Total Flavanoid Content Research Articles

In-vitro evaluation of antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of Murraya koenigii, Aegle marmelos and Laurus nobilis

This study investigates the antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of Murraya koenigii (curry leaf), Aegle marmelos (bael) and Laurus nobilis (bay leaf) using in vitro assays. The plants have been traditionally used in Indian medicinal systems for the treatment of various metabolic disorders. Aqueous extracts from the leaves of Murraya koenigii, fruit pulp of Aegle marmelos and leaves of Laurus nobilis were prepared. The total phenolic content and total flavanoid content was also determined in these aqueous extracts. They were tested for their ability to scavange free radicals by DPPH assay, ABTS assay and FRAP assay which are elevated during various metabolic disorders. The results suggest that all the three plants exhibited significant antioxidant activities. But strongest antioxidant properties were exhibited by Murraya koenigii leaf extract followed by the pulp of Aegle marmelos and lowest antioxidant activity was exhibited by Laurus nobilis extract, supporting their use in traditional medicine and potential development into therapeutic agents. So, this research suggested that these medicinal plants possess a significant antioxidant potential and are important source of natural antioxidants and can be effectively used in treating oxidative stress disorders. As a result, the study's significant findings demonstrate that it is a step towards evidence-based phytomedicine.

Effect of High-Pressure Processing on the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Honey

AbstractHigh pressure processing (HPP) have the potential to be used as an alternative to commercial thermal processing of honey. Its impact on the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of honey have yet to be understood properly. This study focuses on the effects of HPP on the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of honey. Six different honey samples were subjected to HPP at 400 and 600 MPa for 10 and 15 min. The antioxidant properties were measured in terms of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging assay, and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) free radical scavenging assay. The antibacterial activity was measured as the minimum bacteriocidal and minimum bacterial inhibition concentration of honey against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. HPP decreased the total phenolic content and increased the total flavanoid content. There was an increase in the antibacterial activity of HPP honey against S. aureus, whereas no significant changes were observed against P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. It was evident that the changes in the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of honey samples were dependent on the HPP processing parameters and the type of honey.

<em>In-Vitro</em> antioxidant activity of essential oils and oleoresins of cinnamon, clove bud, ginger and their synergistic interactions

Essential oils (EOs) and oleoresins (ORs) are well distinguished for their antioxidant properties and they can be widely used in the food industry as preservatives. The present study was executed for evaluating the synergistic interactions on antioxidant efficacy of EOs and ORs of cinnamon, clove bud and ginger and their combinations. EOs and ORs were obtained by hydro-distillation and solvent extraction. In-vitro antioxidant properties were investigated by DPPH free radical scavenging assay, phosphomolybdenum method (Total Antioxidant Capacity, TAC) and ABTS radical scavenging activity assay. EOs and ORs which consisted with different chemical constituents and different Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavanoid Content (TFC) exhibited a range of variation in the inhibition percentage of DPPH and IC50 values (0.1645-6.5181 mg/mL). The TAC of EOs and ORs was within the range of 0.27-3.94 mg AAE/mg. The ORs showed higher inhibition percentages and TAC compared to EOs of the same spice. This study revealed that clove buds contains higher antioxidant properties than cinnamon and ginger. Significant reductions in IC50 values were shown in EO blends compared to the ORs blends. The combination of cinnamon EO/clove bud EO and combination cinnamon EO/ginger EO showed strong synergy in tested samples. Therefore, both EOs and ORs of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Syzygium aromaticum, Zingiber officinale and their blends are excellent sources for natural and effective natural antioxidant agents in the food industry.

The Effect of Different Cooking Methods and Addition of Different Sweeteners on the Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Aronia Marmalade

The present study examined the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP), and sensory properties of aronia marmalades prepared with different cooking methods (CM) (boiled (B) and pressure-boiled (PB)) by adding sugar (S) and stevia prebiotic fiber sweetener (SP). Ash, reducing sugar, sucrose, viscosity, L*, a*, b*, C*, and H° values, and total sugar content of aronia pulp and marmalades differed significantly by cooking method and sweetener type (ST). Hydroxymethylfurfural could not be detected in aronia pulp and marmalades. Concerning CM, TPC (total phenolic content) and TMA (total monomeric anthocyanin) values were found to be significantly higher in PB cooking than in the B cooking method. On the other hand, TFC (total flavanoid content) was statistically higher in boiled marmalades. According to CM, the DPPH antioxidant activity of marmalades was significantly higher in B marmalades. The TPC, TMA, TFC, and antioxidant properties of marmalades differed sigficantly by ST. The TPC of marmalades prepared with SP addition was higher than that of S-added marmalades and control. According to ST, whereas the antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) of S and SP-added marmalades were lower compared to the control, the antioxidant activities determined by DPPH and ABTS among S and SP-added marmalades were higher in SP-added marmalades. The panelists gave the highest scores to BSC (boiled S-added marmalade). Considering the overall acceptance scores, the second highest score was given to BST (boiled SP-added marmalade). In other words, in terms of sensory evaluation, boiled marmalades received higher overall acceptance scores, while PBST (PB SP-added marmalade) received the lowest scores. According to these results, astringency components decrease with cooking in an open vessel. Furthermore, it can be said that sugar masks this astringent taste.

Bioactive and Sensory Properties of Sweet Italian (Capsicum annuum) and Habanero (Capsicum chinense) Pepper Commonly Consumed in Benue State of Nigeria

This study investigated the bioactive and sensory properties of Sweet Italian (Capsicum annum) and Habanero (Capsicum chinese) pepper varieties, which are the common varieties of pepper consumed in Benue State, Nigeria. The two varieties of pepper were harvested fresh and dried using local drying equipment and milled into powder using a laboratory blender. The bioactive, phytochemical and sensory properties of the two pepper varieties were evaluated using standard methods. Results showed that the bioactive components of Habanero (HNP) and Sweet Italian (SIP) pepper varieties were vitamin C (60.32 and 51.50), lycopene (142.00mg/g and 118.00mg/g) and carotene (52mg/g and 40.10mg/g) for HNP and SIP respectively. The phytochemical content include total phenolic content (136.0±0.98 and 173.0±1.4 mg GAE/g), total flavanoid content (78.6±1.1 and 62.7±0.1.37 mg RUTIN/g), Tannin (1.53±0.16 and 1.55±0.09 mg/g), Saponin (0.13±0.02 and 0.15±0.05 mg/g), Steroids (0.91±0.04 and 0.89±0.09 mg/g) and Alkaloids (6.75±0.53 and 7.00±0.35 mg/g). The values for sensory properties of the pepper samples ranged between (6.25 ˗ 8.40) for appearance, (5.95 ˗ 7.85) for aroma, (5.55 ˗ 7.5) for taste, (5.20 ˗ 7.90) for mouth feel and (5.75 ˗ 7.90) for overall acceptability. The Suya from HNP peppers was most preferred for all the sensory attributes measured except for appearance the Suya prepared from SIP and HNP exhibited more acceptable sensorial attributes than the commercial suya, The results thus suggest that these peppers have bioactive properties that could be utilized in the prevention and management of degenerative chronic diseases such as oxidative stress and diabesity in our communities.

Bioactive Component Analysis of Dices of Pomegranate Fruits in Different Phenotype

Pomegranate fruit is a type of fruit belonging to the family of Lythraceae, consisting of shell, kernel, grains and dice. In this study, pomegranates of 3 different genotypes (local name: deve dişi, hicaz and nuz ekşisi) harvested (October-December), which are widely cultivated in the province of Gaziantep, Oğuzeli, were collected, and after identification, the dice sections were removed and dried in the shade. Total antioxidant and total oxidant levels, animicrobial activities, DNA protective activity and total flavanoid and total phenolic content were determined in 18 extracts in 3 different solvents (methanol, ethanol and DMSO) with solid-liquid extraction. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to determine antimicrobial properties. According to the results obtained, 100% of Escherichia coli, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Staphylococcus aureus strains were resistant to all membrane extracts. While antioxidant levels of all membrane extracts were found highly and oxidant levels were found to be low. It was determined that the extracts have the potential to protect DNA against oxidative damage caused by UV and H2O2. Total phenolic determination by Folin-Ciocalteu method; Total flavonoid amount was measured by AlCl3 using colorimetric method. Compared to the solvent and extraction methods used, high results were obtained in both phenolic and flavonoid determinations in all extracts, although they differed slightly among themselves. While the pomegranate fruit is consumed as food, the dice and shell parts are discarded. According to our study results, it is thought that alternative new products that can be used in complementary medicine can be obtained from pomegranate membranes that have a rich bioactive composition.

Molecular and biochemical characterization of rice developed through conventional integration of nDart1-0 transposon gene

Mutations, the genetic variations in genomic sequences, play an important role in molecular biology and biotechnology. During DNA replication or meiosis, one of the mutations is transposons or jumping genes. An indigenous transposon nDart1-0 was successfully introduced into local indica cultivar Basmati-370 from transposon-tagged line viz., GR-7895 (japonica genotype) through conventional breeding technique, successive backcrossing. Plants from segregating populationsshowed variegated phenotypes were tagged as BM-37 mutants. Blast analysis of the sequence data revealed that the GTP-binding protein, located on the BAC clone OJ1781_H11 of chromosome 5, contained an insertion of DNA transposon nDart1-0. The nDart1-0 has “A” at position 254 bp, whereas nDart1 homologs have “G”, which efficiently distinguishes nDart1-0 from its homologs. The histological analysis revealed that the chloroplast of mesophyll cells in BM-37 was disrupted with reduction in size of starch granules and higher number of osmophillic plastoglobuli, which resulted in decreased chlorophyll contents and carotenoids, gas exchange parameters (Pn, g, E, Ci), and reduced expression level of genes associated with chlorophyll biosynthesis, photosynthesis and chloroplast development. Along with the rise of GTP protein, the salicylic acid (SA) and gibberellic acid (GA) and antioxidant contents(SOD) and MDA levels significantly enhanced, while, the cytokinins (CK), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), total flavanoid contents (TFC) and total phenolic contents (TPC) significantly reduced in BM-37 mutant plants as compared with WT plants. These results support the notion that GTP-binding proteins influence the process underlying chloroplast formation. Therefore, it is anticipated that to combat biotic or abiotic stress conditions, the nDart1-0 tagged mutant (BM-37) of Basmati-370 would be beneficial.

Isolation, purification and characterization of quercetin from Cucumis sativus peels; its antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity evaluations.

The peels of C.sativus are produced in large quantities in food processing industries and as kitchen-waste, resulting into tremendous loss of valuable bioactive components. Considering this, the flavanoids from C.sativus peels (CSP) were isolated and characterized by the column chromatography, high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) methods. The antioxidant and antibacterial activity of CSP extract against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was assessed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also used to investigate the killing efficacy of CSP extract against selected bacterial strains. Cytotoxic activity of extract was analyzed on L929 (connective tissue, Mouse, Mus Muscular) cell lines to check their viability. According to the results, total flavanoid content in CSP extract was found as 55.3 ± 1.154µg/g QE and the chromatographic and spectral data of the isolated compound was elucidated as quercetin-a flavanoid. The CSP extract has also found to give significant antioxidant activity for both DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay. The CSP extract was found to inhibit growth of E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. mutans by forming inhibitory zones of 11.36 ± 0.47, 6.7 ± 0.36mm and 10.16 ± 0.11mm, respectively. The SEM results also confirm the rupturing of cells or biofilms of bacterial cells as compare to control strains. Additionally, CSP extract was found to not inhibit the proliferation of L929 cells and more than 90% viability of cells was achieved. The present finding highlights the phytochemical profile and therapeutic applications of C.sativus peels.

Drying temperature-dependent profile of bioactive compounds and prediction of antioxidant capacity of cashew apple pomace using coupled Gaussian Process Regression and Support Vector Regression (GPR–SVR) model

Crude extracts from cashew apple pomace (CAP) dried at different temperatures were used in High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography to quantify total alkaloids content (TAC), total flavanoids content (TFC), total saponin content (TSC) and total phenolics content (TPC). Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to determine the antioxidant capacity (AOC) of CAP. Fourier-Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy-Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) was used to identify the functional groups present in the pomace. TAC, TFC, TSC and TPC were used as inputs to model AOC using Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), and Support Vector Regression (SVR) and a coupled model was developed using the residuals of GPR and SVR. It was found that increasing drying temperature decreased TAC, TFC, TPC and AOC but TSC increased. Both GPR and SVR predicted AOC with high accuracy. Drying CAP at lower temperature preserved more bioactive compounds hence high AOC; FTIR-ATR showed that CAP has good hydration capacity and contains majorly inorganic phosphates, aliphatic hydrocarbons and primary alcohols. Model coupling enhanced AOC prediction.

Estimation of phytochemicals contents and in-vitro antioxidant activity of Opuntia ficus Indica fruit extract

The plants isolated bioactive constituents are utilized as complementary and alternative medicine in various disorders. The present study was designed to evaluate chief photochemical constituents of and its anti-oxidative aptitude against free radicals. The extract of the plant was subjected to screened for phytochemicals classes, and measurement of anti-oxidant activity. Different in vitro anti-oxidant assay parameters include DPPH assay, reducing power assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, total phenolic content estimation, and total flavanoid content estimation. Our results indicated the presence of various flavanoids, alkaloids etc. Various antioxidant assay exhibited significant correlation with TPC and TFC and renders both plants are with therapeutic potential against free- radical-associated oxidative damages.

EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES, TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENT OF SIX MEDICINAL PLANTS

The medicinal plants, Aloe vera (Kattarvazha), Ocimum tenuiflourm (Tulsi), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Thymus vulgaris (Thyme), Piper betel (Betel leaf), Acalypha indica (Kuppaimeni) were selected for management of stored grain pest management. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid content of these six medicinal plant extracts were evaluated by using DPPH free radical, Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminium chloride method, respectively. The total Phenolic content of the extracts was determined spectrophotometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and ranged from 127.0 mg/g to 339.6 mg/g on fresh leaves basis. The total flavanoid content of extracts were determined by aluminium chloride colorimetric assay and the values ranged from 0.16 mg/g to 4.00 mg/g of fresh weight. The results showed that the betel leaf extracts in acetone have highest (80.35%) DPPH Scavenging activity. The use of these plant extracts for the pest management in storage facilities may provide additional medicinal values to stored food commodities.

Effect of Extraction Time and Temperature on Total Flavanoid Contents of Petai Belalang (Leucaena leucocephala) Seed Pretreated by Enzymatic Hydrolysis

The abundant availability of Leucaena leucocephala (petai belalang) in Malaysia was one of the contributing factors of this research. The phytochemicals obtained from this plant will contribute towards many fields mainly medicine and it becomes more favorable as compared to the modern medicines used these days. Diseases such as cancer, high blood pressure and diabetes are very crucial, and it occurs frequently among all ages of citizens in Malaysia. Therefore, phytochemicals in this plant can be a great substitute of modern medicines. However, lignin is known to interfere with the cell wall polysaccharides digestion, and hence considered as an anti-quality component in forages. To improve phytochemicals extraction, an effective degradation method of lignin is in demand. Thus, the goal of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of using enzymatic hydrolysis by laccase from Trametes versicolor (LTV) to breakdown lignin using mild reaction condition. To clarify the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis, a preliminary study on the percentage of lignin removal was conducted that taking the effect of LTV concentration, incubation temperature and time into consideration. The results were then used to analyze total flavonoid contents (TFC) of L.leucocephala seed after the extraction by using microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) method. In view of this, extraction temperature and time were varied. TFC was estimated by UV-VIS spectrophotometer for quantification by using quercetin as standard. The result emerge from this study showed that the TFC was high in the extraction temperature of 60˚C in 12 min with an average of 1639 mgQE/g.d.w and the lowest TFC was recorded at 30˚C with 677 mgQE/g.d.w. Further analysis showed that enzymatic hydrolysis has assisted the extraction of flavonoids, thus, provided scientific method to extract flavonoid as an alternative therapy for various diseases.

Near infrared spectroscopy coupled chemometric algorithms for prediction of the antioxidant activity of peanut seed (Arachis hypogaea)

In the present research work, near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometric algorithms such as partial least-squares (PLS) regression and some effective variable selection algorithms (synergy interval-PLS (Si-PLS), Backward interval-PLS (Bi-PLS), and genetic algorithm-PLS (GA-PLS)) were used for the quantification of antioxidant properties of peanut seed samples including, amongst others, total phenolic content, total flavanoid content and total antioxidant capacity. The developed models were assessed using coefficients of determination for the calibration (R2) and prediction (r2); root mean standard error of cross-validation, RMSECV; root mean square error of prediction, RMSEP and residual predictive deviation, RPD. The efficiency of the developed model was significantly enhanced with the use of Si-PLS, Bi-PLS, and GA-PLS as compared to the classical PLS model. The R2 for calibration and r2 for prediction varied from 0.76 to 0.95 and 0.72 to 0.94, respectively. The obtained results revealed that NIR spectroscopy, coupled with different chemometric algorithms, has the potential to be used for rapid assessment of the antioxidant properties of peanut seed.

Self-Crosslinked Ellipsoidal Poly(Tannic Acid) Particles for Bio-Medical Applications

Self-crosslinking of Tannic acid (TA) was accomplished to obtain poly(tannic acid) (p(TA)) particles in single step, surfactant free media using sodium periodate (NaIO4) as an oxidizing agent. Almost monodisperse p(TA) particles with 981 ± 76 nm sizes and −22 ± 4 mV zeta potential value with ellipsoidal shape was obtained. Only slight degradation of p(TA) particles with 6.8 ± 0.2% was observed at pH 7.4 in PBS up to 15 days because of the irreversible covalent formation between TA units, suggesting that hydrolytic degradation is independent from the used amounts of oxidation agents. p(TA) particles were found to be non-hemolytic up to 0.5 mg/mL concentration and found not to affect blood clotting mechanism up to 2 mg/mL concentration. Antioxidant activity of p(TA) particles was investigated by total phenol content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), total flavanoid content (TFC), and Fe (II) chelating activity. p(TA) particles showed strong antioxidant capability in comparison to TA molecules, except FRAP assay. The antibacterial activity of p(TA) particles was investigated by micro-dilution technique on E. coli as Gram‑negative and S. aureus as Gram-positive bacteria and found that p(TA) particles are more effective on S. aureus with over 50% inhibition at 20 mg/mL concentration attained.

Development and screening of byproduct for its secondary metabolites, antioxidant and anti-diabetic potential from anthracnose-infected fruits of pomegranate: a sustainable approach

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02629-z.

STUDY LITERATION OF CHEMICAL CONTENTS OF SOME PLANTS THAT POTENTIALLY AS THE SOLAR SOWS

Excessive sun exposure causes the epidermal tissue of the skin to be unable to fight negative effects such as skin disorders ranging from mild dermatitis to skin cancer, so skin protection is needed such as the use of sunscreen, many plants in Indonesia contain phenolic and flavonoid contents that can potentially act as sunscreens. This study aims to determine the chemical content of several plants that have potential as sunscreen. Where this research was conducted through data collection from several scientific research journals. The data collection is done online using Google, Google Scholar. Based on the data obtained from several scientific research journals, it can be stated that some plants have the potential to act as sunscreens, by looking at the content they have, namely phenolic and flavonoids. The ethanol extract of 96% of Sembung Rambat Plants (Mikania micrantha Kunth) with an SPF value of 42.8810 with a total flavanoid content of 1.175%.
 Peer Review History: 
 Received: 10 September 2020; Revised: 15 October; Accepted: 23 October, Available online: 15 November 2020
 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.
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 Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10
 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10
 Reviewer(s) detail:
 Ahmad Najib, Department of Pharmacognosy-Phytochemystry Universitas Muslim Indonesia-Indonesia, ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id
 Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, gehankandeel9@yahoo.com
 Dr. Mohamed Said Fathy Al-Refaey, University of Sadat City, Menofia, Egypt, mido_ph212@yahoo.com
 Prof. Dr. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, alialkaf21@gmail.com
 Comments of reviewer(s): 
 
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Phytochemical screening, anti-oxidant activity and α-amylase inhibition study using different extracts of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) leaves

Diabetes Mellitus is an endocrine disorder which causes insulin deficiency. Medicinal plants are documented to be efficacious in the management of the disease. The current research set to determine the phytochemicals present, anti-oxidant activity and investigate the potency of Eriobotrya japonica against α-amylase inhibition. The leaves of the plant were extracted sequentially. The different extracts were evaluated for the presence of phytochemicals and their potential anti-oxidant and α-amylase inhibition activity. Methanol with the highest polarity, gave the highest yield of 20% and hexane with the lowest polarity have the lowest yield of 2.09%. This trend resembled that observed for the total flavanoid and total phenolic content analysis which gave values of 0.3822 mg QAE/mg and 3.810 mg GAE/mg respectively for methanolic and hexane extracts. The extracts of methanol recorded higher DPPH free radical scavenging activity of 87% and gave the lowest IC50 of 0.5336 which was below that of ascorbic acid used as a control. Hexane extract had a higher α-amylase inhibitory activity of 24% at 1 μg/ml as compared to other extracts. Generally hexane extracts of Eriobotrya japonica exhibits mild inhibitory activity against α-amylase enzyme which is recommended than the conventional therapy which maximally inhibits the enzyme causing major side effects. The results obtained herein support the use of the plant as an anti-diabetic agent at higher concentrations.

Antimicrobial and Hepatoprotective Potential of Pterospermum acerifollium leaves Extracts on Swiss albino mice

The objective of present study to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of hydro-alcohollic extract leaves of Pterospermum acerifollium against antitubercular drug induced liver damage in swiss albino mice and also performs antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion assay. Successive extractions was performed with different organic solvents viz; hydroalcohollic by cold maceration. The extract was analysed as antioxidant activity as a content of Total phenolic content, Total flavanoid content, Reducing power assay and DPPH Scavenging assay. Antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract was estimated by Agar well diffusion method. Antitubercular drug induced is used as toxicants in hepatoprotective studies in acute condition was analysed by serum biochemical estimations by AST, ALT, ALP and Total Bilirubin. In-vivo Antioxidant activity was performed by LPO, GSH, SOD and Catalase. During the collection of tissue for biochemical estimation piece of tissue cut and transferred for Histopathological estimation. The levels were measured and it indicated that the extract had significant antioxidant activity however the results obtained were dose dependent the higher the dose (400 mg/kg) the better activity. The extract administered at dose 400 mg/kg showed better activity. The treatment with hydroalcohollic extract of Pterospermum acerifillium reduced the elevated levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, TB and also reversed the hepatic damage towards normal which further supports the hepatoprotective activity.
 Keywords: Succesive extraction, In-vivo, Serum biochemical, Cold maceration

Phenolic composition of Pine (Pinus spp.) honey from Turkey

In this study, the phenolic components of pine honey, which is a secretion honey, were studied. Total polyphenol content and total flavanoid contents of the honeys were ranged from 30 to 52 mg GAE/100 g and 0,86 to 1,58 mg QE/100 g, respectively. The phenolic composition of the honeys were analyzed by HPLC-UV assay with C18 column. The honey was found to be rich in protocathuic acid, chrysin, caffeic acid phenyl ester, p-OH benzoic acid, catechine, luteolin and gallic acid.

Pharmacognostic evaluation of aerial parts of Euphorbia tirucalli

Objectives: This study aimed to establish the pharmacognostic profile of aerial parts of Euphorbia tirucalli (ET) as per World Health Organization guidelines for ensuring the quality and identification of adulteration. Materials and Methods: Standardization parameters such as macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the study plant were evaluated. Hydroalcoholic and ethyl acetate extracts were prepared and subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. Further, the extracts were used to analyze total phenol and flavonoid contents, and their antioxidant activities were estimated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide assay. Results: Shape, size, color, odor, surface characteristics, and microscopic images exhibited useful diagnostic characteristics of aerial parts of plants. Total ash, water-soluble, and acid-insoluble ash were found to be 16.65' ± 1.050', 5.623' ± 1.11', and 2.56' ± 0.706, respectively. The loss on drying was 9.6', and water and alcoholic extractive values were 4.0' and 26', respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, steroidal triterpenoids, phenols, and flavonoids. Total flavanoid and phenol content in hydroalcoholic and ethyl acetate extracts of ET was found to be 246 mg rut/g, 120 mg rut/g, 81.36 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, and 279.58 mg GAE/g respectively. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and nitric oxide scavenging assay revealed the IC50 values of hydroalcoholic and ethyl acetate extracts as 69.599 μg/ml, 20.454 μg/ml, 17.017 μg/ml, and 17.562, respectively. Conclusion: The findings obtained from the present study help to authenticate and establish the pharmacopeia standards for the ET plant.