Total Hydroelectric Potential Research Articles

RETRACTED: Regional sustainable water and energy development projects: A case of Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) in Turkey

a b s t r a c t Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) region in Turkey is rich in water for irrigation and hydroelectric power. The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers represent over 28% of the nation's water supply by rivers, and the economically irrigable areas in the region make up 20% of those for the entry country. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 GWh/yr, but only 125 GWh/yr of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. By the construction of new hydropower plants, 36% of the economically usable potential of the country would be tapped. The GAP region has a 22% share of the country's total hydroelectric potential, with plans for 22 dams and 19 hydroelectric power plants. Once completed, 27 billion kWh of electricity will be generated annually.

Contribution of the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) to Irrigation and Hydroelectric Power Production in Turkey

The Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) is an integrated socioeconomic development project and one of the largest of its kind in the world. The GAP region is rich in water for irrigation and hydroelectric power. The Euphrates and Tigris rivers represent over 28% of the nation's water supply by, and the economically irrigable areas in the region make up 20% of those for the entire country. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 GWh/yr, but only 125 GWh/yr of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. By the commissioning of new hydropower plants, which are under construction, 36% of the economically usable potential of the country would be tapped. The GAP region has a 22% share of the country's total hydroelectric potential, with plans for 22 dams and 19 hydroelectric power plants. Upon the completion of the project, 1.7 million ha of land will be brought under irrigation, energy production in the region will reach 27 billion kWh, per capita income will rise by 209% and about 3.8 million people will be provided employment opportunities. This article discusses the contribution of the GAP to irrigation and hydroelectric power production in Turkey.

Hydropower in Turkey: The Sustainable Energy Future

Over the last two decades, global electricity production has more than doubled and electricity demand is rising rapidly around the world as economic development spreads to emerging economies. Not only has electricity demand increased significantly, it is the fastest growing end-use of energy. Therefore, technical, economic, and environmental benefits of hydroelectric power make it an important contributor to the future world energy mix, particularly in the developing countries. On the other hand, Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 GWh/yr, but only 125 GWh/yr of the total hydroelectric potential of the country can be economically used. By the commissioning of new hydropower plants, which are under construction, 36% of the economically usable potential of the country would be tapped. Turkey's total economically usable small hydropower potential is 3.75 GWh/yr.

Dams and Hydropower for Sustainable Development

The global debate about large dams is at once overwhelmingly complex and fundamentally simple. It is complex because the issues are not confined to the design, construction, and operation of dams themselves but embrace the range of social, environmental, and political choices on which the human aspiration to development and improved well being depend. Over the last two decades, global electricity production has more than doubled and electricity demand is rising rapidly around the world as economic development spreads to emerging economies. Not only has electricity demand increased significantly, it is the fastest growing end-use of energy. Therefore, technical, economic, and environmental benefits of hydroelectric power make it an important contributor to the future world energy mix, particularly in the developing countries. This article deals with policies to meet increasing energy and electricity demand for sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 GWh/yr, but only 125 GWh/yr of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. By the commissioning of new hydropower plants, which are under construction, 36% of the economically usable potential of the country would be tapped.

Potential of Renewable Energies in Turkey

Turkey has a large economy and, thus, it expects a very large growth in energy demand. Today, Turkey’s economy is mainly dependent on oil, natural gas, and electricity. On the other hand, Turkey’s energy production meets nearly 35% of its total primary energy consumption. Turkey is an energy importing country. Turkey presently has considerable renewable energy sources. The most important renewable sources are hydropower, wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass. Turkey has about 1% of the total world hydroelectric potential and its significant potential for geothermal power production is ranked seventh in the world. This paper presents the energy situation and potential of the renewable energy sources in Turkey.

Small Hydropower Plants as a New and Renewable Energy Source

The inherent technical, economic, and environmental benefits of hydroelectric power make it an important contributor to the future world energy mix, particularly in the developing countries. Technically feasible hydropower estimated at nearly 15,000 TWh/yr still exists in the world today, mostly in countries where increased power supplies from clean and renewable sources are most urgently needed to progress social and economic development. This article deals with policies to meet increasing energy demand for electricity and domestic heating in Turkey. Air-pollutant emissions due to power generation and their harmful effects on the environment are also presented. We also argue in favor of small-scale dams for sustainable development. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 GWh/yr, but only 125 GWh/yr of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. By the commissioning of new hydropower plants, which are under construction, 36% of the economically usable potential of the country would be tapped. On the other hand, Turkey's total economically usable small hydropower potential is 3.75 GWh/yr.

Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) for Irrigation and Hydroelectric Power in Turkey

This paper gives an overview of energy and water potential of the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) in Turkey. This integrated socioeconomic development project is one of the largest of its kind in the world. The GAP region is rich in water for irrigation and hydroelectric power. The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers represent over 28% of the nation's water supply by rivers, and the economically irrigatable areas in the region make up 20% of those for the entry country. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 GWh/yr, but only 125 GWh/yr of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. By the commissioning of new hydropower plants, which are under construction, 36% of the economically usable potential of the country would be tapped. The GAP region has a 22% share of the country's total hydroelectric potential, with plans for 22 dams and 19 hydroelectric power plants. Once completed, 27 billion kWh of electricity will be generated annually.

Current Hydropower Potential in Turkey and Sustainability of Hydropower for Turkey's Energy Demand

With a young and growing population, low per capita electricity consumption, rapid urbanization and strong economic growth, Turkey for nearly two decades has been one of the fastest growing power markets in the world. Domestic energy consumption accounts for 37% of total energy consumption. For this reason, the renewable sources are very important for Turkey's energy sector. Projections by Turkey's Electricity Generating and Transmission Corporation (TEAS), a public company which owns and operates 15 thermal and 30 hydroelectric plants generating 91% of Turkey's electricity, indicate that rapid (as high as 10% annual) growth in electricity consumption will continue over the next 15 years. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 GW, but only 125 GW of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used.

Experiences of tunnelling in fragile himalayan rocks

The total hydro-electric potential of India is 84,044MW at 60 per cent load factor, out of which 65,623MW lies in the Himalayan ranges. The Himalayan region is characterized by high ridges, deep gorges, vulnerable hill slopes, complex geological and tectonic features. The complexity of the Himalayan range is attributed to superimposition and modification of the earlier tectonic phases by the last Himalayan tectonic phase. The poly-phase deformations in Himalaya has resulted in the development of numerous tectonic dislocations and structural discontinuities such as faults, thrusts, shears, joints, etc. which have a direct influence on the geomechanical properties of the rock masses at different project sites in the Himalayan region. Therefore, no two sites are exactly similar in their geological and tectonic settings. It has been experienced that tunnelling through weak, jointed, faulted and sheared rock masses in the Himalayan range is a challenging task. It becomes more challenging in the absence of detailed investigations because of high overburden, thickly vegetated surface and inaccessible terrain. Geological surprises, therefore, during tunnelling result in various tunnelling problems and failures—such as squeezing, chimney formation, face collapse, water inrush, etc. Many times the original tunnel alignment has been changed during construction because of face collapse. The experience of the TBM in the Dulhasti project tunnel of the Himalaya is also not very encouraging where, because of inadequate geological information ahead of the tunnel face and water ingress, the tunnel boring has been suspended many times. As a result, the desired progress could not be achieved. All such experiences have resulted in time and cost over-runs. The problems and the failures may be regarded as challenges and opportunities for generating a new knowledge base and thereby increasing the reliability of tunnelling methods. Information from geo-mechanical and instrumentation studies at various hydroelectric project tunnels has helped in generating information on rock mass behaviour and management of tunnelling problems. For example, the lesson obtained from the effect of tunnel size on squeezing ground conditions in tunnels at two projects has helped in developing a criterion for estimating the ground condition. In Fig. 1, the rock mass number N is defined as Barton’s Q with SRF = 1, H is the tunnel depth in metres and B is the tunnel span or diameter in metres. The tunnelling problems encountered in two Himalayan projects, along with the possible solutions of such problems, are presented in the paper. The steps to be taken to avoid such problems in future tunnelling projects in the highly varying and fragile rock masses such as in the Himalaya are also highlighted.

Turkey's Natural Gas, Hydropower, and Geothermal Energy Policies

This article deals with Turkey's natural gas, hydropower, andgeothermal energy policies. Turkey has made repeated efforts to increase foreign investment in its power industry. Turkey's energy demand is growing at 8% a year, one of the highest rates in the world. But investment has lagged far behind what is required to ensure reliable supply. Turkey's energy use causes serious air pollution problems. Furthermore, the government forecasts strong growth in fossil fuel use, including a four-fold increase in coal use by 2020 that would cause large greenhouse-gas emissions. While the forecasts may overestimate fossil fuel demand growth, the government must address the environmental issues rapidly. Specifically, Turkey needs a strategy that allows it to assume a concrete greenhouse gas emissions target no later than the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. Natural gas consumption is the fastest growing primary energy source in Turkey. Turkey has supplied main natural gas needs from Russia; however Turkmen and Iranian gas represent economically sound alternatives. Hydroelectricity accounts for 45% of Turkey's total installed. Turkey continued, despite strong international criticism, to pursue its plans to construct the 1,200-megawatt Ilısu hydroelectric project. Ilısu is part of the Southeastern Anatolian Water Project, known as GAP. When completed, GAP will consist of 22 dams and 19 hydroelectric plants on the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 GW, but only 125 GW of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. Turkey plans to increase hydropower production in the near future by especially using her small and micro hydroelectric plants (SHEPs and MHPs, respectively). Turkey is one of the geothermally potential rich 7 countries in the world. More than 1,000 hot and mineral water springs up to 373 K and 413 K geothermal fields with a temperature range of 313 to 505 K have been discovered in Turkey. Turkey has shot up the list of top direct use geothermal countries in recent years.

Sustainable Development of Hydroelectric Power

This paper deals with policies to meet increasing demand for electricity in Turkey and elsewhere. Turkey has a gross annual hydropower potential of 433,000 GWh; that is equal to 1% of the total hydropower potential of the world and 14% of European hydropower potential. Only 122,322 GWh of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. Environmental problems created by exploitation of domestic resources should not be ignored. We comment on adverse effects of largescale hydroelectric projects in Canada, Egypt, and the USA. We argue in favor of small-scale dams for sustainable development.

Electricity from Biomass and Hydroelectric Development Projects in Turkey

The aim of biomass development projects is to identify whether it is possible to utilize biomass in the energy production sector, by substituting a portion of conventional fuel by biomass, to perform combined combustion. Electricity production from biomass has been found to be a promising method in the nearest future. Turkey's annual biomass potential is 117 million tons or 32 Mtoe. The future of biomass electricity generation lies in biomass integrated gasification/gas turbine technology, which offers high-energy conversion efficiencies. The major research and developments of the biomass power industry are focusing on gasifier scale-up, system analysis and site-specific commercial feasibility studies. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 GW, but only 125 GW of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. By the commissioning of new hydropower plants, which are under construction, 36% of the economically usable potential of the country would be tapped.

Sustainable development of hydropower and biomass energy in Turkey

This paper deals with policies to meet the increasing energy demand for electricity and domestic heating in Turkey. Air pollutant emissions due to power generation and their harmful effects on the environment are also presented. We also argue in favor of small scale dams for sustainable development. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 GW, but only 125 GW of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. By commissioning of new hydropower plants (HPPs), which are under construction, 36% of the economically usable potential of the country would be tapped. On the other hand, biomass (wood and wastes) energy is the second important renewable energy source for Turkey. In 1998, the biomass share of the total energy consumption of the country was 10%. In this study, the potential of important biomass energy sources and animal solid wastes of the country were determined. The effects of hydropower and biomass usage on the environment were also discussed. Considering the total cereal products and fatty seed plants, approximately 50–60 million tons per year of biomass and 8–10 million tons of solid matter animal waste are produced, and 70% of the total biomass is seen as possible to use for energy. Some useful suggestions and recommendations are also presented.

Sustainable Developments of Hydropower Energy in Turkey

This paper deals with policies to meet increasing energy demand for electricity from domestic energy sources in Turkey. A major dilemma now faced by Turkey is how to invest in new electric power capacity while at the same time adhering to foreign debt ceilings under lending rules set by the IMF. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 GW, but only 125 GW of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. By the commissioning of new hydropower plants, which are under construction, 36% of the economically usable potential of the country would be tapped. Sustainable development requires a balance between nature and mankind; through this balance, it programs for the life and development of both present and future generations without depleting natural resources. It is a concept that has social, ecological, economic, spatial, and cultural dimensions. In this meaning, as touched earlier, the Southeastern Anatolia Project (Turkish initials "GAP") had originally started as a land and water resources development effort and was later transformed into a multisectoral and integrated development project by the GAP Administration.

Hydropower and Biomass as Renewable Energy Sources in Turkey

When talking about renewable energy sources today, the most important and economical energy sources for Turkey are hydropower and biomass. The present study gives a review of production, consumption, and economics of hydropower and biomass as renewable energy sources in Turkey. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 GW, but only 125 GW of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. By the commissioning of new hydropower plants, which are under construction, 36% of the economically usable potential of the country would be tapped. On the other hand, biomass (wood and wastes) energy is the second most important renewable energy source for Turkey. However, the biomass energy sources of Turkey are limited. In 1998, the biomass share of the total energy consumption of the country is 10%. In this study, the potential of important biomass energy sources and animal solid wastes of the country were determined. The effects of hydropower and biomass usage on the environment were also discussed. Considering total cereal products and fatty seed plants, approximately 50-60 million tons per year of biomass and 8-10 million tons of solid matter animal waste are produced, and 70% of total biomass is seen as being usable for energy. Some useful suggestions and recommendations are also presented. The present study shows that there is an important potential for hydropower and biomass energy sources in Turkey.

Energy and Water Potential of the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP)

This article gives an overview of energy and water potential of the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) in Turkey. This integrated socioeconomic development project is one of the largest of its kind in the world. The GAP region is rich in water and soil resources. The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers represent over 28 % of the nation's water supply by rivers, and the economically irrigatable areas in the region make up 20 % of those for the entire country. On the other hand, the GAP region is the richest region of the country in terms of its hydroelectric potential as well as its oil and asphalt reserves. The GAP region has a 22 % share of the country's total hydroelectric potential, with plans for 22 dams and 19 hydropower plants. Once completed, 27 billion kWh of electricity will be generated. In addition to this hydropower and oil potential, the GAP region is also the richest region of Turkey as far as solar energy production is concerned. In meeting the energy requirements of the developing regions worldwide and in Turkey, solar energy is being taken into account as an important renewable source of energy.

Hydropower Potential in Turkey

Turkey has a total hydropower potential of 433 GW that is equal to 1.2% of the total hydropower potential of the world and to 14% of European hydropower potential. Only 125 GW of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. By the commissioning of new hydropower plants, which are under construction, 34% of the economically usable potential of the country would be tapped. At the present, hydropower energy is an important energy source for Turkey due to its useful characteristics such as being renewable, clean, and less impactful on the environment, and a cheap and domestic energy source.

Water power potential of south-western Tasmania

The potential average energy obtainable from the major rivers of South-West Tasmania is about 25% of the total hydro-electric potential of the State. Water power is the only indigenous source of energy of any significance in Tasmania. It is a non polluting and self renewing source o f energy.