence ratios. The combustion efficiency and the ratio of heat loss to heat release were found to increase and decrease, respectively, with the increase of the wall temperature, except during the process when reductions of flame numbers occured. Above the very low-inflow rate regime, both the combustion efficiency and heat loss-to-release ratio increased as the inflow rate increased, unless a reduction of flame numbers took place (which can result in significant drops in both parameters). As the global equivalence ratio increased, the combustion efficiency decreased monotonically while the heat loss-to-release ratio stayed at a relatively constant level.

Description of steady inflow of fluid to wells with different configurations and various partial drilling-in

There are many equations of steady inflow of fluid to the wells depending on the type of well, presence or absence of artificial or natural fractures passing through the well, different degrees of drilling-in of the wellbores. For some complex cases, analytical solutions describing the inflow of fluid to the well have not yet been obtained. An alternative to many equations is the use of numerical methods, but this approach has a significant disadvantage – a considerable counting time. In this regard, it is important to develop a more general analytical approach to describe different types of wells with different formation drilling-in and presence or absence of fractures.&#x0D; Creation of this method is possible during modeling of fractures by a set of nodes-vertical wells passing from a roof to floor, and modeling of a wellbore (wellbores, perforation) by a set of nodes – spheres close to each other. As a result, based on this approach, a calculation algorithm was developed and widely tested, in which total inflow to the well consists of the flow rate of each node taking into account the interference between the nodes and considering the impermeable roof and floor of the formation. Performed modeling confirmed a number of known patterns for horizontal wells, perforation, partial drilling-in of a formation, and also allowed solving a number of problems.

Precipitation Dominates Long-Term Water Storage Changes in Nam Co Lake (Tibetan Plateau) Accompanied by Intensified Cryosphere Melts Revealed by a Basin-Wide Hydrological Modelling

Lakes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have changed dramatically as a result of climate change during recent decades. Studying the changes in long-term lake water storage (LWS) is of great importance for regional water security and ecosystems. Nam Co Lake is the second largest lake in the central TP. To investigate the long-term changes in LWS, a distributed cryosphere-hydrology model (WEB-DHM) driven by multi-source data was evaluated and then applied to simulate hydrological processes across the whole Nam Co Lake basin from 1980 to 2016. Firstly, a comparison of runoff (lake inflow), land surface temperature, and snow depth between the model simulations and observations or remote sensing products showed that WEB-DHM could accurately simulate hydrological processes in the basin. Meanwhile, the simulated daily LWS was in good agreement with satellite-derived data during 2000–2016. Secondly, long-term simulations showed that LWS increased by 9.26 km3 during 1980–2016, reaching a maximum in 2010 that was 10.25 km3 greater than that in 1980. During this period, LWS firstly decreased (1980–1987), then increased (1988–2008), and decreased again (2009–2016). Thirdly, the contributions of precipitation runoff, melt-water runoff, lake surface precipitation, and lake evaporation to Nam Co LWS were 71%, 33%, 24%, and -28%, respectively. Snow and glacier melting have significantly intensified during recent decades (2.96 m3 s−1/decade on average), contributing a mean proportion of 22% of lake inflows. These findings are consistent with the significant increasing trends of annual precipitation and temperature in the lake basin (25 mm/decade and 0.4 K/decade, respectively). We conclude that long-term variations in Nam Co LWS during 1980–2016 were largely controlled by precipitation; however, the contribution of precipitation runoff to total lake inflow has decreased while the contribution from warming-induced snow and glacier melting has significantly increased.

Estimation of groundwater contribution to Lake Basaka in different hydrologic years using conceptual netgroundwater flux model

Study RegionLake Basaka is a volcanically dammed closed basin-type lake located within Matahara plain area, northern part of the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley (MERV) region. The MERV is situated within the Great East African Rift Valley (GEARV) region, which is hydrgeologically unstable and complex. Study FocusIn the current study, a conceptual lake GW flux model was systematically formulated, solved, calibrated and validated. Then, the surface water-groundwater interaction was quantified and a mathematical relationship developed. New Hydrological Insights for the regionThe predictive performance of the developed GW flux model was very good both during the calibration and validation periods, which confirms the validity and acceptability of the developed GW flux model and the simulated time-series lake level. The net GW fluxes to the lake were variable during the different hydrologic periods considered. The GW flux to the total inflow increased from 15% (1960s) to about 54% (2000s). Overall, GW flux plays a leading role in the hydrodynamics, existence and expansion of Lake Basaka.

Hydrological response to climate change and human activities: A case study of Taihu Basin, China

Climate change and human activities have changed a number of characteristics of river flow in the Taihu Basin. Based on long-term time series of hydrological data from 1986 to 2015, we analyzed variability in precipitation, water stage, water diversion from the Yangtze River, and net inflow into Taihu Lake with the Mann-Kendall test. The non-stationary relationship between precipitation and water stage was first analyzed for the Taihu Basin and the Wuchengxiyu (WCXY) sub-region. The optimized regional and urban regulation schemes were explored to tackle high water stage problems through the hydrodynamic model. The results showed the following: (1) The highest, lowest, and average Taihu Lake water stages of all months had increasing trends. The total net inflow into Taihu Lake from the Huxi (HX) sub-region and the Wangting Sluice increased significantly. (2) The Taihu Lake water stage decreased much more slowly after 2002; it was steadier and higher after 2002. After the construction of Wuxi urban flood control projects, the average water stage of the inner city was 0.16–0.40 m lower than that of suburbs in the flood season, leading to the transfer of flooding in inner cities to suburbs and increasing inflow from HX into Taihu Lake. (3) The regional optimized schemes were more satisfactory in not increasing the inner city flood control burden, thereby decreasing the average water stage by 0.04–0.13 m, and the highest water stage by 0.04–0.09 m for Taihu Lake and the sub-region in the flood season. Future flood control research should set the basin as the basic unit. Decreasing diversion and drainage lines along the Yangtze River can take an active role in flood control.

Snip-electrocoagulation technique versus clamp-crashing technique for parenchyma transection in liver resection: a pilot study.

BackgroundNowadays, much effort has been made to optimize the technique for liver parenchyma transection to reduce intrasurgical hemorrhage and complications. Here we intent to introduce a novel method for sharp liver parenchyma transection using scissors and bipolar electrocoagulator (named the snip-electrocoagulation technique, SET) and compare it with the classical clamp-crushing technique (CCT).MethodsIn this retrospective study, 98 patients were divided into either the SET group or the CCT group. The total inflow occlusion time, total surgery time, intrasurgical blood loss and transfusion, morbidity, mortality, hospital stay, and the narrowest tumor-free margins were compared.ResultsBackground characteristics in the two groups were comparable, and the differences of total inflow occlusion time (median 25 vs. 27 minutes), total surgery time (median 182.5 vs. 190 minutes), blood transfusion amount (median value 0 in both groups), postoperative hospital stay (median 7 vs. 8 days), and overall complication rate (16% vs. 31.2%, P>0.05) were not statistically significant. However, the SET group yielded less intrasurgical blood loss (median 200 vs. 300 mL), and better tumor-free margins (13.69±2.99 vs. 10.76±3.31 mm; mean ± SD; P<0.05).ConclusionsSET is a safe method for sharp parenchyma transection in liver resection when compared with the classical CCT, considering the similar morbidity and mortality, along with the decreased intrasurgical blood loss. More importantly, SET can be adopted when the tumors are located close to the intrahepatic vessels and the tumor-free margins are expected to be limited.

Coupling SWAT and bathymetric data in modelling reservoir catchment hydrology

A physically based model; Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and bathymetric data were integrated to simulate and evaluate the water balance of the Brimsu Reservoir from 2002 to 2018. The simulated water balance describes the changes in water storage of the reservoir as a hydrological component that is dependent on inflows (precipitation, runoff) and outflows (evaporation, infiltration, discharge and water consumption). In the absence of storage capacity data, a bathymetric survey was conducted to determine the capacity of the reservoir. The result showed that there has been a reduction of about 27.6% in gross capacity of the reservoir. The SWAT model indicates a satisfactory performance for both calibration (NSE = 0.66, Bias = − 5.0% and R2 = 0.86) and validation (NSE = 0.63, Bias = − 10.4% and R2 = 0.82) periods. The monthly water budget revealed that 30.50% and 69.50% of the total inflow within the catchment constitute direct precipitation and runoff respectively while 32.50%, 12.50%, 34.40% and 20.60% of total outflow represents evaporation, seepage, spillage and water consumed. Though the average final-to initial-volume ratio of 1.15 indicates that the reservoir is not emptying, and water is withdrawn from the reservoir at a sustainable rate, yet water from the reservoir does not yield the treatment plant’s design capacity of 29,500 m/day. Overall, the model demonstrated a good performance by providing quantitative information to serve as a guide for stakeholders to make better decisions in planning and managing the Brimsu Reservoir.

Changes in Water Surface Area of the Lake in the Steppe Region of Mongolia: A Case Study of Ugii Nuur Lake, Central Mongolia

The Ugii Nuur Lake is not only one of the small hydrologically closed lakes located in the Orkhon River Basin in Central Mongolia but also the most vulnerable area for global climate change. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the impacts of recent global climate change on the water surface area. The data we analyzed were various measured hydro-meteorological variables of the lake basin and the lake surface area, which was estimated from Landsat series satellite data from 1986 to 2018. The methods we used were Mann-Kendall (MK), Innovative trend analysis method (ITAM), Sen’s slope estimator test, correlation, and regression analysis. The variation of lake water surface area has a strong positive correlation with the change of the lake water level (r = 0.95). The Mann-Kendall trend analysis has indicated that under a significant decrease in total annual precipitation ( Z = −0.902) and inflow river discharge ( Z = −5.392) and a considerable increase in total annual evaporation ( Z = 4.385) and annual average air temperature ( Z = 4.595), the surface area of the Ugii Nuur Lake has decreased sharply ( Z = −6.021). The total annual evaporation (r = −0.64) and inflow river discharge (r = 0.67) were the essential hydro-meteorological factors affecting the surface area of the Ugii Nuur Lake. The lake surface area decreased by 13.5% in 2018 compared with 1986. In the near future, it is vital to conduct scientific studies considering the volume of lake water, groundwater, and the anthropogenic impact.

Application of A Tank Model to Assess the Performance of Rotiklot Reservoir Initial Filling

Rotiklot dam is located in Belu Regency that has the tropic climate, with very short wet season (4-5 months) and a very long dry season (7-8 months). The average monthly rainfall in December – April of approximately 300 – 500 mm/month, while in another month only ranges 30- 60 mm/month. During the rainy season, rainwater will overflow as surface water and collect in the river as a flood toward the sea. The construction of a dam is one alternative to overcome the water needs of the community during the dry season. The Rotiklot dam retains the flow of water in the Motamuru River and its reservoir can accommodate 2.9 million m3. Impounding is a process carried out once a dam has been constructed. It is a comprehensive process involving filling time and water inflow. The purpose of this study was to determine the first filling time and the inflow volume in Rotiklot Reservoir in the years of dry, low, normal and sufficient water using the Tank method. It aimed to simulate the initial filling of the reservoir. Also, the study is expected to evaluate the most suitable Tank model, with parameters calibrated using the Genetic Algorithm optimization approach. The determination coefficient using a four series tank is 0.531 greater than the coefficient obtained from 3 series tank simulation, which was 0.506. The total inflow volume in Rotiklot Reservoir for dry, low, normal and sufficient were 1.946, 7.289, 9.699, 13.822 million m3 respectively. Based on the calculation result of the inflow volume of the year of the low water, the filling time is around three months, starting from mid-December to mid-March.

Hydrogeochemical, isotopic and geophysical characterization of saline lake systems in semiarid regions: The Salada de Chiprana Lake, Northeastern Spain

Most of the athalassic saline and hypersaline lakes are located in arid and semiarid regions where water availability drives the hydrological dynamics of the lake itself and the associated ecosystems. This is the case of the Salada de Chiprana Lake, in the Ebro River basin (Spain). It is the only athalassic permanent hypersaline lake in Western Europe, and where rare and endangered bacterial mats exist. This work presents a robust hydrogeological conceptual model for the lake system. The model evaluates the contribution of groundwater discharge to the whole water budget and explains the hydrological behaviour of the lake system. The lake behaves as a flow-through system rather than a closed basin. About 40% of total water outflow from the lake occurs as groundwater, whereas evaporation accounts for the remaining 60%. The surface water inflows are variable, but the groundwater contribution seems almost constant, amounting to 13% of the average total water inflow and contributing 1.9% of salt income. The high water salinity of the lake is controlled by evaporation, by saline water inflows from irrigation return flows, and the by groundwater outflows. The role of groundwater should be taken into account when drafting the water and land planning, once the conditions for the conservation of the algal mats are defined. A major contribution of this study is the water balance in the Salada de Chiprana Lake, which is consistent with a robust hydrogeological conceptual model defined upon scarce hydrogeological, hydrochemical and isotopic data in the local context as conditioned by the regional behaviour. The water balance is a key tool to help to correctly manage this unique athalassic saline lake, and the approach used here can be extrapolated to other similar ecosystems around the world.

Вплив іноземного капіталу на економічний розвиток України

The article examines the of foreign capital on the economic processes that took place in Ukraine during 2000–2019 pp. Among foreign investors, Ukraine seeks to position itself as an investment hub, in which it is profitable to invest and develop business. In some places, the impression is that foreign investment is identified with a panacea that will enable Ukraine to reach the level of development of world leaders. At the same time, the study concluded that the efficiency and quality of FDI, portfolio investment and debt capital raises considerable doubts. For 2000 and 10 months of 2019, the total net inflow of direct, portfolio foreign investments and foreign loans to Ukraine amounted to $ 185.3 billion. USA. At the same time, such a large financial resource did not become a catalyst for structural changes in the economy and the development of high-tech production. Instead, the concentration of foreign capital in certain economic activities contributed to the consolidation of the raw material orientation of this country's economy and exacerbation of domestic economic problems against the backdrop of a large influx of speculative capital. Much attention is paid to the geographical structure of foreign investments and debt capital, which testifies to the significant influence of offshore jurisdictions on the activities of domestic businesses and the formation of their behavior. Offshore capitalization is a defining feature of national business, which has become one of the main causes of the distortion of the model of Ukraine's economic development. The article focuses on the need to improve public policy on attracting foreign capital in Ukraine. In particular, it is proved that the lack of proper control over the concentration of foreign capital in certain sectors causes significant imbalances, which, under the influence of other factors, exacerbate the crisis. In view of this, it is advisable at the state level to analyze the toxic impact of foreign capital on structural changes in the economy and its on the economic security of Ukraine. The article was prepared in the framework of R&D on Financial risks of doing business in Ukraine: non-financial corporations sector state registration No 0118U006088.

Water resources management in a reservoir-regulated basin: Implications of reservoir network layout on streamflow and hydrologic alteration

Reservoirs have been continuously built in the Poyang Lake Basin (PLB) for the local economy. With pending removal and reconstruction of aging reservoirs and planning of new reservoirs in this area, it is advisable to evaluate the likely impact of the existing and alternative reservoir network layouts on the hydrologic regime for more effective water resources planning and management. In this study, reservoirs of multiple sizes in the PLB were integrated into a coupled land surface-hydrologic model (CLHMS) fully coupled with a reservoir scheme. The extended model was then validated and applied to investigate the impact of existing reservoirs. Seven hypothetical scenarios were additionally set up by removing all the reservoirs, replacing smaller reservoirs with few larger ones, replacing larger reservoirs with many smaller ones, moving all reservoirs downstream or upstream, increasing or decreasing the mean inflow of reservoirs, respectively. In all, eight simulations were conducted and analyzed using the Indictors of Hydrologic Alterations (IHA) for the period of 1981–1999.Results indicate that the existing reservoirs in the PLB are able to effectively displace the excessive streamflow in the wet season to the dry season and mitigate the hydrological extremes. By increasing the mean inflow of reservoirs, the effectiveness of reservoirs in downstream flow regulation can be further enhanced. Similarly, replacing many small reservoirs with a few large ones with a same total capacity can lead to more resiliency against the downstream flow variability and extremes, only if the total mean inflow of the new large reservoirs is not considerably lower than that of the small ones. Relocating reservoirs to a different place with similar mean inflow, however, has a relatively minor and probably case-dependent impact on the hydrologic regime. On the other hand, the ecological analysis on the IHA parameters indicates that the layout preferable for the effective flow regulation may not necessarily be ecologically preferable. In general, this study comprehensively evaluates the hydrological impact of reservoir network layouts, and can provide implications for stakeholders to reach a trade-off between reservoir capacity distribution, locations and mean inflow not only in the PLB but also in different regions worldwide.

The Problem of Estimating Tissue Perfusion from Observations of Microvascular Flow

The perfusion of a tissue region is defined as the blood flow rate to the region divided by its volume. For a whole organ, this definition is unambiguous, but a problem arises for small tissue regions, with many microvessels crossing the boundaries. The total inflow rate is approximately proportional to the surface area of the region. If this inflow rate is used to estimate the perfusion, the result is approximately proportional to the surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio, and yields unrealistically high estimates for small regions. How, then, should tissue perfusion be estimated from observations or simulations of blood flow in small tissue regions? The discrepancy arises because any flow pathway that passes through a small tissue region also contributes to perfusion of regions upstream and/or downstream. Therefore, the flow on that pathway should be only partially attributed to the given region. Here, a method is proposed for estimating perfusion in a region of tissue. The blood flow on any pathway through the region is attributed to the region in proportion to the decline in blood oxygen content that occurs in the region, divided by the overall decline from arterial to venous oxygen content. If the chosen region is representative of the tissue with regard to oxygen consumption rate, then the local perfusion computed by this method is equal to the overall tissue perfusion. Implementation of this method requires simulation of oxygen transport in the microvascular network supplying the region, which can be done efficiently using a Green’s function method. In these simulations, boundary segments are classified as arterioles, capillaries and venules, and outflow oxygen levels in each category are used to define inflow oxygen boundary conditions. When applied to a network from the mouse cortex containing 4908 segments, this method yields estimates of perfusion consistent with whole‐organ values, resolving the discrepancy between microscale and macroscale estimates. Tissue perfusion is closely related to the oxygen extraction ratio, which is a key determinant of tissue oxygen levels. Therefore, the estimation of tissue perfusion is an important step towards realistic assessment of the effects of microvascular network structure and blood flow on tissue oxygenation.Support or Funding InformationSupported by NIH grant HL133362.

Revising Growth Theory in the Artificial Age: Putty and Clay Labor

The introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in our contemporary society imposes historically unique challenges for humankind. The emerging autonomy of AI holds unique potentials of eternal life of robots, AI and algorithms alongside unprecedented economic superiority, data storage and computational advantages. Yet to this day, it remains unclear what impact AI taking over the workforce will have on economic growth. This paper therefore first establishes what AI is and provides a theoretical background on standard neoclassical and heterodox economics growth theories with particular attention to the Cambridge Capital Controversy’s argument to divide capital components into fluid, hence more flexible (e.g., petty cash, checking account), and more clay, hence more inflexible (e.g., factories and intransferable means of production), components. The contemporary trend of slowbalisation is described, as the slowing down of conventional globalization of goods, services and Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) flows; yet at the same time, we still see human migration and air travel as well as data transfer continuing to rise. These market trends of conventional globalization slowing and rising AI-related industries are proposed as first market disruption in the wake of the large-scale entrance of AI into our contemporary economy. Growth in the artificial age is then proposed to be measured based on two AI entrance proxies of Global Connectivity Index and The State of the Mobile Internet Connectivity 2018 Index, which is found to be highly significantly positively correlated with the total inflow of migrants and FDI inflow – serving as evidence that the still globalizing rising industries in the age of slowbalisation are connected to AI. Both indices are positively correlated with GDP output in cross-sectional studies over the world. In order to clarify if the found effect is a sign of industrialization, time series of worldwide data reveal that internet connectivity around the world is associated with lower economic growth from around 2000 on until 2017. A regression plotting Internet Connectivity and GDP per capita as independent variables to explain the dependent variable GDP growth outlines that the effect for AI is a significant determinant of negative GDP growth prospects for the years from 2000 until 2017. A panel regression plotting GDP per capita and internet connectivity from the year 2000 to explain economic growth consolidates the finding that AI-internet connectivity is a significant determinant of negative growth over time for 161 countries of the world. Internet connectivity is associated with economic growth decline whereas GDP per capita has no significant relation with GDP growth. To cross-validate both findings hold for two different global connectivity measurements. The paper then discusses a theoretical argument of dividing labor components into fluid, hence more flexible (e.g., AI), and more clay, hence more inflexible (e.g., human labor), components. The paper ends on a call for revising growth theories and integrating AI components into growth theory. AI entrance into economic markets is modeled into the standard neoclassical growth theory by creating a novel index for representing growth in the artificial age comprised of GDP per capita and AI entrance measured by the proxy of Internet Access percent per country. Maps reveal the parts of the world that feature high GDP per capita and AI-connectivity. The discussion closes with a future outlook on the law and economics of AI entrance into our contemporary economies and society in order to aid a successful and humane introduction of AI into our world.

Evolution and application of airflow permeability characteristics of gob in roof cutting and pressure releasing mining method

AbstractCutting roof and release pressure technology has changed the pressure transmission mode of the roof and the caving characteristics of roof rock, which in turn has changed the permeability evolution of the gob. To obtain the permeability characteristics of the gob for the roof cutting and pressure releasing mining method, a mathematical model for the gob voidage and permeability was established by analyzing the overlying strata movement law and the lateral stress variation in the gob. The airflow migration law of haulage roadway 12 201 in Halagou coal mine was studied using Fluent software and an established mathematical model. The main conclusions obtained are as follows: The overburden pressure and lateral stress in the gob gradually increase with the advancement of the working face; along the direction of the retaining roadway, there are two roadway windflows entering the critical zones (the 22‐100 m and 390‐398 m sections). The inflow at these two sections accounted for 59% of the total air inflow, of which the most critical is the 28‐53 m section, which accounts for 43% of the total air inflow in the two severe air leakage sections. The findings of this work provide a theoretical basis for the implementation of antileakage technology in the gob under the roof cutting and pressure releasing mining method and help reduce the risk of spontaneous combustion in the gob.

Information Transfer between Stock Market Sectors: A Comparison between the USA and China.

Information diffusion within financial markets plays a crucial role in the process of price formation and the propagation of sentiment and risk. We perform a comparative analysis of information transfer between industry sectors of the Chinese and the USA stock markets, using daily sector indices for the period from 2000 to 2017. The information flow from one sector to another is measured by the transfer entropy of the daily returns of the two sector indices. We find that the most active sector in information exchange (i.e., the largest total information inflow and outflow) is the non-bank financial sector in the Chinese market and the technology sector in the USA market. This is consistent with the role of the non-bank sector in corporate financing in China and the impact of technological innovation in the USA. In each market, the most active sector is also the largest information sink that has the largest information inflow (i.e., inflow minus outflow). In contrast, we identify that the main information source is the bank sector in the Chinese market and the energy sector in the USA market. In the case of China, this is due to the importance of net bank lending as a signal of corporate activity and the role of energy pricing in affecting corporate profitability. There are sectors such as the real estate sector that could be an information sink in one market but an information source in the other, showing the complex behavior of different markets. Overall, these findings show that stock markets are more synchronized, or ordered, during periods of turmoil than during periods of stability.

Estimation groundwater total recharge and discharge using GIS-integrated water level fluctuation method: a case study from the Alaşehir alluvial aquifer Western Anatolia, Turkey

The estimation of groundwater recharge is an essential process for hydrogeological study. Realistic determination approach is crucial for assessing groundwater potential in an aquifer system and estimating of groundwater levels and/or changes in dry periods. Based on these matters, we employ a GIS-integrated groundwater level fluctuation method to determine the groundwater recharge for a hydrological period in the Alasehir alluvial aquifer (W. Anatolia). The method basically takes into account both increasing and decreasing of the groundwater levels due to the recharge and discharge mechanisms in the aquifer. In this study, 16 pumping and monitoring wells were drilled with a total depth of 1300 m, and water level data loggers were installed into the monitoring wells to determine the groundwater level changes. The spatial distribution of the monthly groundwater level change map was multiplied by the aquifer storage distribution map and then the accurate water volume is calculated by using the 3-D spatial analysis. According to our evaluation in the aquifer, positive volume change of the groundwater is 187 hm3 in a year, which is considered as a recharge value of groundwater. It is concluded that the GIS-integrated water table fluctuation method gave rise to estimate the total recharge amount of the groundwater in the Alasehir aquifer. The total groundwater recharge indicates that total inflow in the aquifer from precipitation, leakage from surface water and irrigation waters. It can be stated that the recharge estimation of groundwater in a surficial aquifer, like the Alasehir aquifer, is fairly easy using the GIS-integrated water table fluctuation method.

Abstract TMP112: Increased Large Vessel Diameter is Associated With Increased Cerebral Metabolic Stress in Children With Sickle Cell Anemia

Background: Children with sickle cell anemia (SCA) invoke compensatory mechanisms to meet cerebral oxygen demand in the setting of low oxygen carrying capacity. Whereas cerebral blood flow (CBF) is largely regulated by cerebral arterioles as one compensatory mechanism, we sought to determine if the cross-sectional area of the large in-flow arteries was also increased. Methods: Children and young adults with SCA underwent 3 Tesla magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and imaging (MRI) with pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) and asymmetric spin echo sequence to measure CBF and oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) respectively. Using the double oblique method, we measured artery diameters and calculated the area (A) of the vessel as A=πr 2 . The total inflow area (A T-inflow ) was the summation of the areas of distal portions of both internal carotid arteries and basilar artery. CBF, OEF, arterial oxygen content [(CaO 2 ) = 1.36*Hemoglobin*%saturation on pulse oximetry] and A T-inflow were compared between groups with nonparametric statistics. Spearman’s correlation determined relationship of A T-inflow with other variables. Results: Data was available for 29 subjects with SCA (median age 15 years (range 9-26), 45% male) and 17 age-matched controls (15y (range 9-18), 47% male) underwent scanning. Children with SCA had larger A T-inflow (36 [29, 40] mm 2 ) compared to age-matched controls (29 [26, 31] mm 2 , p=0.01). CBF and OEF were higher (p=0.001, p=0.002), and CaO 2 was lower (p&lt;0.001) in SCA compared to controls. A T-inflow positively correlated with CBF (p=0.002) and OEF (p&lt;0.001), and negatively correlated with CaO 2 (p=0.02; Figure ). Conclusion: Increased cross sectional area of large cerebral arteries may provide an additional compensatory mechanism in SCA to augment CBF and aid in meeting cerebral oxygen demand. Further work is needed to determine if MRA measurements provide a non-invasive precursor to increased cerebral metabolic stress and stroke risk.