Total Heavy Metal Research Articles

Evaluating and modeling the efficacy of Stipagrostis plumosa for the phytoremediation of petroleum compounds in crude oil-contaminated soil

ABSTRACT This study focused on using Stipagrostis plumosa for phytoremediation to eliminate total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and heavy metals (HMs) like cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) from oil-contaminated soil. Conducted over six months at a field-scale without artificial pollutants, soil samples were analyzed using gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC‒MS) for TPHs and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP‒OES) for HMs. Results after six months revealed that plots with plants had significantly higher average removal percentages for TPHs (61.45%), Cd (39.4%), Cr (46.1%), Pb (41.5%), and Ni (44.2%) compared to the control group (p <0.05). Increased microbial respiration and bacteria populations in planted plots indicated enhanced soil microbial growth. Kinetic rate models aligned well with the first-order kinetic rate model for all pollutants (R2 >0.9). Overall, the study demonstrates that S. plumosa can effectively reduce TPHs and HMs in oil-contaminated soil, making it a promising option for pollutant absorption.

Solidification and Release Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Gypsum from Coal-Fired Power Plants

Heavy metals in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum from coal-fired power plants are at risk of releaching during the processes of stockpiling and resource utilization. In this study, the effects of organosulfur chelators dithiocarbamate (DTC) and trisodium trithiocyanate-15 (TMT-15) on the solidification characteristics of heavy metals in desulphurized gypsum under different mass fractions, pH values, water contents and reaction times were investigated. The chemical composition and morphology were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The experiments showed that both DTC and TMT-15 were effective at stabilizing the heavy metals in the FGD gypsum, with more than a 50% curing effect for all the heavy metals except Pb. DTC showed a better stabilization for Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, and Cr, and TMT-15 showed a better curing effect for Cd. The solidified gypsum had good heavy metal stability in low-water-content environments. Increasing the mass fraction, reaction time, and pH decreased the heavy metal leaching, and the mass fraction had the greatest effect on the total heavy metal leaching concentration, followed by the reaction time and pH value.

Wastewater treatment from a typical multisystem hospital using chemically modified banana peels: Taguchi parametric optimization and characterization

The study aims to develop an eco-friendly solution for addressing contaminants in hospital wastewater. To achieve this, banana peel, a cost-effective and easily available agricultural waste, was chemically modified using sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide. The hospital wastewater was analyzed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer to identify the presence of heavy metals. The physicochemical properties were measured and compared against the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the chemically modified banana peel. Batch adsorption was conducted with the wastewater using the prepared adsorbent. The effect of contact time, mixing rate, temperature, and adsorbent dosage was examined to know the removal efficiency of the adsorbent. The experimental design incorporates Taguchi OA design to optimize the process. The total heavy metals discovered in the wastewater were As, Cd, Fe, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Mn and Zn. The percentage of Cd, Fe, Cu, Ni, Cr and Pb removed were 79.5%, 87.9%, 56.9%, 89.0%, 88.5% and 93.5%, respectively, at temperature, adsorbent dosage, mixing rate and contact time of 30 °C, 3 g, 700 rpm and 60 min, respectively. The physicochemical properties remain within the acceptable WHO range except the turbidity. At optimum point, the percentage removal of Cd, Fe, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb and Zn were 64.3%, 80.5%, 51.4%, 82.3%, 72.4%, 86.6% and 72.1%, respectively; while, the conductivity, pH, TDS, and turbidity value were, respectively, 20.57 mS/cm, 6.8, 10.16 mg/l, and 86.31 NTU. Characterization revealed the existence of active functional groups on the adsorbent surface enhancing the hospital wastewater treatment and change in its morphological structure after the treatment was noticed. In conclusion, the modified banana peel was effective for the treatment of hospital wastewater.

Investigation of the performance of the combined moving bed bioreactor-membrane bioreactor (MBBR-MBR) for textile wastewater treatment

The present study focused on the investigation of the performance of a Moving Bed Bioreactor coupled with a Membrane Bioreactor (MBBR-MBR) on a small scale for textile wastewater treatment. The parameters examined in this study included the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, color, and heavy metals (HM). The two reactors were operated consecutively and maintained aerobic conditions. The idea is to reduce the pollutant load significantly through the activity of microorganism attached to the biofilm covered carriers in MBBR and successive membrane filtration. The system demonstrated a favorable outcome even in a smaller hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1 day, which presents a significant advantage in terms of cost and space saving. The removal effectiveness of COD attained a maximum of 92 %, BOD reached a maximum of 95 %, and the color removal performance obtained a removal efficiency of 87 %. Furthermore, the treatment showed remarkable efficiency in removing up to 100 % of TSS and 96 % of turbidity. Additionally, an evaluation was conducted on the elimination of heavy metals, including Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Chromium (Cr), and Iron (Fe). The efficacy of removing these HMs was found to exceed 85 %. All these favorable outcomes contribute to the improvement of effluent quality, mitigation of contamination hazards, and fouling reduction.

Ecological risk assessment of oil & grease (OG) and heavy metals in the surface water of Naf River, Bangladesh

This study aims to fill the gap in our understanding of the distribution and ecological risk of oil and grease (OG) and toxic heavy metals in the surface water of the Naf River, a major transportation route connecting Teknaf to Saint Martin's Island in Bangladesh. Altogether, 6 sampling stations in this river were assessed for OG and heavy metal pollution, revealing the presence of both at each station. The OG concentration is found ranging from 3.6 to 23.6 mg/L and the average concentration is 8.13 mg/L. On the other hand, the contamination factor (Cf) of the toxic heavy metals follows the descending order of Pb (63.97) > Cd (23.94) > Mn (0.94) > Ni (0.64) > Zn (0.22) > Cr (0.09) > Cu (0.04) > As (0.04) in the water samples. Heavy metal pollution index (HPI), Heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), and Nemerow pollution index (PN) indicate that the surface water of the study area includes high levels of pollution category due to the elevated levels of Pb, Cd, and Ni concentrations. The mean values of the single factor pollution index (Pi) for Pi(Pb), Pi(Cd) and Pi(Ni) are found 45.69, 39.41, and 6.43, which exceed the threshold limit. The ecological risk index indicates that around 25 % of the total heavy metals show a very high ecological risk and 75 % exhibit a lower ecological risk. Notably, within the very high ecological risk, Cd is responsible for 53 % of this risk, while Pb contributes the remaining 47 %. Increased OG and heavy metal concentrations in the Naf River are likely due to human activities like waste discharge from municipalities, solar power plants, pesticide use, and fishing trawlers. This research offers insights into the current state of the Naf River and guides policymakers toward more effective initiatives.

Driving factors for distribution and transformation of heavy metals speciation in a zinc smelting site

Heavy metal pollution at an abandoned smelter pose a significant risk to environmental health. However, remediation strategies are constrained by inadequate knowledge of the polymetallic distribution, speciation patterns, and transformation factors at these sites. This study investigates the influence of soil minerals, heavy metal occurrence forms, and environmental factors on heavy metal migration behaviors and speciation transformations. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the minerals associated with heavy metals are mainly hematite, franklinite, sphalerite, and galena. Sequential extraction results suggest that lead and zinc are primarily present in the organic-sulfide fractions (F4) and residual form (F5) in the soil, accounting for over 70% of the total heavy metal content. Zinc displayed greater instability in carbonate-bound (16%) and exchangeable (2%) forms. The migration and diffusion patterns of heavy metals in the subsurface environment were visualized through the simulation of labile state heavy metals, demonstrating high congruence with groundwater pollution distribution patterns. The key environmental factors influencing heavy metal stable states (F4 and F5) were assessed by integrating random forest models and redundancy analysis. Primary factors facilitating Pb transformation into stable states were available phosphorus, clay content, depth, and soil organic matter. For Zn, the principal drivers were Mn oxides, soil organic matter, clay content, and inorganic sulfur ions. These findings enhance understanding of the distribution and transformation of heavy metal speciation and can provide valuable insights into controlling heavy metal pollution at non-ferrous smelting sites.

Spatial and temporal variations in environmental impacts of heavy metal emissions from China's non-ferrous industry: An enterprise-specific assessment

In China, the non-ferrous metal industry is the sector with the highest emissions of arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead, causing serious impacts on human health and the ecosystem. However, current heavy metal emission inventories are inadequate for figuring out their exposures and associated environmental impacts due to the lack of detailed data. Here, we constructed a high-resolution, enterprise-specific, and long-term dataset detailing heavy metal emissions from the non-ferrous industry in China from 1981 to 2020, using comprehensive enterprise information. Furthermore, an environmental impact assessment was performed using the characterization factors of the IMPACT World + model. Results show that: (1) from 1981 to 2020, the total heavy metal emissions of China's non-ferrous industry reached 144,697 tons (t), with atmospheric emissions (104,524 t) exceeding aquatic ones (40,173 t). (2) The industry's emissions showed a rising and then declining trend, with significant spatial heterogeneity, where heavy metal emissions concentrated in the central and western parts of Yunnan, the southern part of Hunan, the northern part of Guangxi, Henan along the Yellow River, the intersection of Gansu and Shaanxi, the central and eastern parts of Liaoning, and the eastern part of Inner Mongolia. (3) The environmental impact on human health was 1.19 × 107 DALY, and the value of ecosystem quality was 7.26 × 109 species·yr. The top 10 % of enterprises with the largest environmental impacts contributed over 60 % of human health risks and 62 % of ecosystem quality impacts. Improving the removal efficiency of heavy metals by 10 % within the four major industry classes could lead to a 9.92 % reduction in human health impacts and a 9.77 % reduction in ecosystem quality impacts within the non-ferrous metals industry. The findings of this study can provide insights for pollution control, environmental risk reduction, and sustainable development in the non-ferrous metals industry.

Prediction models for bioavailability of Cu and Zn during composting: Insights into machine learning

Bioavailability assessment of heavy metals in compost products is crucial for evaluating associated environmental risks. However, existing experimental methods are time-consuming and inefficient. The machine learning (ML) method has demonstrated excellent performance in predicting heavy metal fractions. In this study, based on the conventional physicochemical properties of 260 compost samples, including compost time, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, organic matter (OM), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen, and total heavy metal contents, back propagation neural network, gradient boosting regression, and random forest (RF) models were used to predict the dynamic changes in bioavailable fractions of Cu and Zn during composting. All three models could be used for effective prediction of the variation trend in bioavailable fractions of Cu and Zn; the RF model showed the best prediction performance, with the prediction level higher than that reported in related studies. Although the key factors affecting changes among fractions were different, OM, EC, and TP were important for the accurate prediction of bioavailable fractions of Cu and Zn. This study provides simple and efficient ML models for predicting bioavailable fractions of Cu and Zn during composting, and offers a rapid evaluation method for the safe application of compost products.

Human health risk assessment and toxic effect of heavy metal(loid)s in Bamboo shoot products

Bamboo shoots and their products are an important part of the human diet. However, the accumulation and accurate human health risk of heavy metal(loid)s in bamboo shoots are largely unknown. In this study, we determined the total and bioaccessible concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, and Cr in natural and processed bamboo shoot products from markets in southwest China. The health risk assessment and enterotoxicity after consumption of heavy metal(loid)s contaminated samples were further studied using a human colonic epithelial cell (Caco-2 cell) model. The results showed that the average concentrations of As, Pb, Cd, and Cr in the collected samples were 0.036, 0.056, 0.008, and 0.049 mg/kg, while Pb contents in 21 collected fresh bamboo shoot samples exceeded the allowable limit value of 0.1 mg/kg by 1.00–4.60 folds. Besides, As in 2% fresh bamboo shoots exceeded the limit value of 0.50 mg/kg. The average bioaccessibility of heavy metal(loid)s in fresh bamboo shoots was as follows: Cr (47.20%) > Pb (39.56%) > Cd (15.64%)> As (13.29%). Estimated daily intake (EDI) of heavy metal(loid)s after intake of fresh bamboo shoots was higher in children than that in adults, the THQ of As is > 1 based on the total heavy metal(loid)s, indicating a potential non-carcinogenic risk for children. However, health risks assessment based on bioaccessibility were significantly decreased. Furthermore, intestinal digesta of high-risk samples did not trigger detrimental effects on Caco-2 cells, suggesting existing health risk assessment model may overestimate their health risks and should be adjusted by bioaccessibility and cellular toxicity validation to accurately reflect their health risk. Our data may provide a novel and scientific insight into the health risk assessment of bamboo shoots as well as their products and propose a more scientific approach to accurate health risk assessment for heavy metals polluted foods.

Ecological risk, source apportionment, and influencing factors of heavy metals in soil in a typical lead-zinc mining watershed, Guangxi, China

Soil contamination by heavy metals (HMs) leads to significant decreases in soil ecosystem quality, seriously threatening human survival and development. Studies on soil HMs have focused on the sources, distributions, and influencing factors. However, soil HM migration and speciation, which indirectly affect HM distributions and their ecological risks, have often been overlooked. In this study, we investigated the links between the sources, distributions, and influencing factors of soil HMs, as well as their ecological risks at several levels, by analyzing soil samples collected from a Pb-Zn mining area. Soil column experiments were also performed to assess Pb leaching in the soil. The results indicate that soil HMs accumulated in front of the mountain river outlets, at the entrance of the underground river, and at soil depths of 0–40 cm. Cd and Pb were the main contributors to the high ecological risk in the soil, and As and Cr were the main contributors to cancer risk. The source analysis indicates that mining and smelting activities were the main sources of total soil HMs (32.55%), as well as the main sources of Sb (83.43%), Pb (68.65%), and Cu (45.37%). Mining activity and continuous riverine transport were the main sources of Cd (69.93%) and Zn (52.38%). These anthropogenic sources have major impacts on the ecological environment in the study area. Factors such as pH, clay and silt contents, soil organic matter content, and cation exchange capacity influenced the distributions and total amounts of Cu, Mn, Zn, and Pb species.

Chemical speciation and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals in ash from smouldering combustion of oily sludge

Smouldering combustion of oily sludge (OS) was carried out to learn the characteristics of heavy metals (HMs) in ash products. Ash collected from four different height layers of the column reactor was analysed for the chemical speciation and environmental risk of six HMs, including Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, and Pb. The results showed that after smouldering combustion, only 21.3–32.2 % of the total HMs was remained in the ash products. The retention of HMs in ash was closely relevant to the carbonaceous destruction efficiency of OS. Smouldering combustion led to the decrease of HMs in acid-soluble/exchangeable fraction from 21.5–49.3 to 0.8–19.8% and oxidizable fraction from 22.6–49.6 to 5.3–21.3, and the increase of reducible fraction from 13.6–38.0 to 30.5–89.1% and residue fraction from 7.8–27.3 to 24.1–63.6%. Upward migration of HMs during smouldering was evidenced by their occurrence in the top clean sand layer, which was dominated in acid-soluble/exchangeable and reducible fractions, accounting for 89.7–99.1% in total. Toxicity extraction and environmental risk studies indicated that smouldering combustion would effectively reduce the toxicity and pollution risk of HMs; however, attention should be paid to the disposal of the top sand layer after smouldering operation due to its high pollution risk of HMs according to the evaluation of Risk assessment code.

The problem of emission of total particulate matter and heavy metals from tribological systems in vehicles

The article presents the problem of particulate matter and heavy metal emissions from the tribological systems (road abrasion, brake and tyre wear) road of cars equiped with internal combustion engines (ICEs), battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrids and plug-in vehicles (PHEVs). The results of mathematical modelling carried out for obtaining of the emissions of particulate matter and heavy metals, such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn, resulting from the road abrasion, brakes and tyre wear, are presented. Emissions are shown depending on the average speed and type of traffic (traffic in the city (urban), outside the city (rural) and on the highway) and the type of vehicle.

Health risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in road dust via dermal exposure pathway from a low latitude plateau provincial capital city: The importance of toxicological verification

The human health risk assessment through the dermal exposure of metal (loid)s in dust from low latitude and high geological background plateau cities was largely unknown. In this study, the road dust samples were harvested from a typical low-latitude plateau provincial capital city Kunming, Southwest China. The total concentration and dermal bioaccessibility of heavy metal (loid)s in road dust were determined, and their health risks as well as cytotoxicity on human skin keratinocytes were also assessed. The average concentrations of As (28.5 mg/kg), Cd (2.65 mg/kg), Mn (671 mg/kg), and Zn (511 mg/kg) exceeded the soil background values. Arsenic had the highest bioaccessibility after 2 h (3.79%), 8 h (4.24%), and 24 h (16.6%) extraction. The dermal pathway when bioaccessibility is considered has a higher hazard quotient than the conventional method using total metal(loid)s in the dust. In addition, toxicological verification suggested that the dust extracts suppressed the cell viability, increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and DNA damage, and eventually activated the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway, evidenced by the upregulation of Caspase-3/9, Bax, and Bak-1. Cadmium was positively correlated with the mRNA expression of Bax. Taken together, our data indicated that both dermal bioaccessibility and cytotoxicity should be considered for accurate human skin health risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in road dust, which may provide new insight for accurate human health risk assessment and environmental management.

Dedicated microwave extraction allows uniform energy distribution to efficiently solubilize Ascophyllum nodosum

Considering the current transition to biobased carbon sources and the search for viable extraction procedures, the microwave-assisted solubilization of seaweed biomass was explored. Hereto, the brown North Sea native species Ascophyllum nodosum was processed using water as green extraction solvent. Response surface methodology was used to determine the best solubilization conditions towards maximizing the solubilization efficiency and minimizing the applied energy per mass of solubilized seaweed by varying (i) temperature, (ii) time and (iii) solid to liquid ratio (S/L). It was found that a temperature of 120 °C, a processing time of 15 min and a 1.03 w:v S/L are most suitable to achieve the pre-set criteria. Concurrently, mass balances were developed with respect to total lipid, polysaccharide, protein, mineral and heavy metal contents. Moreover, zeta potential measurements were performed to link the obtained values and the antimicrobial characteristics of the extracts. Finally, antimicrobial tests on S. aureus and E. coli were conducted and with results indicating up to 97 % inhibition of bacterial growth after 8 h, antimicrobial characteristics were indeed observed.

Performance of vertical flow constructed wetland for the treatment of effluent from a brassware industry in city of Fez, Morocco: a laboratory scale study

Brassware industry constitutes the second most polluting industrial sector in Fez city, Morocco, owing to its high heavy metal load. The aim of this study is to examine and evaluate the performance of vertical flow constructed wetlands in treating brassware effluents using various plant species. Ten treatment systems were planted with four types of plants: Chrysopogon zizanioides, Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis, and Vitex agnus-castus, while another system remained unplanted. These systems underwent evaluation by measuring various parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity, suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, sulfates, orthophosphates, total Kjeldhal nitrogen, ammonium, nitrates, nitrites, and heavy metals such as silver, copper, and nickel, using standard methods over of ten weeks. The results obtained demonstrate effectiveness of these systems. When planted with Ch. zizanioides, the systems achieved elimination rates of 83.64%, 98.55%, 91.48%, 86.82%, 80.31%, 96.54%, 98%, and 98.82% for suspended solids, ammonium, nitrites, BOD5, sulfates, orthophosphates, silver, and nickel, respectively. System with V. agnus-castus showed significant reductions in nitrate and copper, with rates of 84.48% and 99.10%, respectively. Considerable decrease in pH and electrical conductivity values was observed in all systems, with a notable difference between planted and control systems regarding effectiveness of treatment for other parameters.

Unlocking critical nutritional potential: A comprehensive analysis of small indigenous fishes in Bangladesh and the development of ready-to-use fish products as balanced food

The study aimed to develop fish powder as a promising dietary supplement to combat inadequate nutrition. To achieve this goal, the study assessed the nutritional aspects, including proximate composition, mineral content, amino acid profile, and fatty acid profile, as well as the microbiological quality and heavy metal contents, of six small indigenous fish species. The protein content ranged from 57.73 % to 65.26 %, with G. chapra exhibiting the highest protein content (p < 0.001). In all fish powders, the mineral composition was found in the following order: Na > P > Ca > K> Mg > Fe > Mn > Zn. The results revealed significantly elevated levels of total essential amino acids in A. mola (227.20 mg/g, p < 0.001). The PUFA/SFA ratio (> 0.45) and ω-6/ω-3 fatty acids ratio (< 4.00) were generally optimal. The quality and safety of the fish products for human consumption were confirmed, as both the total colony count and heavy metal concentrations remained below the recommended threshold. All ready-to-use fish products, except A. mola, meet over 20 % of the daily nutritional needs for PLW, infants, and adults. Hence, these findings advocate the utilization of the studied fish species as a dietary supplement to address malnutrition.

Enrichment Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in a Farmland System with High Geochemical Background in the Black Shale Region of Zhejiang, China

Soils derived from black shale enriched in heavy metals pose risks to the environment and human health. Eighty sets of soil–rice samples were collected in northwest Zhejiang, China. The results showed significant enrichment of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn in the studied soil. Sequential extraction data indicated that Cd had relatively high bioavailability. Thirty-four percent of the rice samples exceeded the heavy metal pollution thresholds of national food safety standards. A comprehensive evaluation of soil heavy metals using the potential ecological risk index (RI) revealed low-to-moderate-grade risk. Risk assessment code (RAC) levels decreased as follows: Cd &gt; Ni &gt; Zn &gt; Cr &gt; Cu &gt; Pb &gt; As &gt; Hg. The RAC of Cd was high and very high risk, whereas those of others were no or low risk. Cd was the major contributor to the environmental risk based on the total heavy metal concentration, toxicity, and chemical fractions. The health risk to the local populace was assessed using the method recommended by the USEPA. Local people may experience both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks, and children face greater health risks than adults. As, Cd, and Pb are the most significant contributors to non-carcinogenic health risks, and Cd is the main carcinogenic risk. In conclusion, special attention should be given to heavy metal pollution in black shale-derived soils.

DYNAMICS OF HEAVY METAL ACCUMULATION IN TROPHIC LEVELS OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS

The aim of the study is to examine the accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in trophic levels (soil, wood, tree leaves and fungi of various evolutionary origin) of forest ecosystems.&#x0D; Materials and Methods. The authors examined soil, wood, leaves and fungi in forests with different anthropogenic load intensity. The collecting grounds were selected according to forest management materials. In total, 26 grounds were examined. Sampling of soil and fungi of various trophic levels was carried out on different substrates, in different forest conditions and under different levels of technogenic impact. Leaf and wood samples were taken from phytopathogen-affected and healthy trees. Chemical sample analysis was carried out using a Kvant atomic absorption spectrophotometer.&#x0D; Results. The total heavy metal content in fungi is higher than in wood, but lower than in soil. The total heavy metal content in leaves of Norway maple affected by Rhytisma acerinum is higher compared to the leaves from heathy trees. Iron predominates among the heavy metals found in the fungi under consideration; cadmium content is minimal.&#x0D; Conclusion. The largest amount of accumulated heavy metals was found in the fruiting bodies of the facultative saprotroph, and the smallest amount was in the bodies of the facultative parasite. The forest type and growing conditions affect the heavy metal content in ecosystems.

Effects of mild acid pre-treatment on the co-pyrolysis behaviour of biosolids and wheat straw

Co-pyrolysis of biosolids (BS) and wheat straw (WS), as well as their treated variants, was performed in a fluidised bed reactor at 500 ℃. Under mild acid pre-treatment conditions (3% H2SO4 and 25 ℃), demineralisation was the dominating effect of pre-treatment on BS, while it was hemicellulose hydrolysis for WS. Consequently, the co-pyrolysis of raw biosolids (RBS) or treated biosolids (TBS) with raw wheat straw (RWS) or treated wheat straw (TWS) had varying effects on product distribution and product compositions. The co-pyrolysis of RBS+RWS gave the lowest bio-oil yield (36.3 wt%) and highest gas yield (23.1 wt%). In contrast, the highest bio-oil yield (45.8 wt%) and lowest gas yield (14.4 wt%) occurred during the co-pyrolysis of TBS+TWS. The degree of synergy in product distribution was strongest in TBS+RWS followed by RBS+RWS and was weakest in TBS+TWS, demonstrating the catalytic effect of inherent minerals on organic matter devolatilisation and char cracking reactions during co-pyrolysis. Biosolids pre-treatment alone performed competitively with BS co-pyrolysis alone with respect to enhancement in biochar properties producing biochar having 15–18 MJ/kg calorific value, 43–51 wt% carbon content, 0.7–1.0 fuel ratio, ⁓30% organic matter retention, and 27–41 wt% ash content. However, combining BS co-pyrolysis and pre-treatment gave the lowest reduction in biochar total heavy metal concentration. Furthermore, bio-oil compositions were influenced by pre-treatment and/or co-pyrolysis, increasing the yield (area%) of phenols to 25.4%, furans to 24.8%, anhydrosugars to 7.8%, and aromatic hydrocarbons to 20.6%. Lastly, pre-treatment alone weakened gas production while co-pyrolysis combined with pre-treatment impacted the pyrolysis gas profile, switching between light hydrocarbons and carbon oxides (CO and CO2). Overall, co-pyrolysis and pre-treatment can each be a standalone strategy for enhancing BS pyrolysis; however, their combination produced greater synergy for generating high value products.

Effects of land use/cover change on heavy metal distribution of soils in wetlands and ecological risk assessment

This study aimed to determine the impact of land use/cover changes on the heavy metal content in the Sultan Marshland and surrounding area and assess the pollution status. 54 topsoil samples (0–20 cm) were collected from the Rangeland, Farmland, Scrubland, Southern Marshland, Northern Marshland, and Dry Lake areas. The heavy metal contents of the soil samples (Cr, Pb, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, Cd, Mo, As, and Ni) were determined using ICP-MS and ICP-OES devices. The impact of land use/cover change on soil heavy metal content was evaluated using variance analysis, while differences between groups were identified using the Duncan test. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted to identify potential sources of heavy metals. The contamination status of the soils was evaluated based on land use/cover using the Contamination Factor (Cf), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Ecological Risk Factor (Er), and Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI).Changes in land use/cover around the Sultan Marshlands affected heavy metal distribution of the soils except for Cd. Among all land use/cover types, Fe concentration was the highest in the soils, while Cd concentration was the lowest. Soils in Southern Marshland exhibited higher average concentrations of Cr, Fe, Zn, Co, Cu, and Ni compared to other land uses/covers. Farmlands and rangelands had higher concentrations of Cd, As and Pb. Land use/cover was ranked based on the total heavy metal load in the following order in terms of average values: Southern Marshland > Scrubland > Farmland > Rangeland > Northern Marshland > Dry Lake. According to Cf, the soils in the Dry Lake were exposed to considerable levels of As contamination. Based on PLI, half of the soil sampling points in the Southern Marshland soils showed a degradation in environmental quality. Er indicated that all land uses moderately polluted with Cd. According to the average PERI, all soils under different land use/cover types were categorized as having a low ecological risk. It was believed that heavy metals originated from both natural and human activities. To ensure the sustainability of the ecosystem and to mitigate the risk of heavy metal pollution entering the food chain, it is recommended to manage farming and mining activities and land use habits.