Fertility Rates Research Articles

Using MATLAB to Make Population Prediction Analysis

Through the curve fitting and interpolation function of matlab software, based on the demographic data in the Statistical Yearbook of Hunan Province from 2000 to 2020, the total population, birth rate and death rate of Hunan Province were predicted, and the data and images were obtained, showing intuitive results. This study uses the two forecasting methods to obtain images and compare them to enrich the population forecasting methods, which has great theoretical and research significance for the population development trend of the future society and the formulation of correct and reasonable population planning schemes.

Correlation Analysis Between National Fertility Rate and Socioeconomic Development: A Study Based on Birth Rates in China

China's declining fertility rate poses significant challenges to social and economic development. The deceleration in population growth, potentially leading to negative growth, has diverse implications. Socially, an aging population strains the social security system, escalating demands for healthcare and pensions, while insufficient supply may compromise social welfare. The labor market is also affected, as an aging populace may cause labor shortages and increased labor costs, impacting economic development. Economically, the fertility rate decline hampers economic growth by slowing down population and economic scale expansion. Adjustments to the labor market and industrial structure may induce short-term economic fluctuations and unemployment issues, negatively impacting the social economy. Addressing falling fertility rates requires government intervention. Strengthening the social security system is crucial to meet challenges posed by an aging population. Additionally, policies encouraging fertility are essential, involving support for healthcare, education, and childcare services. Human resource development must be emphasized to enhance workforce skills, adapting to labor market changes and economic needs. In conclusion, China's declining fertility rate profoundly influences social and economic development. Government measures are imperative to ensure sustainable and healthy socio-economic growth.

Fertility divergence across large and small areas

AbstractThis paper examines U.S. female fertility during 2005–2019. Small areas had higher fertility rates than large metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) during each year. Both experienced fertility declines between 2005 and 2019. However, decreased fertility was more pronounced for large MSAs, and the fertility gap between large and small areas widened considerably. Investigation by age group reveals that diverging fertility across large and small areas is driven by women ages 25–34. We also use multivariate regression analysis for ages 25–34 to consider relationships between individual‐level and area‐level characteristics and spatial divergence in fertility. Employment patterns, foreign‐born status, and local housing costs are notable factors.

A population-based estimation of maternal mortality in Lagos State, Nigeria using the indirect sisterhood method

BackgroundPregnancy and delivery deaths represent a risk to women, particularly those living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This population-based survey was conducted to provide estimates of the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Lagos Nigeria.MethodsA community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in mapped Wards and Enumeration Areas (EA) of all Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Lagos, among 9,986 women of reproductive age (15–49 years) from April to August 2022 using a 2-stage cluster sampling technique. A semi-structured, pre-tested questionnaire adapted from nationally representative surveys was administered using REDCap by trained field assistants for data collection on socio-demographics, reproductive health, fertility, and maternal mortality. Data were analysed using SPSS and MMR was estimated using the indirect sisterhood method. Ethical approval was obtained from the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Health Research and Ethics Committee.ResultsMost of the respondents (28.7%) were aged 25–29 years. Out of 546 deceased sisters reported, 120 (22%) died from maternal causes. Sisters of the deceased aged 20–24 reported almost half of the deaths (46.7%) as due to maternal causes, while those aged 45–49 reported the highest number of deceased sisters who died from other causes (90.2%). The total fertility rate (TFR) was calculated as 3.807, the Lifetime Risk (LTR) of maternal death was 0.0196 or 1-in-51, and the MMR was 430 per 100,000 [95% CI: 360–510].ConclusionOur findings show that the maternal mortality rate for Lagos remains unacceptable and has not changed significantly over time in actual terms. There is need to develop and intensify community-based intervention strategies, programs for private hospitals, monitor MMR trends, identify and contextually address barriers at all levels of maternal care.

What is driving the global decline of human fertility? Need for a multidisciplinary approach to the underlying mechanisms.

An intense period of human population expansion over the past 250 years is about to cease. Total fertility rates are falling dramatically all over the world such that highly industrialized nations, including China and the tiger economies of SE Asia, will see their populations decline significantly in the coming decades. The socioeconomic, geopolitical and environmental ramifications of this change are considerable and invite a multidisciplinary consideration of the underlying mechanisms. In the short-term, socioeconomic factors, particularly urbanization and delayed childbearing are powerful drivers of reduced fertility. In parallel, lifestyle factors such as obesity and the presence of numerous reproductive toxicants in the environment, including air-borne pollutants, nanoplastics and electromagnetic radiation, are seriously compromising reproductive health. In the longer term, it is hypothesized that the reduction in family size that accompanies the demographic transition will decrease selection pressure on high fertility genes leading to a progressive loss of human fecundity. Paradoxically, the uptake of assisted reproductive technologies at scale, may also contribute to such fecundity loss by encouraging the retention of poor fertility genotypes within the population. Since the decline in fertility rate that accompanies the demographic transition appears to be ubiquitous, the public health implications for our species are potentially devastating.

The dynamics of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC) choices in rural Jambi: Socio-economic perspectives

High population growth without concurrent improvements in human quality poses significant challenges in promoting equitable welfare across various life aspects. Thus, population control is crucial for achieving sustainable development goals. This study emphasizes the role of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC) in managing fertility rates and investigates three main components of population growth: fertility, mortality, and migration. The objectives are threefold: 1) Analyze the profile of fertile-age couples using LARC in rural Jambi; 2) Investigate the socio-economic factors influencing the choice between LARC and non-LARC methods among these couples; 3) Explore the relationship between the couples' characteristics and their choice of LARC. Data were collected from a survey of 200 fertile-age couples participating in a family planning program across four villages in Jambi. The analysis utilized descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression, and multinomial logistic regression. Findings indicate that LARC usage among fertile-age couples in rural Jambi is low, at approximately 28% of total contraceptive users, with implants being the most common LARC type. In contrast, non-LARC methods are more prevalent, accounting for 72% of usage, dominated by three-month injectables, followed by pills and male condoms. Significant factors influencing the choice between LARC and non-LARC include the husband's education, the woman's employment status, the number of living children, the disparity between actual and ideal family size, desire for more children, knowledge about contraceptive options, and family income. Furthermore, characteristics significantly related to the choice of LARC methods such as tubal ligation, implants, and IUDs include the woman's age, number of living children, the gap between the ideal and actual number of children, desire for more children, woman's employment status, knowledge about contraceptive devices, and family income.

On Some Demographic Structures and Economic Growth in Nigeria (2003–2022)

Effective development planning necessitates the integration of sound social and economic planning strategies. In Nigeria, demographic  and population data play a crucial role in shaping these plans. This research investigates the impact of demographic structure on the  country's economy, with a specific focus on key characteristics such as population size, birth rate, mortality rate, growth rate, GDP growth  rate, and fertility rate. The study analyzes demographic features alongside GDP growth rate data spanning from 2003 to 2022.  The findings reveal a robust correlation between birth rates and GDP growth, indicating that population dynamics significantly influence  economic development. Additionally, positive relationships are identified between death rates and GDP growth, underscoring the impact  of mortality issues on economic outcomes. The regression model demonstrates that demographic factors collectively mold Nigeria's  economic growth trajectory, shedding light on the intricate dynamics between demography and economic development. Through time  series analysis, the model exhibits low errors and high explanatory power. However, residual analysis highlights serial association,  emphasizing the temporal demographic effects on economic growth. Ultimately, the study underscores the potential contributions of  demographic characteristics to Nigeria's economy. Policymakers and economists keen on leveraging demographic shifts for economic  advancement will find valuable insights in this research. As demographic considerations increasingly play a pivotal role in Nigeria's  economic growth, strategic planning and decision-making must take these factors into account.

Validation and measurement properties of the Male and Female Fertility Knowledge Inventories (MFKI and FFKI) in Iranian couples

BackgroundOne of the most important population challenges during the last three decades has been the significant decrease in the fertility rate worldwide. Since the validity and reliability of the Male and Female Fertility Knowledge Inventories (MFKI and FFKI) have not been determined in Iran, we conducted this study to assess psychometric characteristics of the MFKI and FFKI in couples in Tabriz and Urmia, Iran.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study, as the first part (quantitative phase) of a sequential explanatory mixed-method study. The current study was done on 1200 participants (600 women with their husbands) living in the northwestern region of Iran, between January 2023 and September 2023. The psychometric properties of the Persian version of the tool (MFKI and FFKI) were performed in 5 stages, including translation process, content validity, face validity, construct validity and reliability assesment.ResultsIn this study, the CVI, CVR, and impact scores of the MFKI tool were equal to 0.90, 0.88, 3.26 and CVI, CVR, and Impact scores of the FFKI tool were respectively equal to 0.95, 0.91 and 3.59, that it indicated a satisfactory level of content and face validity. Then, to check the construct validity, the results of the exploratory factor analysis of the MFKI tool on 13 items led to the identification of 3 factors, including Environment and reproductive health (ERH), Lifestyle factors (LSF) and Sperm quality (SQ), which explained 66% of the cumulative variance. The results of the exploratory factor analysis of the FFKI tool on 15 items led to the identification of 4 factors, including Reproductive health (RH), Lifestyle factors (LSF), Chance of conception (CHC) and Ovarian reserve and preservation (ORP), which explained 68% of the cumulative variance.ConclusionsThe findings of this study indicated that the Persian version of MFKI and FFKI has acceptable psychometric properties to measure the awareness of Iranian couples regarding fertility, which can be used as a screening tool for fertility knowledge by health care professionals and also as a reliable tool in research.

Do parenthood worries impede the birth of a second child? Differences according to the parent’s gender and spousal support in Finland

Objective: This study examines the extent to which the experience of parenthood worries among Finnish first-time parents predicts the probability of a second birth, and whether the associations differ according to the parent’s gender or the sufficiency of spousal support in parenting. Background: First-time parents’ withdrawal from having a second child has been connected to declining fertility rates in Finland and many other high-income countries; consequently, more understanding is needed about why parents potentially refrain from subsequent childbearing. Method: We utilize longitudinal survey data collected from Finnish parents (N = 544) in three waves (2016–2020). Results: The results show that experiencing parenthood worries significantly predicts the probability of a second birth. Specifically, the accumulation of parenthood worries predicted a lower probability of a second birth, and each additional worry decreased the probability significantly more for fathers compared to mothers. Although we found no gender differences regarding the associations between specific parenthood worries and the probability of a second birth, our results showed that fathers who worried about loneliness or having sole responsibility for parenting were less likely to have a second child than fathers with no such worries. In terms of the sufficiency of spousal support in parenting, we found, first, that among parents who received insufficient spousal support, those who worried about their parenting skills adequacy had a lower probability of a second birth than those with no such worries. Second, among parents with sufficient spousal support, worrying about their own ability to cope was associated with decreased probability of a second birth compared to those who did not experience such worry. Conclusion: Our findings provide new insights into the potential influence of parenthood worries experienced by first-time parents and the role of spousal support in subsequent childbearing.

Old-age support policy and fertility with strategic bequest motives

This paper presents an analysis of the effects of public old-age support on individuals’ fertility decisions and on the long-term equilibrium in an overlapping generation economy with strategic bequest motives. Parents must pay their adult children at least the reservation wage to receive informal old-age support from them (individual rationality constraint). Formal old-age support is financed through wage taxes on children. The increased present value of formal old-age support tends to increase old-age utility, thereby decreasing the family support demand and decreasing savings for the old age. The increased wage tax reduces the opportunity cost of child-rearing time, thereby increasing the fertility rate. The effects of increased formal old-age support on per-worker capital and labor are indeterminate, as is the effect on the long-term lifetime utility of individuals. A strategic bequest motive might engender a higher fertility rate than that of the social optimum.

Research on the Low Fertility Rate in China

Research on the Low Fertility Rate in China

Adapting to Demographic Shifts: China's Policy Approaches in Mitigating Healthcare and Retirement Challenges Posed by Aging Populations

China is witnessing a profound demographic transformation marked by a swift rise in its elderly population, posing significant challenges to healthcare and retirement systems. This study investigates the multifaceted impact of this demographic shift, evaluating the effectiveness of government policies in mitigating these challenges. Driven by increased life expectancy and declining fertility rates, this demographic transition necessitates strategic policy responses. The central argument revolves around scrutinizing the efficacy of China's policies in addressing healthcare and retirement hurdles arising from this demographic change. The hypothesis posits that governmental initiatives, such as healthcare infrastructure investments, pension system reforms, and expanded healthcare coverage, will partially alleviate existing challenges. Moreover, the paper hypothesizes on the societal impact of these policies, aiming to enhance elderly individuals' quality of life, alleviate healthcare-related financial burdens, and stimulate economic growth while relieving social welfare pressures. Employing a literature analysis methodology, this study critically evaluates existing scholarly works, policy documents, and empirical studies. While acknowledging the present challenges, it anticipates potential disparities in medical resources, sustainability concerns in pension systems, and issues surrounding the social integration of the elderly as the aging population expands. Recommendations underscore the necessity for adaptive policies to sustainably address these challenges. Through a comprehensive approach, this paper analyzes current policies, forecasts their impact, and conjectures future challenges, aiming to provide holistic insights into the effectiveness of policies aimed at managing the intricacies of an aging population in China.

Predictions of Malaysia Age-Specific Fertility Rates using the Lee-Carter and the Functional Data Approaches

Global fertility has been experiencing a significant decline, reaching towards the replacement ratio. This trend, coupled with increasing life expectancies, has led to the emergence of an ageing population. In this study, we delve into an analysis of fertility patterns among Malaysian women, considering both their childbearing age and ethnic groups. A comprehensive 63-year fertility dataset, from 1958 to 2020, were obtained from the Department of Statistics Malaysia.  These data were fitted into the Lee-Carter model and its modified version, which is the functional data model. The models were evaluated using the out-sample forecast error measures. Results indicate that the third-order functional data model able to capture most of variation present in the actual data, consequently outperforming the Lee-Carter model in forecasting fertility rates among Chinese and Indian populations. The 20-year forecasts reveal a noteworthy shift in maternal ages of the highest births to older ages suggesting a trend towards delayed pregnancies among women. It is predicted that the Malay total fertility rates will likely fall to below the replacement level reaching 1.71 in 2040 whereas Chinese and Indian total fertility rates will substantially decrease to the lowest level in history below 1.0 which are 0.54 and 0.70 respectively. The evolution in Malaysian fertility rates is an alarming fact as, together with low mortality rates, it may impact the Malaysian population structure in future. Proactive policy measures are urgently needed to address these demographic shifts.

Integration of immigrant women in Europe: a multifaceted approach

PurposeThis work analyzes female immigrants’ integration in the dimensions of education, labor market participation and fertility in 15 European countries, considering individual characteristics, including cultural background, host countries’ attitudes towards immigrants, the role of women in the family and country-specific integration policy. All these aspects taken together are crucial to understand the main patterns of integration focusing on gender differences.Design/methodology/approachWe focus on second- and first-generation male and female immigrants between the age of 25 and 41, with a length of stay of at least ten years. Enrollment ratios for tertiary education in parents’ countries, the total fertility rate and the female labor force in the mother’s country represent ethnic background. Diversity in the destination regions is captured by local attitudes towards immigrants, the perceived role of women and national policies to integrate migrants [Migrant Integration Policy Index (MIPEX)]. The data are drawn from the European Social Survey (ESS) for 2010–2018. Our results are based on ordinary least squares (OLS) and logit estimates; multilevel analysis was conducted.FindingsWe find significant evidence of gender role transmission from mother to daughter; age at immigration seems to be crucial to examine the importance of the culture of origin among immigrants. However, females are responsive to attitudes toward immigrants and gender equality in receiving societies, while integration policies, by defining the set of opportunities, may contribute to both genders’ tertiary education and women’s probability of being in the labor force.Social implicationsThis work underlines that integration policies favoring equal rights as nationals may contribute to both women’s tertiary education and their probability of being in the labor force.Originality/valueWe explore female integration in Europe in the dimensions of education, labor market, fertility and the role of both immigrants’ cultural heritage and specific aspects of destination countries. Previous research, particularly in the USA, has generally focused on some of these features at the expense of a more comprehensive approach. This study builds upon the existing literature and contributes to it by taking a multifaceted approach to female integration in Western Europe, which presents not only an institutional context different from the USA but also some heterogeneity with respect to integration policies and socioeconomic factors.

Mitochondrial Fission in Nickel Nanoparticle-Induced Reproductive Toxicity: An In Vitro GC-1 Cell Study.

Reproductive disorders and declining fertility rates are significant public health concerns affecting birth rates and future populations. Male infertility, often due to spermatogenesis defects, may be linked to environmental pollutants like nickel nanoparticles (Ni NPs). Ni NPs are extensively utilized across different industries. Nevertheless, their potential adverse effects cannot be overlooked. Previous studies have linked the reproductive toxicity induced by Ni NPs with disturbances in mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial division/fusion dynamics are crucial to their proper function, yet little is known about how Ni NPs perturb these dynamics and whether such perturbation contributes to the impairment of the male reproductive system. Herein, we demonstrated that the exposure of Ni NPs to the mouse-derived spermatogonia cell line (GC-1 cells) triggered DRP1-mediated mitochondrial division and the enhanced impairment of mitochondria, consequently promoting mitochondria-dependent cell apoptosis. Notably, both the mitochondrial division inhibitor (Mdivi-1) and lentiviral-transfected cells with low expression of Dnm1l-DK in these cells could mitigate the toxic effects induced by Ni NPs, pointing to the potential role of mitochondrial dynamics in Ni NP-induced reproductive toxicity. Collectively, our work contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms by which Ni NPs can impact male reproductive function and identifies mitochondrial division as a potential target for intervention.

An investigation into the convergence of economic growth among Indian States and the path ahead

This study offers a comprehensive examination of economic growth and convergence in the Indian States and Union Territories (U.T.) over the period from 1991 to 2020. It investigates absolute, sigma, and conditional convergence within this diverse set of states and utilizes the augmented Solow and extended Solow models to explore conditional convergence dynamics. The empirical findings reveal several significant insights. First, there is no substantial negative correlation between the initial per capita GDP ratio and the average annual growth rate, indicating the absence of absolute convergence across the Indian States and U.T. economies during the study period. These results align with those obtained from sigma convergence analysis, reinforcing the absence of widespread convergence. However, conditional convergence is observed, as evidenced by the rate of conditional convergence (coefficient of initial GDP per capita) estimated at 0.038 among the Indian States and U.T. The presence of conditional convergence implies that while initial conditions matter, other factors, including physical and human capital, population growth, and additional variables, significantly contribute to the growth and convergence of Indian regions. The study concludes that policies aimed at promoting economic growth in the Indian States should prioritize the expansion of the labor force, investments in physical and human capital, and prudent government consumption. Furthermore, fostering an environment that encourages access to new technologies and ideas, maintaining sound macroeconomic management, and increasing investments in human capital formation are essential for sustained growth. Effective resource allocation through prudent budgetary policies and heightened investments in the health sector are recommended. Incentives to reduce fertility rates and adept monetary policy management are also identified as crucial elements for ensuring stability and sustainable growth. In summary, this research underscores the importance of adopting a holistic approach to foster economic growth and convergence in the Indian States. The suggested policy measures create a conducive environment for sustained development and prosperity in this diverse and dynamic region.

A reassessment of trends and rural–urban/regional differences in the total fertility rate in China, 2000–2020: analyses of the 2020 national census data

The decline in the total fertility rate (TFR) is a key driver of population change and has important implications for population health and social development. However, China’s TFR has been a considerable controversy due to a lack of high-quality data. Therefore, this study used the 2020 national population census of China (NPCC) data and reverse survival method to reassess temporal trends in the TFRs and to reexamine rural–urban differences and regional variations in TFRs from 2000 to 2020 in China. Overall, there were significant gaps between the estimated and reported TFRs before 2020, and the estimated TFRs based on the 2020 NPCC data remained higher than the reported TFRs from government statistics. Although TFRs rebounded shortly in the years after the two-child policy, they have shown a wavelike decline since 2010. Additionally, the estimated TFRs fluctuated below 1.5 children per woman in urban areas compared to above 1.8 in rural areas, but the rural–urban differences continued to decrease. Regarding geographic regional variations, the estimated TFRs in all regions displayed a declining trend during 2010–2020, especially in rural areas. Large decreases of over 25% in TFRs occurred in the north, east, central, and northwest regions. In addition to changing the birth policy, the government and society should adopt comprehensive strategies, including reducing the costs of marriage, childbearing, and child education, as well as promoting work-family balance, to encourage and increase fertility levels.

Fertility and self-rated health of migrant women of childbearing age—an analysis of moderating effects based on socioeconomic status

BackgroundAs fertility rates continue to decline and negative population growth emerges, China has sequentially introduced encouraging fertility policies to raise fertility levels. The impact of fertility on women’s health remains inconclusive. It is essential to explore further the correlation between fertility and the health status of 113 million migrant women of childbearing age in China.ObjectiveTo investigate how fertility affects the health status of migrant women of childbearing age and determine if migrant women’s socioeconomic status plays a moderating role in this process.MethodsUsing a nationally representative dataset from the 2018 China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS), we examined the effects of fertility on the self-rated health of migrant women of childbearing age. An ordinary least squares regression model with moderating effects was used for the empirical study, and robustness tests were conducted based on the ordered probit model and propensity score matching to address endogeneity.ResultsThe empirical results indicated that a rise in the number of children born significantly reduces the self-rated health of migrant women of childbearing age. An increase in years of schooling and household income can significantly mitigate the negative impact of childbearing on the health of migrant women. The robustness of the above results was validated through alternative models and propensity score matching (PSM) methods. The heterogeneity analysis revealed that fertility exerts a negative impact on the health status of migrant women with rural household registration and on the health status of inter-provincial and inter-city migrant women. Further investigation found that the occurrence of childbirth during migration and an increase in the number of girls significantly negatively impacted the health status of migrant women. In contrast, the increase in the number of boys did not show a significant effect. Improving the health of migrant women of childbearing age significantly positively impacted their future childbearing intentions.ConclusionsMigrant women of childbearing age bear the dual burden of migration and childbirth. Our findings showed the rise in the number of children born and the occurrence of childbirth during migration posed greater challenges to the health status of female migrants, particularly among those with lower socioeconomic status. Government and community efforts for enhancing health among migrant women of childbearing age are recommended.

Enhanced identification of endocrine disruptors through integration of science-based regulatory practices and innovative methodologies: The MERLON Project

The prevalence of hormone-related health issues caused by exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is a significant, and increasing, societal challenge. Declining fertility rates together with rising incidence rates of reproductive disorders and other endocrine-related diseases underscores the urgency in taking more action. Addressing the growing threat of EDCs in our environment demands robust and reliable test methods to assess a broad variety of endpoints relevant for endocrine disruption. EDCs also require effective regulatory frameworks, especially as the current move towards greater reliance on non-animal methods in chemical testing puts to test the current paradigm for EDC identification, which requires that an adverse effect is observed in an intact organism. Although great advances have been made in the field of predictive toxicology, disruption to the endocrine system and subsequent adverse health effects may prove particularly difficult to predict without traditional animal models. The MERLON project seeks to expedite progress by integrating multispecies molecular research, new approach methodologies (NAMs), human clinical epidemiology, and systems biology to furnish mechanistic insights and explore ways forward for NAM-based identification of EDCs. The focus is on sexual development and function, from foetal sex differentiation of the reproductive system through mini-puberty and puberty to sexual maturity. The project aims are geared towards closing existing knowledge gaps in understanding the effects of EDCs on human health to ultimately support effective regulation of EDCs in the European Union and beyond.

Evaluation and Comparison of Therapeutic Efficacy of Various Hormonal Protocols in Anoestrus Buffalo Heifers of Semi-Arid Region

To assess and compare different hormonal protocols' treatment efficacy in anoestrus buffalo heifers in a semi-arid region. Forty buffalo heifers with a history of anoestrus were chosen randomly from the semi-arid region of Banaskanth and divided into four equal groups.Group-I: Heatsynch protocol (n = 10), Group-II Ovsynch protocol (n = 10), Group-III Doublesynch protocol (n = 10) and Group-IV Control (n = 10) are followed by artificial insemination at a predetermined period in treated buffalo heifers and insemination during spontaneous estrus in group-IV buffalo heifers. In Groups I, II, and III, the corresponding percentages of estrus induction were 90, 80, and 80 percent. Major symptoms such as edoema, erythema, dampness of vulva and estrus mucus secretion were present during the expression of estrus. Fifty percent of the buffalo heifers in Group IV displayed estrus at varying intervals. After three consecution services, Group II had the highest overall fertility rate (50%) followed by Group III (40%), Group I (30%), and Group IV (30%). In true anoestrus buffalo heifers, the Heatsynch, Ovsynch, and Doublesynch procedure can be applied with success to induce estrus. Buffalo heifers that follow the Ovsynch protocol may have a higher conception rate.