Total Gross Domestic Product Research Articles

Estimating the indirect economic burden of cancer in Jordan: a retrospective observational study

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to estimate the indirect economic burden of 22 cancer types in Jordan using both the human capital approach (HCA) and the value of a...

Quantifying the digital economy according to the proposed framework

Methods. The article is based on a thorough analysis of data on the development of the digital economy, obtained from experts, researchers and partners specializing in the collection and processing of statistical data. The concept proposed in the article is formed based on both the basic definition of the digital economy and the methodology of measuring its scale basing on the calculation of added value. The digital economy estimation method is based on the use of national accounts and reflects the digital economy in the general context of gross domestic product (GDP). Results. The article examines the role of digital technologies in the socio-economic development of society. The changes that the modern model of interaction between business and society undergoes under the influence of digitalization processes are demonstrated. Special attention is paid to the research of existing systems for measuring the scale of the digital economy. The possibility of applying an approach to the assessment of the digitalization of the economy, which is based on the macroeconomic approach of consumption-output, proposed by W. Leontief, is considered. For its implementation, available data from the system of national accounts were used, namely: information on sixteen economies in Asia, Europe, North America and the Pacific region, including Australia. The study identified digitized sectors around the core perimeter of the digital economy, and predicted that countries with high imports of digital products, as well as industries that are highly dependent on the functioning of core digital sectors, are likely to have lower digital economy scores than others. Novelty. An improved methodological approach to measuring the scale of the digital economy is proposed, which consists in estimating its share in the total GDP of the country based on the calculation of the added value of a set of key digital products created within the national economy. Practical value. The results of the study are relevant to modern global problems, as they form a comprehensive statistical perspective of the review of the development of the digital economy.

Inequality in the appropriation of wealth generated between the richest and poorest municipalities in Brazil between 1999 and 2020

This research aimed to show the evolution of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita of the poorest Brazilian municipalities, in relation to that observed in the country's richest municipalities in the period 1999-2020. The data used were: total GDPs; GDP per capita; and agricultural GDP. The data source was the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). We indexed all values for 2020 using the General Price Index (GPI) of the Getúlio Vargas Foundation. Brazil's 5,570 municipalities were ranked in ascending order using annual GDP per capita, and organized into deciles. We selected the first decile, which included the 557 municipalities with the lowest GDP per capita, and the last decile, which included the 557 municipalities with the highest GDP per capita, for comparison purposes. We evaluated the evolution of the per capita GDP/total GDP ratio in these deciles. Geometric Growth Rates (GGR) were estimated in order to gauge the trends observed in these ratios between 1999-2020. The evidence showed that the magnitudes of GDP per capita observed in the tenth and first deciles are quite unequal. However, the study also showed that there was a small reduction in the evolution of the GDP per capita/total GDP between 1999-2020, which suggests a small reduction in inequality in the appropriation of wealth generated in Brazil over the period evaluated. It was also observed that in the richest deciles, the agricultural GDP/total GDP ratio was lower than that observed in the poorest deciles.

Impact of GDP on Indian AUTO Sector – An analysis of Nifty AUTO Index

The capacity of a country to produce products and services determines its economic growth. The Gross National Product (GNP), or Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the country's aggregate economic growth. The auto industry is a major engine of India's economic growth. According to the research, it provides 7.1 percent of total GDP and 49 percent of manufacturing GDP, while creating 3.7 crore direct and indirect jobs by the end of 2021. The current study investigates the impact of GDP on the Indian auto sector. It looks for uniformity in the growth rates of the Nifty AUTO and GDP. Information from sources other than the ones under investigation has been obtained for this study, which covers an 11-year period from 2012 to 2022. One-way ANOVA and other descriptive statistics were employed as statistical tools.

Measuring the Digital Economy and Its Applications

The paper provides an analysis and summary of important data from experts, researchers and statistical partners. The framework proposed in the paper consists of a digital economy measurement method based on value added calculation. The measurement method uses national accounts and reflects the digital economy in the overall context of gross domestic product (GDP). The study shows the identification of relevant digital sectors around the core perimeter of the digital economy. The given results are obtained using the data obtained from the national reports of 16 economies of different regions of the world, according to which the digital economy represents a significant part of the GDP of all the selected economies. Measuring the digital economy in terms of the economy's gross domestic product and the contribution of incremental moderation goes beyond the low-level threshold for assessing its welfare effects on the broader economy. The paper provides a comprehensive statistical perspective on the overview of the development of the digital economy. At this point, the proposed framework for measuring the digital economy tries to focus on the emerging products and industries of the digital age. Frame measures the digital economy's share of GDP attributable to the economy's total GDP, which is accounted for by the contribution of value added to a defined set of key digital products, consistent with the digital economy. The method proposed in the framework makes it extremely flexible, as users can independently obtain the appropriate results for their desired level of analysis. Digital technologies are transforming the way businesses operate and how societies interact.

Modeling Hydrologic–Economic Interactions for Sustainable Development: A Case Study in Inner Mongolia, China

Water shortages are major constraints on economic development in water-deficient regions such as Inner Mongolia, China. Moreover, macroscale interactions between water resources and the regional economy remain unclear. This study addresses this problem by building a network-based hydro-economic model that integrates ecological, economic, social, and environmental data into a coherent framework. We assessed the relationship between water resources and economic performance under different water-saving and climate change scenarios. The results showed that both water-saving policies and increased water availability due to climate change can increase economic productivity. Water saving can also mitigate the negative impact of climate change-driven decreased rainfall by restoring the gross domestic product (GDP) to 97.3% of its former level. The interaction between water resources and economic productivity depends on specific factors that affect water availability. A trade-off relationship exists between economic development and water protection and was more discernible when the total GDP reached 10,250 billion CNY. When the trade-off ratio reaches 6:1, economic output decreases because of a lack of ecological water resources, even if further stress is placed on the objective. Thus, this study demonstrates the effect of water resources on economic growth and highlights the need for improved water management in water-deficient regions.

Multi-effect equilibrium analysis for sector-level direct/indirect socio-economic and environmental effects of large-scale hydropower initiatives: A case study for the world's 7th-largest hydropower project

An increasing number of large-scale hydropower projects (LHPs) are constructed in various countries to combat climate change. Besides hydropower generation, LHPs could also contribute to water supply, irrigation, navigation, flood control, and other comprehensive benefits. Thus, it is essential to quantitatively analyze the overall and sub-functional benefits of LHPs in their operational phase. In this study, a multi-effect LHP equilibrium analysis model has been proposed and applied to the Wudongde Hydropower Station (WDD) to investigate its sector-level direct/indirect socio-economic and environmental (SEE) effects. The results indicate that WDD's operation greatly promotes the regional socio-economic growth and facilitates the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction. The increased value of indirect gross domestic product (GDP) is equivalent to 0.027% of the total GDP of the Yangtze River Economic Belt in 2021, and the annual decreased amount of indirect GHG emissions is about 260.8 million tonnes. The results shed light on the contributions of different sub-functions of LHP to SEE indicators, which plays a pivotal role for decision-makers in formulating LHP-related operational planning and GHG emission reduction policies. Moreover, the modeling framework can be extended to assess the SEE effects of other LHPs around the world.

Application of multi-criteria decision-making method to choose rice harvester in Vietnam

Vietnam’s rice production accounts for a large proportion of rice production in region and the world. The income from rice production accounts for a large proportion of the Country’s total GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Therefore, the investment in machines for rice processing is being interested in this Country. Many types of rice processing machine need to be equipped such as rice harvesters, peelers, separators, etc. In which, the rice harvester is identified as the first type of machine that needs to be equipped for a rice processing line. However, with a large number of rice harvesters available on the market with many different parameters (specifications, selling price) will make it difficult for customers to choose the best rice harvester. In this paper, the selection of rice harvester is carried out using MCDM (Multi-Criteria Decision-Making) method. Five types of rice harvester were offered for ranking, including two drain-type rice harvesters and three bagged-type rice harvesters. Eighteen criteria were used to evaluate each machine type. Those eighteen criteria including: type of machine, length/ width/ height/ and weight of machine, length of the sprocket and width of the sprocket, maximum moving speed of the machine when working in slow-moving mode/ average-moving mode/ and fast-moving mode, ground clearance, cutting jaw width, cutting width, lowest cutting height, the maximum cutting height, the width of rake reel, the container capacity, and cost. To determine the weights for the criteria, three different methods have been applied. FUCA (Faire Un Choix Adéquat) was selected as a multi-criteria decision-making method to rank alternatives. The results identified one best drain-type rice harvester and one best bagged-type rice harvester

The macroeconomic burden of noncommunicable diseases and mental health conditions in South America.

Noncommunicable diseases and mental health conditions (referred to collectively as NMHs) are the greatest cause of preventable death, illness, and disability in South America and negatively affect countries' economic performance through their detrimental impacts on labor supply and capital investments. Sound, evidence-based policy-making requires a deep understanding of the macroeconomic costs of NMHs and of their distribution across countries and diseases. The paper estimates and projects the macroeconomic burden of NMHs over the period 2020-2050 in 10 South American countries. We estimate the impact of NMHs on gross domestic product (GDP) through a human capital-augmented production function approach, accounting for mortality and morbidity effects of NMHs on labor supply, for the impact of treatment costs on physical capital accumulation, and for variations in human capital by age. Our central estimates suggest that the overall burden of NMHs in these countries amounts to $7.3 trillion (2022 international $, 3% discount rate, 95% confidence interval: $6.8-$7.8 trillion). Overall, the macroeconomic burden of NMHs is around 4% of total GDP over 2020-2050, with little variation across countries (from 3.2% in Peru to 4.5% in Brazil). In other words, without NMHs, annual GDP over 2020-2050 would be about 4% larger. In most countries, the largest macroeconomic burden is associated with cancers. Results from the paper point to a significant macroeconomic burden of NMHs in South America and provide a strong justification for investment in NMH prevention, early detection, treatment, and formal and informal care.

KONTRIBUSI SUKUK KORPORASI TERHADAP PRODUK DOMESTIK BRUTO (PDB) INDONESIA TAHUN 2017-2021

This research aims to explore the impact of sukuk on economic growth, particularly in the context of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Indonesia. The research method used is a qualitative approach through literature review. The findings of this study conclude that investment in corporate sukuk contributes to the growth of Indonesia's GDP, although descriptively the value of circulating corporate sukuk only contributes a small fraction of the total GDP, which is below half a percent. Sukuk influences economic growth through GDP by providing funding obtained from the issuance of corporate sukuk..

The Macroeconomic Impact of Increasing Investments in Malaria Control in 26 High Malaria Burden Countries: An Application of the Updated EPIC Model.

Malaria remains a major public health problem. While globally malaria mortality affects predominantly young children, clinical malaria affects all age groups throughout life. Malaria not only threatens health but also child education and adult productivity while burdening government budgets and economic development. Increased investments in malaria control can contribute to reduce this burden but have an opportunity cost for the economy. Quantifying the net economic value of investing in malaria can encourage political and financial commitment. We adapted an existing macroeconomic model to simulate the effects of reducing malaria on the gross domestic product (GDP) of 26 high burden countries while accounting for the opportunity costs of increased investments in malaria. We compared two scenarios differing in their level of malaria investment and associated burden reduction: sustaining malaria control at 2015 intervention coverage levels, time at which coverage levels reached their historic peak and scaling-up coverage to reach the 2030 global burden reduction targets. We incorporated the effects that reduced malaria in children and young adolescents may have on the productivity of working adults and on the future size of the labour force augmented by educational returns, skills, and experience. We calibrated the model using estimates from linked epidemiologic and costing models on these same scenarios and from published country-specific macroeconomic data. Scaling-up malaria control could produce a dividend of US$ 152 billion in the modelled countries, equivalent to 0.17% of total GDP projected over the study period across the 26 countries. Assuming a larger share of malaria investments is paid out from domestic savings, the dividend would be smaller but still significant, ranging between 0.10% and 0.14% of total projected GDP. Annual GDP gains were estimated to increase over time. Lower income and higher burden countries would experience higher gains. Intensified malaria control can produce a multiplied return despite the opportunity cost of greater investments.

Forecasting Turning Points of Carbon Emissions in Beijing Based on Interpretable Machine Learning

For curbing the global climate crisis, China has set an ambitious target of peak carbon emissions by 2030. Beijing, the capital of China, has implemented a carbon reduction policy since 2012. Using the reduced and generalized forms of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), we deduce that both the cubic EKC and the genetic algorithm-based EKC have an N-shape. The first turning point of the three-order EKC occurs around 2011, demonstrating the effectiveness of the carbon reduction policy. However, the time series model predicts that Beijing will reach the second turning point around 2026, when the gross domestic product (GDP) is about CNY 5000 billion and carbon emissions will begin to increase again. Interpretable machine learning is proposed to explore the socio-economic drivers in carbon emissions, indicating that total energy consumption and GDP contribute the most. Therefore, we should accelerate the upgrading of energy consumption and adjust the industrial structure, thus facilitating Beijing to its peak carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality.

Spatial Equilibrium Evaluation of the Water Resources in Tai’an City Based on the Lorenz Curve and Correlation Number

Water resource spatial equilibrium evaluations provide the bases for water resource utilization and allocation. To analyze the regional spatial water resource matching balance, this study constructed a water resource spatial matching model based on the Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve methods. To further reflect the influence of each subregion on the whole region, we combined the correlation number and Gini coefficient methods to propose the water resource spatial balance evaluation method. Herein, we constructed nine Lorenz curve pairs that matched the total water resources and total water use with cultivated land area, population, GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of the secondary industry, GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of the tertiary industry, and agricultural irrigation water consumption. Set pair analysis theory was applied to calculate sample correlation numbers and determine equilibrium levels, which were then compared to Gini coefficient method-based results for Tai’an city evaluation. The results showed that the total water consumption spatial equilibrium in Tai’an city from 2011 to 2020 was favorable, while the total water resource results for Tai’an city greatly differed, especially the balance between total water resources and GDPs of the secondary and tertiary industries, which should be further improved. In practice, quantitative analysis of the water resource spatial equilibrium state in Tai’an city is important for efficient water resource utilization and coordinated development of water resources and economic and social environments.

THE POTENTIAL OF ECONOMIC LOSS DUE TO STUNTING IN INDONESIA

Stunting cases continue to increase, along with the high risk of undernutrition, the increasing prevalence of malnutrition, and decreasing productivity. If this condition is not handled correctly, it can affect Indonesia's development performance, inequality, and poverty. Stunting can hinder economic growth and labor productivity, affecting 11% of GDP (gross domestic product) and reducing the income of adult workers by up to 20%. Based on this, it is necessary to make prevention and control efforts in nutrition intervention activities an economic investment. Therefore, this study estimates the economic potential lost due to stunting in children under five. This descriptive study is based on processing secondary data from various related agencies. We employed Konig's formula and correction factors from Horton's study. The results of this study show that the incidence of stunting in children under five in Indonesia in 2021 was 24.4%. Nationally, Indonesia has the potential for economic loss due to stunting in toddlers, which ranges from IDR 15,062 to IDR 67,780 billion. These are equivalent to a range of 0.89-3.99% of the total GDP in 2021 (IDR 16,970.8 trillion).

HIV research output in African Countries between 1986-2020.

HIV literature has grown exponentially since it was named the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Bibliometric analysis is a practical approach for quantitatively and qualitatively assessing scientific research. This work aims to describe HIV research output in Africa by country from 1986 until 2020. We conducted a search of the PubMed database in June 2021 for a 35-year period spanning 1986 to 2020. We comparatively weighed for countries' populations, gross domestic product (GDP), and the number of persons living with HIV (PLHIV) by calculating the ratio of the number of publications from each country. We used Poisson regression models to explore the trends in countries' HIV research output over the study period. The Pearson correlation analysis assessed the association between research output, population size, GDP, and the number of PLHIV.A total of 83,527 articles from African countries on HIV indexed in PubMed were included for analysis. Republic of South Africa, Uganda, Kenya, and Nigeria account for 54% of the total indexed publications with 33.2% (26,907); 8.4% (7,045); 7.3% (6,118); and 5.1% (4,254), respectively. Africa's proportion of the world's total HIV publications increased from 5.1% in 1986 to 31.3% in 2020. There was a strong positive and statistically significant correlation between the total indexed HIV publications and countries' GDP (r = 0.59, P<0.01), population (r = 0.58, P<0.01), and the estimated number of PLHIV (r = 0.72, P<0.01). The study found that Africa's contribution to global HIV research output increased over the 35 years, but it remains relatively low compared to the continent's burden of HIV infections. Our findings also revealed major differences in research output across sub-regions in Africa, with the Republic of South Africa having the highest output. The factors associated with HIV research output were economic strength, disease epidemiology, and population size.

KONTRIBUSI PERCEPATAN INKLUSI DAN LITERASI KEUANGAN BAGI KINERJA UMKM KULINER DI KOTA SURAKARTA

Economic development The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) sector has a high influence on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is 7% of the total GDP in 2012 (Kementerian Koperasi dan UMKM RI, 2013). The contribution of MSMEs has shown tangible results in the national economy, but MSMEs still find several obstacles such as limited working capital, limited technology, production, marketing and restrictions on business quality and human resources (Anggraeni, 2019). This will have an impact on performance if business actors are not able to manage properly. Business performance usually has a special measure and can measure the success of a business in obtaining profits (Kusumadewi, 2020). The main factor that often makes the financial performance of MSMEs grow is access to capital. Another influential factor is the expansion of financial access followed by knowledge in the financial sector also has an impact on increasing economic growth (Yanti, 2019). This study aims to test whether financial inclusion and financial literacy influence the performance of MSMEs in the culinary sector in Surakarta City. The sample in this study amounted to 100 respondents. The data is then processed using smart PLS. The results of the research hypothesis test shows that financial inclusion and literacy have a significant and positive influence on the performance of MSMEs in the culinary sector in Surakarta City.

The Change of Global Temperature Affected by Global Economy

Global warming is the most serious environmental problem due to rising temperatures. Previous studies showed CO2 is the primary greenhouse gas. CO2 emission is caused by the burning of fossil fuels. Humans pursue industrial growth at the expense of releasing CO2 into the atmosphere. Economic development is represented by Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The growth of CO2 emission increases more and more and does not reach the peak. The global temperature is facing a 2˚C crisis. The global emissions and global economy have a strong indication of relative sensitivity. We found out that countries with higher GDP emit more CO2. Individuals who have higher GDP per capita emit more CO2 to the atmosphere. GDP has a positive correlation with global temperature. Climate change is one of the biggest inequalities around the world. Richer countries caused more damage to global warming, but poor countries suffer more from global warming’s damage. GDP per capita has a positive correlation with temperature and CO2 emissions. The development of a country has a trend of increasing CO2 emissions at an early stage and decreasing CO2 emissions at a later stage. Total GDP although cannot positively correlated to CO2 emissions, but multicollinearity tests proved the two variables are related.

Water-constrained green development framework based on economically-allocable water resources

Water as a main driver for sustainable development (SD) should be optimally allocated to different users to support economic, social, and environmental functions. Traditional approaches are not able to account for all the mentioned functions simultaneously, therefore a change in the allocation approaches is necessary. This paper proposes a new framework for inter-sectoral water allocation called “water-constrained green development” (WCGD) to better meet the SD goals. The framework optimally allocates economically-allocable water (EAW), which is the total available water resources left after subtracting the amount of water required for drinking, sanitation, and environment (DSE), to different job classes. It was tested in Sistan Region- a low-developed area in southeast of Iran- which stands on agriculture. In the recent years, because of water crisis, intensity of dust problem, lack of sustained occupation, and immigration, the region’s rate of population growth has been negative. Also, due to decrease of Helmand River inflow, Hamoun wetland, being the major source of food and shelter for the Sistan’s residents, has been degraded. Therefore, Sistan Region needs to take a new development route. The shares of occupation and gross domestic product (GDP) in the agricultural sector of Sistan are respectively 29.1 and 14.8%, whereas they are on average 1 and 7% in Iran. Application of the proposed framework in Sistan Region under three scenarios of available EAW resources showed that the optimal reallocation of water among 15 job classes can improve job availability and GDP of the region currently suffering from poor economy and employment conditions. Based on the optimal job pattern obtained, the share of GDP of Sistan’s agricultural sector drops to 7.1% while the shares of industrial and service sectors increase respectively from 9.7 and 75.4% to 13.7 and 79.2%, which are close to those of the country averages. Also, under the WCGD-based optimal solution, 68, 14, and 18% of people will respectively be employed in service, industry, and agriculture sectors. Additionally, the total available jobs and GDP will increase by 8.9 and 51.1%, respectively, leading to improved socio-economic well-being of the region’s people and protection of its environmental resources.

Refined Estimation of Potential GDP Exposure in Low-Elevation Coastal Zones (LECZ) of China Based on Multi-Source Data and Random Forest

With climate change and rising sea levels, the residents and assets in low-elevation coastal zones (LECZ) are at increasing risk. The application of high-resolution gridded population datasets in recent years has highlighted the threats faced by people living in LECZ. However, the potential exposure of gross domestic product (GDP) within LECZ remains unknown, due to the absence of refined GDP datasets and corresponding analyzes for coastal regions. The climate-related risks faced by LECZ may still be underestimated. In this study, we estimated the potential exposure of GDP in the LECZ across China by overlying DEM with new gridded GDP datasets generated by random forest models. The results show that 24.02% and 22.7% of China’s total GDP were located in the LECZ in 2010 and 2019, respectively, while the area of the LECZ only accounted for 1.91% of China’s territory. Significant variability appears in the spatial-temporal pattern and the volume of GDP across sectors, which impedes disaster prevention and mitigation efforts within administrative regions. Interannual comparisons reveal a rapid increase in GDP within the LECZ, but a decline in its share of the country. Policy reasons may have driven the slow shift of China’s economy to regions far from the LECZ.

The contribution of agricultural crop production towards the economic growth of Indonesia’s agricultural sector

The agricultural sector is annually included in the top three after the manufacturing sector and wholesale and retail trade sectors as Indonesia’s largest contributor to gross domestic product (GDP). The average contribution of the agricultural sector to the country’s income is around 11–13% of total GDP. The GRDP of the agricultural sector (AgriGRDP) is an indicator of the economic growth of Indonesia’s agricultural sector. This study aims to examine the contribution of plantation crop production (PPC), food crop production (PFC), horticultural crop production (PHC), and farmer terms of trade (FTT) to the AgriGRDP. This study uses secondary data sourced from BPS-Statistics Indonesia. This research method uses panel data regression analysis with time series data for 2018–2021 and cross-sectional data from 33 provinces in Indonesia, resulting in 132 observations. The results of this study found that the best econometric model to answer the research objectives is the random effect model (REM). The findings of this study indicate that simultaneously and partially, the variables PPC, PFC, PHC, and FTT have a significant positive effect on AgriGRDP. An increase in PPC, PFC, PHC, and FTT will increase Indonesia’s AgriGRDP.