Total Free Phenolics Research Articles

The biochemical composition and nutrient assessment of less known pulses of the genusCanavalia

Two germplasms of the tribal pulse, Canavalia gladiata collected from Kalakad Wildlife Sanctuary and Mundanthurai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu and another tribal pulse, Canavalia ensiformis, collected from Mullai Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu were analysed for proximate composition, mineral composition, seed protein fractions, amino acid profiles, fatty acids and antinutritional factors. The investigated seed materials contained higher amounts of crude protein, crude fat and energy content when compared with most of the commonly consumed Indian pulses. The seeds were found to be a rich source of minerals such as Na, K and Ca. Albumin and globulin fractions constituted the major bulk of seed proteins. Seed proteins of the investigated samples contained essential amino acids such as isoleucine, leucine and tyrosine in higher concentrations. Nonetheless valine and the sulphur-containing amino acids occurred in lower amounts when compared with the WHO/FAO (1973) recommended pattern. The seed lipids of the investigated samples contained higher amounts of the essential fatty acids, linoleic and linolenic, when compared with Cajanus cajan and Glycine max. The total free phenols, tannins, L-DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) and haemagglutinating activity were also analysed or assayed.

Chemical composition and nutritional potential of the tribal pulse (Bauhinia malabarica Roxb)

Proximate and mineral composition, seed protein fractions, amino acid composition, fatty acid profiles and antinutritional factors were analysed for the seeds of the tribal pulse, Bauhinia malabarica. The seeds contained higher amount of crude lipid when compared with most of the domesticated pulses. The seeds were rich in minerals like Ca, Mg and Fe. Glutelins (45%) constituted the major seed protein fraction followed by globulins which accounted for about 34%. Cystine and methionine were found to be the limiting essential amino acids; whereas tyrosine and phenylalanine content were fairly high when compared with WHO requirement pattern. The unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid and linoleic acid, were predominant in seed lipids. Presence of antinutritional substances like total free phenols, tannins, L-DOPA and haemagglutinating activity also were analysed/assayed.

Chemical composition and nutritional evaluation of two little-known species of Vigna

The seeds of Vigna capensis and V. sinensis have been analysed for proximate and mineral composition, seed protein fractions, seed protein amino acid profiles, fatty acid lipid profiles and antinutritional factors. The crude protein contents of the Vigna species investigated appeared to be closer to the levels of commonly consumed pulses. The seeds of the two Vigna species analysed were rich in the minerals K, Ca, Mg, P and Fe. The albumins and globulins constituted the major bulk of seed proteins in V. capensis and V. sinensis. Seed proteins of V. sinensis were found to have higher methionine contents when compared with the other sample investigated. In V. capensis and V. sinensis the contents of the essential amino acids valine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and lysine were fairly high. Fatty acids such as palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids were found to be relatively high in both the tribal pulses investigated. Antinutritional factors such as total free phenols, tannins, l-DOPA and haemagglutinating activity were also analysed or assayed.

Chemical and nutritional evaluation of raw seeds of the tribal pulsesParkia roxburghiiG. Don. andEntada phaseoloides(L.) Merr.

Raw seeds of tribal pulses, Parkia roxburghii and Entada phaseoloides, were analysed for proximate and mineral composition, seed protein fractions, seed protein amino acid profiles, fatty acid profiles of lipids and anti-nutritional factors. The seeds of P. roxburghii contain higher contents of crude protein and crude lipid compared to E. phaseoloides resulting in high energy value. Both the seeds were rich in potassium and iron. The seeds of E. phaseoloides were found to be a rich source of minerals such as magnesium, phosphorus, zinc and manganese. Albumins and globulins constituted the predominant fractions of the seed proteins. In P. roxburghii and E. phaseoloides the contents of the essential amino acids, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine, were fairly high. Fatty acids such as oleic and linoleic acids were found to be relatively high in both the tribal pulses. Anti-nutritional factors such as total free phenols, tannins, L-DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalaline) and haemagglutinating activity also were analysed or assayed.

Nutritional and chemical evaluation of raw seeds of Canavalia gladiata (Jacq) DC. and C. ensiformis DC: the under utilized food and fodder crops in India.

In India, the seeds of Canavalia gladiata and C. ensiformis have traditionally been eaten by the aborigines, but they are less popular among the civilized people. The data on the chemical composition and nutritional quality of these seeds are not readily available. The proximate composition, mineral composition, the contents of total (true) proteins, seed protein fractions, profile of seed protein amino acids and certain antinutritional factors were analysed and reported in the present study. The seeds of C. ensiformis contain more crude protein, crude lipid and minerals like Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe and Mn than does C. gladiata. Both albumins and globulins together constitute the major bulk of seed proteins. In both the species of Canavalia investigated, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, isoleucine + leucine, tyrosine + phenylalanine and lysine are the major amino acids of seed proteins. The presence of certain antinutritional factors (total free phenols, tannins, lectins, L-DOPA, trypsin inhibitor activity) is also reported for both species of Canavalia.

The chemical composition and nutritional potential of the tribal pulse, Abrus precatorius L.

The boiled seeds of Abrus precatorius L. are eaten by the residents of the Andaman Islands in India. The seeds were analysed for proximate composition, total (true) protein, seed protein fractions, amino acid profile of seed proteins, minerals and certain antinutritional factors. The seed proteins are rich in most of the essential amino acids, and they are deficient only in cystine and threonine, when compared to the WHO/FAO requirement pattern. The antinutritional factors (total free phenols, tannins, trypsin inhibitor activity and haemagglutinating activity) were also investigated.

Facile spectrophotometric quantification method of sinapic acid in hexane-extracted and methanol-ammonia-water-treated mustard and rapeseed meals

The contribution of sinapic acid to the free, esterified, and insoluble bound phenolics of a number of Brassica oilseeds, namely Triton (B. napus), Midas (B. napus), and Hu You 9 (B. napus) rapeseed and Domo mustard (B. juncea), was determined according to a simple spectrophotometric method. Sinapic acid constituted 65-86% of free and 71-97% of esterified phenolic acids of defatted meals. The contribution of sinapic acid to insoluble bound phenolic was 7-32%. Treatment of defatted meals with 10% ammonia in 95% methanol (MeOH-NH3-H2O) resulted in the removal of 41-75% of their total free phenolics and 45-79% of the content of sinapic acid in this fraction. This process also removed 82-93% of the total esterified phenolics and 86-93% of their corresponding sinapic acid. In all cases, MeOH-NH3-H2O extraction enhanced the protein content of the resultant meals.

The biochemical composition and nutritional potential of the tribal pulse, Alysicarpus rugosus (Willd.) DC

Seeds of the tribal pulse, Alysicarpus rugosus (Willd.) DC, were analysed for proximate composition, seed protein fractions, amino acid composition, fatty acid profiles, minerals and antinutritional factors. The seed materials contained higher amounts of crude protein and crude lipid when compared with most of the commonly consumed pulses. Albumin and globulin fractions constituted the major bulk of seed proteins. Though the level of the essential amino acid, threonine, was deficient, all the other essential amino acids, especially suipho-amino acids, together, of the seed proteins, were relatively abundant when compared with those of soybean seed proteins. The seed lipids contained a large proportion of unsaturated fatty acids with linoleic acid as the predominant fatty acid. The seeds were rich in minerals such as Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu. Antinutritional substances, such as total free phenols, tannins, l-DOPA and haemagglutinating activity, were also analysed/assayed.

The biochemical composition and nutritional potential of the tribal pulse,Mucuna monosperma DC. ex Wight

Two germplasms of the tribal pulse, Mucuna monosperma Dc. ex Wight, viz., Thirunelly Reserve Forest, Wynaad District (Kerala) and Siruvani Reserve Forest, Coimbatore District (Tamilnadu), were analysed for proximate composition, total (true) seed proteins, seed protein fractionation, amino acid composition, fatty acids, minerals and anti-nutritional factors. Crude proteins, crude lipids, ash and nitrogen free extractives constituted 23.10%, 4.36%, 3.80%, 61.74%, respectively, in Tamilnadu germplasm; whereas, in Kerala germplasm they constituted 20.13%, 8.99%, 3.60% and 61.69%, respectively. The calorific values of 100 g dry matter of seed material are 408.19 KCal (Kerala) and 378.60 KCal (Tamilnadu) germplasms. Essential amino acids like methionine, cystine, threonine and valine were found to be limiting in the seed proteins of both the germplasms. The fatty acids like lauric acid and palmitic acid are found to be common in both the germplasm seed samples, while linoleic and oleic acids in Kerala germplasm and stearic acid in Tamilnadu germplasm are present. The Tamilnadu germplasm seems to be a rich source of sodium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, copper and iron; whereas the Kerala germplasm seems to be a rich source of phosphorus. Antinutritional substances like total free phenols, tannins, L-DOPA, trypsin inhibitor activity and phytohaemagglutinating activity also were investigated.

Nutritional and chemical evaluation of raw seeds of the tribal pulseVigna trilobata(L.)Verdc

The proximate composition, seed protein fractions, amino acid profiles, fatty acids, minerals and anti-nutritional factors of Vigna trilobata were analysed. The crude protein content was 20.31%, crude fat 5.54%, crude fibre 8.81% and ash 2.71%. The seeds were found to be a rich source of minerals such as Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn compared to some of the most common Indian pulses. In the seed proteins the essential amino acids valine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and lysine were somewhat higher, but threonine, isoleucine and the sulphur-containing amino acids lower than recommended in the WHO/FAO requirement pattern. The seed lipids contained a large proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. The total free phenols, tannins, L-DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) and haemagglutinating activity were also analysed or assayed.

The biochemical composition and nutritional potential of the tribal pulse,Mucuna gigantea (Willd) DC

Seeds of the tribal pulse, Mucuna gigantea, were analysed for proximate composition, total (true) seed proteins, seed protein fractionation, amino acid composition, minerals and antinutritional factors. Crude proteins, crude lipids, ash and nitrogen free extractives constituted 30.62%, 9.03%, 5.99% and 42.79%, respectively. The calorific values of 100 g dry matter of seed material is 374.91 kCal. The essential amino acids, leucine + isoleucine, are present in relatively large quantities. The seeds are rich in minerals like K, Ca, Mg and Fe. Antinutritional substances like total free phenols and tannins, trypsin inhibitor activity and haemagglutinating activity also were investigated.

Studies on the underexploited tree pulses, Acacia catechu willd., Parkinsonia aculeata L. and Prosopis chilensis (molina) stunz: Chemical composition and antinutritional factors

Three different underexploited tree pulses, Acacia catechu, Parkinsonia aculeata and Prosopis chilensis, are analysed for proximate composition, seed protein fractions, amino acid profiles, minerals and antinutritional factors. The seeds of Prosopis chilensis contain higher contents of crude protein and crude lipid compared with most common pulses. The seeds of all the three pulses analysed are rich in the minerals K, Ca, Mg and Fe. The albumins and glutelins constitute the major bulk of seed proteins in Parkinsonia aculeata and Prosopis chilensis. All the three species are distinctly deficient in sulpho-amino acids, cystine and methionine. Apart from this, the seed proteins of P. aculeata are deficient in isoleucine + leucine and the seed proteins of P. chilensis are deficient in threonine and tyrosine + phenylalanine. Antinutritional factors such as total free phenols, tannins, l-DOPA, haemagglutinating activity and trypsin inhibitor activity are also analysed.

Tyrosinase Immobilized within Artificial Cells for Detoxification in Liver Failure: Ii. in Vivo Studies in Fulminant Hepatic Failure Rats

Galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic failure rats were used for in vivo studies of the removal of tyrosine and total free phenol by means of hemoperfusion over immobilized tyrosinase within artificial cells. The elevated plasma tyrosine level was decreased to about half the value after one hour of hemoperfusion. The studies of tyrosine clearance suggest that it is efficient and remains constant throughout the one-hour hemoperfusion. In those galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic failure rats with increased total free phenol levels hemoperfusion over tyrosinase artificial cells significantly lowered the level.

Phenolic conwent in the roots and leaves of tolerant and susceptible citrus cultivars attacked by Radopholus similis

The free and bound phenolics were quantitatively determined in the roots and leaves of both healthy and Radopholus similis-infected citrus cultivars, three of which were susceptible and three tolerant to the pathogen. Forty-one phenolics were detected, thirty-two of which were present in significant amounts. The same kinds of phenolics, with few exceptions, were isolated from the six cultivars whether healthy or infected and changes in the individual phenolics in the susceptible and tolerant groups were principally quantitative. In R. similis-infected plants, eleven of the bound phenolics in the roots of tolerant cultivars were appreciably increased while in the susceptible cultivars, the individual bound phenolics either remained unchanged or were lowered. The net effect of infection was a 27–300 per cent increase in the bound phenolics in the roots from tolerant cultivars while in the roots from the susceptible group, the bound phenolics were reduced 16–34 per cent. There was no consistent pattern of accumulation or reduction of the total free or individual free phenolics in infected roots from any of the cultivars. The total bound phenolics in the leaves from both the tolerant and susceptible cultivars were not significantly increased as a consequence of infection, although increases in specific individual bound phenolics were observed. After infection, the free phenolics in the leaves from the tolerant cultivars were increased from 2 to 7 per cent of the total phenolicp, while in the susceptible cultivars, the free phenolics remained at the same level.

The effect of change in type of intestinal bacteria on urinary indican and phenols

Experiments were carried out on seven individuals to determine the effect on urinary indican and phenols brought about by change from essentially putrefactive to aciduric type of intestinal flora. In the experimental period one quart of a skim milk culture of B. acidophilus containing 100 grams lactose was added to the ordinary diet. Total nitrogen, indican, free and combined phenols were determined in the urine and the bacterial count was made on the feces.Two of the subjects failed to react to change of flora under the treatment. Three others showed a tendency toward decrease in urinary indican and combined phenols when B. acidophilus attained a concentration of 90-100 per cent. in the feces. The remaining two showed increased indican and phenol excretion when the milk culture was added to the diet although the concentration of B. acidophilus in the feces was at least 90 per cent.These data suggest that, when B. acidophilus is given in milk culture, in some subjects the increased amount of available try...