Total Female Population Research Articles

PROFILE OF PATIENTS WHO UNDERGO SEE AND TREAT PROGRAMME IN PUSKESMAS MENGWI I IN 2017-2018

Cervical cancer is one of the high incidence cancer in the world including Indonesia. The mortality of this cancer is also high. In order to decrease number of incidence and mortality rate, prevention must be done. Cervical cancer prevention can be conducted through early detection/screening of precancer lesion. See and treat is one of the screening method to prevent cervical cancer development. This method uses Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) for screening and cryotherapy as a treatment if VIA test show positive result. The goal of this study is to determine profile of patients who undergo see and treat programme in Puskesmas Mengwi I in 2017-2018. This study is a descriptive cross sectional study using secondary data obtained from patient’s medical record who undergo see and treat programme in Puskesmas Mengwi I in 2017-2018. Sample taken using total sampling technique. There are 155 patients (1.39%) which obtained from this study from 11,146 total female population in Puskesmas Mengwi I working area, about 84 patients (54.2%) are > 35 years old, 142 patients (91.6%) first married at the age ? 20, 94 patients (60.6%) have graduated college, 105 patients (67.7%) are currently working, 76 patients (49.0%) using IUD, 43 patients (27.7%) had no gynecological complain, 91 patients (58.7%) have < 3 children, 10 patients (6.5%) show positive VIA result, and all of the VIA positive patient (100%) treated using cryotherapy.
 Keywords : see and treat, VIA, cryotherapy.

Situation Laboral from Mwomen and graduated from Inengineering on Tandchnologies de Manufacturing of the Universidad Politécnica de San Luis Potosí

In Mexico, for a long time, engineering was an exclusive career for the male sex. Currently, the number of women who choose a career related to engineering is still very low. Figures show that only 20% of women who access Higher Education choose a career in this area (Anuies, 2013; INEGI, 2011). The commitment of the Polytechnic University of San Luis Potosí has been to consolidate generations of professionals in the branches of manufacturing engineering with qualities and skills to face the challenges demanded by the industry of Potosí without distinction of gender. The purpose of this qualitative research from the classical ethnographic interpretive paradigm, it is to know the professional trajectory and the labor situation that the four generations of women who have graduated from the Engineering in Manufacturing Technologies career currently have. With a sample of 63% of the total female graduate population, two data collection instruments were used: a) questionnaire and b) focus group. The results raise the current employment situation in terms of obtaining the degree, first job, job requirements due to gender, barriers in professional practice and perception of the academic training received, personal and professional project. a) questionnaire and b) focus group. The results raise the current employment situation in terms of obtaining the degree, first job, job requirements due to gender, barriers in professional practice and perception of the academic training received, personal and professional project. a) questionnaire and b) focus group. The results raise the current employment situation in terms of obtaining the degree, first job, job requirements due to gender, barriers in professional practice and perception of the academic training received, personal and professional project.

Impact of Age and Sex on Antibody Response Following the Second Dose of COVID-19 BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine in Greek Healthcare Workers.

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD (receptor-binding domain) IgG antibody levels were monitored in 1643 volunteer healthcare workers of Eginition, Evangelismos, and Konstantopoulio General Hospitals (Athens, Greece), who underwent vaccination with two doses of COVID-19 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine (Pfizer) and had no history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Venous blood was collected 20–30 days after the second vaccine dose and anti-RBD IgG levels were determined using CMIA SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant (Abbott) on ARCHITECT i System or ADVIA Centaur SARS-CoV-2 IgG (Siemens) on Centaur XP platform. From the total population of 1643 vaccinees (533 M/1110 F; median age = 49; interquartile range-IQR = 40–56), 1636 (99.6%) had anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers above the positivity threshold of the assay used. One-Way ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis H test showed a statistically significant difference in the median of antibody titers between the different age groups (p < 0.0001). Consistently, Spearman’s correlation coefficient (r) for IgGs and age as continuous variables was −0.2380 (p = 1.98 × 10−17). Moreover, antibody titers were slightly higher by 1.2-mean fold (p = 3 × 10−6) in the total female population of the three hospitals (median = 1594; IQR = 875–2584) as compared to males (median = 1292; IQR = 671.9–2188). The present study supports that BNT162b2 vaccine is particularly effective in producing high anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels in healthy individuals, and this humoral response is age- and gender-dependent.

Endometriosis Diagnosis and Management in Adolescent Patients and Current Treatment Regimes

Endometriosis disease affects about an estimated number of 176 million women worldwide, which constitutes ~10% of the total female population causing debilitating symptoms of pelvic pain and infertility, thus limiting the quality of reproductive life of an affected woman. Progestins now have became a mainstay of endometriosis suppression, out of which dienogest has been opted as a best option worldwide. Its an expertise literature review with recommendations on the use of dienogest in the context of various clinical considerations when treating endometriosis disease. Experts have reviewed and included those, which they found to be considered most relevant in clinical practices, based on their own clinical experiences. Long-term uses (>15 months) of dienogest for the management of endometriosis is presented, with experts concluding that the efficacy of dienogest must be assessed primarily for its impact on pain and quality of life of a woman. Fertility preservation, avoiding or delaying surgery, and managing the bleeding irregularities occurring because of this medical treatment are also considered here. Counseling women on potential bleeding risks before starting the treatment may be helpful, as the evidences suggest that few of them discontinues the treatment because of this reason outweighing the benefits. Overall, the evidences demonstrate that dienogest offers an effective and tolerable alternative in adjunct to surgery and provids many advantages over combined hormonal contraceptives for the treatment of endometriosis. But its important for all that treatment guidelines must be followed strictly with great care and must be tailored to the woman’s individual needs and their desires.

Change in medical practice over time? A register based study of regional trends in hysterectomy in Finland in 2001\u20132018

BackgroundA persistent research finding in Finland and elsewhere has been variation in medical practices both between and within countries. Variation seems to exist especially if medical decision making involves discretion and the best treatment cannot be identified unambiguously. This is true for hysterectomy when performed for benign causes. The aim of the current study was to investigate regional trends in hysterectomy in Finland and the potential convergence of rates over time.MethodsWe used hospital discharge register data on hysterectomies performed, diagnoses, age, and region of residence to examine hospital discharges for women undergoing hysterectomy in 2001–2018 among total female population aged 25 years or older in Finland. We examined hysterectomy rates among biannual cohorts by indication, calculated age-standardised rates and used multilevel models to analyse potential convergence over time.ResultsAltogether 131,695 hysterectomies were performed in Finland 2001–2018. We found a decreasing trend, with the age-adjusted overall hysterectomy rate decreasing from 553/100,000 person years in 2001–2002 to 289/100,000 py in 2017–2018. Large but converging regional differences were found. The correlations between hospital district intercepts and slopes in time ranged from − 0.71 to − 0.97 (p < 0.001) suggesting diminishing variation.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that change in hysterectomy practices and more uniformity across regions are achievable goals. Regional variation still exists suggesting differences in medical practices.

Generalizing the Parker equation of DEPM: Incorporating the size dependence of population number and reproductive inputs to estimate spawning biomass and female population by size

Many fisheries assessed using the daily egg production method (DEPM) have data available that inform the dependence of adult population structure and fecundity on fish body size. Yet most do not consider this size dependence and use means of female body weight and batch fecundity. Here we extend the Parker (1980) equation for DEPM spawning biomass to make explicit the size structure of females. Our generalized DEPM approach assumes female body size partitioned into weight classes. It uses data inputs of female population number proportions and batch fecundity by discrete weight class or a continuous fitted relationship of batch fecundity versus weight. We derive closed-form estimation formulas for total spawning biomass, and for two new DEPM outputs, total female population number and female population numbers by weight class. We also derive analytic formulas for the standard errors of these three population abundance estimates using the delta method. The allometric dependence of batch fecundity on female body weight is fitted by maximum likelihood with allometric error structure. In fishery management application, a principal benefit of this size-based generalization of DEPM is the added output of absolute female population numbers by weight class, which can be fitted in a fishery assessment model or can directly inform management decision making. We have posted an R package “DEPM” containing these new estimation functions and their delta method standard errors. We apply this size-based DEPM method to South Australian snapper, Chrysophrys auratus, for which large estimated decreases in spawning biomass from 2014 to 2018 informed a strong management response.

Screening of different legumes for the developmental preference of Callosobruchus maculatus (Bruchidae: Coleoptera)

Pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (Bruchidae: Coleoptera), commonly known as Cowpea weevil or Cowpea seed beetle is a pest of stored grain that attacks legumes in the field and stored conditions. An investigation was conducted for screening the developmental preference of Callosobruchus maculatus in different legumes. Five different legumes were used with three replications in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The grains of legumes were obtained from the local market of Dera Ghazi Khan. Two pairs of adult (C. maculatus) were inoculated in 20 g seeds of different legumes. Statistics on egg count, egg-laying preference percentage, hatching percentage, incubation period, larval + pupal period, total developmental period (from egg to adult), male and female population, total adult emergence, No. of holes in seeds and seeds weight loss percentage was recorded. The outcomes of this study represented that red kidney bean grains (22.54%) contained more egg-laying preference for C. maculatus as compared to other tested legumes while desi chickpea grains (14.53%) had a lesser ovipositional preference. Minimum growth period was recorded on mung bean (22.66 days), followed by cowpea (24.33 days), kabuli chickpea (27 days) and desi chickpea (30.33 days). But there was (0.0 days) no growth of C. maculatus on red kidney bean grains. In short, smooth seed coat and well-filled seeds were most preferred by C. maculatus for egg-laying, short developmental time, maximum adult emergence and increased holed seeds.

Application of the Leslie Matrix to Predict the Number and Growth Rate of Women in West Java 2021

Data from the Central Statistics Agency 2019 collected that the total population of women in Indonesia is less than male, which is 131.48 million people if compared to the total male population, which is 132.68 million population. This matter is directly relation to the total female population in West Java which is also less than the male population around 24031252.0 female and 24652609.0 male population(Badan Pusat Statistika, 2019).This should be the focus of the government to balance the population growth of women and men in West Java because of the role of women being central in the population growth of the people of West Java. The targets of the development plan contained in the RPJM 2005-2025 is to improve the quality of human resources, including the role of women in development. The growth of the female population is an important thing that must be observed, considering the role of women is determining the development of the human population in the future, because without the role of women the population will not be able to develop. This encourages researchers to predict the number and rate of female population growth in West Java in 2021. The Leslie matrix is a matrix used to predict the number and growth rate of a population. By applying the Leslie matrix to predict the number and growth rate of women in West Java in 2021, it can be concluded that the number of female populations in West Java is around tends to increase.

Prediction of the Number of Women Population in Medan City 2025 by Using the Leslie Matrix

Population problems can cause problems, both in terms of political, economic, socio-cultural life, defense and security, as well as other aspects of life concerning the use of natural resources and the environment. By knowing the population growth rate, the Medan city government can implement a policy to anticipate social problems that may arise. This study aims to determine the number and rate of female population growth in the city of Medan in 2025. The Leslie matrix model is a model that can be used to predict the number and rate of female population growth. The step taken to predict the number of population p in the following year is to form a column vector whose entry is the initial number of population for each age class. Next look for n (t + p) which is the total population for the following year using the formula n(t+p)=Apn(t) where A is the Leslie matrix. Furthermore, to predict the population growth rate using the Leslie matrix is to find the positive eigenvalues λ of the matrix A. Based on positive eigenvalues λ, three cases occur, namely: 1) the population will tend to increase if λ>1; 2) the population will tend to decline if λ<1 ; 3) the population will tend to be stable if λ=1. Based on data analysis, the total female population in the city of Medan in 2025 is 1,576,294. Furthermore, the eigenvalues of λ=1,3673 which mean that the number of female populations in the city of Medan tends to increase.

Childlessness among women of reproductive age in Serbia from a demographic perspective

The social, economic, and cultural changes that have taken place in Europe in the past few decades in the field of fertility have been accompanied by an increase in permanent childlessness. The childlessness level among women born in 1968 is 12% in Serbia, slightly below the European average (14%). The aim of this paper is to explore in more detail the level of childlessness in Serbia and the characteristics of women aged 15-49 without live births. Changes in childlessness over a 60-year period (1961-2020) by five-year age groups were analysed. The basic characteristics of childless women of reproductive age by education, marital status, and age were observed from 1991 to 2011. The paper is based on census and vital statistics data. The authors introduce two new indicators of childlessness: the general childlessness rate (GChR) as the share of women without live births in the total female population aged 15-49, and the age-specific childlessness rate (ASChR) as the percentage of childless women by age. Changes in cumulative fertility rates by age were less influenced by the reproductive behaviour of mothers and much more by an increase in the proportion of childless women. The general childlessness rate until 1991 was relatively stable in Serbia. Since then, it has increased intensely (from 30.1% in 1991 to 41.6% in 2011, and 43.4% in 2020). The increase in childlessness is largely a consequence of the postponement of first births, but also of the increase in permanent childlessness among women aged 45-49. The postponement of first births has occured in all age groups and the ASChR has increased across the board. In Serbia, in 2020, the ASChR reached record values for all five-year age groups (36.5% for women aged 30-34, 21.4% for ages 35-39), as did the level of permanent childlessness (13.8% for ages 45-49). The paper also analyses childlessness by education and marital status. According to census data (1991, 2002, and 2011), the general childlessness rate is lowest among women without any formal education and those who haven?t completed primary school, and highest among women with a primary education. Childlessness rates are particularly high among women in their thirties and forties. The influence of marital status on the level of childlessness was also confirmed. The GChR of single women was at least 10 times higher than the value for ever married women. The GChR ranged from 96% to 89% for single women and invariably slightly above 8% for ever married women. The results of direct standardization showed the greater importance of the changes that occurred between 1991 and 2011 by education and marital status of women aged 15-49 on the childlessness level, as well as their completely opposite effects compared to those caused by the change in the age structure. The large impact of changes in marital structure also indicates the possibility of a certain influence on reducing childlessness in Serbia. As the decreasein marriage is not accompanied by a higherprevalence of stable extramarital unions, it?s possible that the creation of more favourable circumstances for an independent life for young people and for forming a union could contribute to reducing the postponement of childbearing, and thus reducing childlessness during and at the end of the reproductive age. This is especially important considering that family and children are highly valued in Serbia. It should be noted that the high and growing shares of women without children in the 30-34 and 35-39 age groups limit the possibilities of reducing permanent childlessness, particularly in the near future.

Analisis Pengaruh Jumlah Penduduk Perempuan Terhadap Indeks Pembangunan Manusia

This study aims to determine the effect of the female population on the human development index in the province of East Java in 2017. This study uses quantitative methods with data collection techniques used are secondary data from the East Java Central Statistics Agency. From the research results it can be concluded that the total female population has almost no influence on the Human Development index. The human development index can be increased by improving the health sector, the economic sector and the education sector through the role of women, because the number of women population is almost the same as the number of men.

PCN186 A Comparison of Breast Cancer Burden in 120 Countries (2008-2017)

Breast cancer is the cancer with the highest incidence in women in many countries. The purpose of this study is to explore the influencing factors of various national levels that affect the burden of breast cancer disease in countries around the world. We also generate strategic policy recommendations based on the research results to reduce the burden of breast cancer disease in the country. This study used the incidence and mortality of breast cancer in women as a measure of disease burden. The data comes from the statistical data of the World Health Organization's Global Disease Burden system from 2008 to 2017. We used the generalized linear mixed model statistical method to analyze the four types of country-level factors that affect women’s breast cancer incidence and mortality. The study found that, after adjusting for other factors, the country’s mean of total cholesterol, average body mass index, average annual alcohol consumption, smoking percentage, average life expectancy, years of education, GDP per capita, and total female population and the annual average temperature were significantly positively correlated with the incidence of breast cancer in women. The mean systolic blood pressure and the prevalence of high fasting blood glucose were significantly negatively correlated with the incidence of breast cancer in women. In terms of mortality, the country’s average systolic blood pressure, average total cholesterol, average annual alcohol consumption, smoking percentage, average remaining life, years of education, and average annual temperature are significantly positively correlated with the incidence of female breast cancer. This study found that the higher the average total cholesterol, the higher the average annual alcohol consumption, the higher the smoking rate, and the higher the average temperature, the higher the incidence and mortality of breast cancer among women.

Time-In-Cell 2019: A Snapshot of Restrictive Housing based on a Nationwide Survey of U.S. Prison Systems

Time-In-Cell 2019: A Snapshot of Restrictive Housing based on a Nationwide Survey of U.S. Prison Systems is the fourth national survey of its kind co-authored by the Correctional Leaders Association (CLA), formerly known as the Association of State Correctional Administrators (ASCA), and by the Arthur Liman Center for Public Interest Law at Yale Law School. The topic is “restrictive housing,” often termed “solitary confinement,” and defined as separating prisoners from the general population and holding them in cells for an average of 22 hours or more per day for 15 continuous days or more. This report estimates that between 55,000 and 62,500 prisoners in the United States were held in restrictive housing as of the summer of 2019. Time-In-Cell 2019 is based on survey responses from thirty-nine state prison systems providing data on 825,473 prisoners. These states reported housing a total of 31,542 individuals—or 3.8% of the total prison population in those jurisdictions—in solitary confinement. Across the set of thirty-nine states, percentages of the prisoners held in isolation varied from 11% to none, as four states said they no longer keep anyone in those conditions. The length of time individuals spent in restrictive housing varied widely. In the thirty-three states that captured this information, they reported that 46% of the individuals held in solitary confinement were there for three months or less. At the other end of the spectrum, almost 3,000 people—or 11% of all the people for which statistics were provided—had been kept in solitary confinement for more than three years. Two areas of special concern are the impact of mental illness and race on placement in restrictive housing. Using their own definition of “serious mental illness,” 33 states reported a total of more than 3,000 SMI prisoners in solitary confinement. Six jurisdictions reported that more than 10% of their prisoners in solitary confinement had a serious mental illness. Aggregating the numbers from 32 states and disaggregating by gender, Black and Hispanic men were somewhat more likely to be put into restrictive housing than white men: 43% of Black men and 17% of Hispanic men were in restrictive housing, compared to 40% and 15% respectively in the total male custodial population. Black women were much more likely to be placed in isolation: 42% of women reported to be in solitary confinement were Black, as compared to 22% of the total female custodial population. The report also provides an overview of litigation, legislation, and policy developments regarding the use of restrictive housing since 2018 both within and beyond the United States. Many of these changes focus on limiting the use of isolation for pregnant women, juveniles, and seriously mentally ill individuals.Time-In-Cell 2019 compares the responses of the 33 prison systems that answered the CLA-Liman surveys in 2015, 2017, and 2019. See ASCA-Liman, Reforming Restrictive Housing: The 2018 ASCA-Liman Nationwide Survey of Time-in-Cell, SSRN No. 3264350; ASCA-Liman, Aiming to Reduce Time-in-Cell (Nov. 2016), SSRN No. 2874492. Comparing percentages of prisoners held in restrictive housing in the 33 jurisdictions reporting during the last five years, the median was 4.9% in 2016; 4.0% in 2018, and 3.4% in 2019. The data in this report was collected before COVID-19, which in the future will introduce complicated questions about what distinguishes restrictive housing conditions from medical quarantine. These topics must be addressed by further research.

Greater than 5-year follow-up of outpatient L4-L5 lumbar interspinous fixation for degenerative spinal stenosis using the INSPAN device.

Lumbar spinal stenosis is treated with decompression directly such as laminectomies and indirectly with an interspinous device through distraction and extension block. Interspinous devices (IPD) have also been used as an adjunct to spinal fusion. However, the design for IPD to treat spinal stenosis does not fixate the spine while the design for spinal fusion is designed to fixate the spine. There is a paucity of data on a single device that has been used for both fusion and stenosis. Authors aim to demonstrate the long-term outcomes of interspinous fixation at L4-5 for degenerative spinal stenosis. We evaluated patients with spinal stenosis and degenerative disc disease who were treated with open decompression and distraction of the spinous processes at L4-L5 using an interspinous device. All patients complained of lower back pain and neurogenic claudication. This is a retrospective review of prospectively collected data (level 3) under an IRB approved study cohort. The charts of patient undergoing lumbar decompression with Interspinous Distraction, Fixation using InSpan device (INSPAN LLC) in an outpatient setting were reviewed with over a 5-year follow-up period. 122 surgical cases of lumbar decompression with interspinous fixation, spanning between the timeframe of September 2011 to October 2016. A total of 56 patients had instrumentation at L4-L5. Total female population was 46%. The median age of the patients included in the population was 50.9±10.7 years with a median BMI of 24.8±11.4 kg/m2. Two-year VAS and ODI showed significant improvement from 8.1±1.2 to 1.5±1.1 and 42.9±14.3 to 14.8±5.1. All surgeries were completed in less than one hour. There was a total of 1 revision case with removal of INSPAN and open hemilaminectomy decompression. Long term results demonstrated improved outcomes in patients who underwent Interspinous distraction decompression in an ambulatory surgery center using the INSPAN IPD at L4-L5 for Degenerative Spinal Stenosis. There was one revision converted to hemilaminectomy. There were no complications or blood transfusions.

Historical and projected hysterectomy rates in the USA: Implications for future observed cervical cancer rates and evaluating prevention interventions

BackgroundSEER-reported cervical cancer incidence rates reflect the total female population including women no longer at risk due to hysterectomy. Hysterectomy rates have been declining in the United States as alternative treatments have become available, which could result in an apparent increase in SEER-reported cervical cancer rates. We aimed to obtain nationally representative historical data on hysterectomy rates in USA, use trends analysis to project rates back to 1935 and forward to 2035, and then predict the impact of changing hysterectomy rates on SEER-reported cervical cancer rates. MethodsWe performed a systematic search of Medline, Embase, Premedline, Cochrane Central databases and extracted nationally-representative hysterectomy incidence data from 1965 to 2009, including data on the number of cervix-preserving (subtotal) procedures. We then projected rates back to 1935, and forward to 2035 based on trends from joinpoint regression. These rates were then used to estimate hysterectomy prevalence out to 2035, and then to predict the impact of changing hysterectomy rates on SEER-reported cervical cancer rates to 2035. We examined alternative assumptions regarding projected hysterectomy incidence rates out to 2035, including a scenario in which rates decline no further from 2009 rates, and a scenario where rates decline at twice the baseline rate. ResultsEstimated age-standardized hysterectomy incidence increased from 2.4 to 10.6 per 1000 women between 1935 and 1975. Thereafter, rates are predicted to fall to 3.9 per 1000 by 2035. Subtotal hysterectomy procedures declined from being the predominant method in 1935 to less than 12% of procedures from 1970 onwards. Consequently, holding all else constant, an increase in SEER-reported age-standardized cervical cancer incidence rates (ages 0–85+) of 9% is expected from 2009 to 2035. The predictions were minimally impacted by alternative scenarios for future hysterectomy rates. ConclusionsDeclining hysterectomy rates have implications for the interpretation of SEER-reported cervical cancer rates. A background increase in cervical cancer rates due to decreasing population hysterectomy exposure may partially offset expected decreases from recent cervical screening changes recommended by the US Preventive Services Task Force. Evaluations of new cervical cancer prevention opportunities should consider the background impact of historical and projected hysterectomy rates.

Breast Cancer in Jamaica: Trends From 2010 to 2014-Is Mortality Increasing?

PURPOSEThis study sought to provide a detailed analysis of breast cancer–specific mortality in Jamaica on the basis of reported deaths between 2010 and 2014.METHODSA cross-sectional study was done to analyze breast cancer–specific mortality data from the Registrar General’s Department, the statutory body responsible for registering all deaths across Jamaica.RESULTSA total of 1,634 breast cancer–related deaths were documented among Jamaican women between 2010 and 2014, which accounted for 24% of all female cancer deaths. The age-standardized breast cancer mortality rate increased from 21.8 per 100,000 in 2010 to 28 per 100,000 in 2014 for the total female population. The overall difference in breast cancer mortality rates between the 2014 and 2010 rates was not statistically significant (P = .114). Analysis of the year-by-year trend reflected by the annual percentage of change did show, however, a statistically significant increasing trend in breast cancer mortality (P = .028). Mortality rates varied by age, with statistically significant annual increases observed in the 35-44–, 65-74–, and ≥ 75-year age groups (P = .04, .03, and .01, respectively).CONCLUSIONBreast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death among Jamaican women. Despite global advances in breast cancer screening and management, breast cancer remains a major public health challenge and represents a public health priority in Jamaica. The increasing breast cancer–specific mortality in Jamaica over the 5-year period contrasts with decreasing mortality rates among US women with breast cancer. This study highlights the critical need to address the implementation of a national organized breast cancer screening program in Jamaica and to focus future research efforts on the biology of breast cancer, especially among young Jamaican women.

RESEARCH METHODS FOR THE WOMEN’S BURIES WITH WEAPONS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE SARMATIAN BURIAL GROUND «NOVY»

The universal methodology for the study of nomadic female burials with weapons is proposed in the paper. The methodology is based on a comparative analysis of female burials containing weapons with the control group which are synchronous male burials of the corresponding burial ground. The comparative analysis is carried out according to the following criteria: the set of weapons, the type of each individual weapon, and also the place of fixation. If most of the signs coincide, then the female burial is recognized as military (utilitarian function). If deviations are predominantly detected, then the semantics of the weapon are recognized as ritual.&#x0D; To demonstrate the operability of the technique, the large Sarmatian burial ground «Novy» on the Lower Don was selected. As a result, 2 out of 23 female burials were confidently recognized as military, which is 8.6 % of the total female population included in the sample, and 4.5 % of all military burials. Whereas among 44 men there were 35 soldiers, which is 85.3 %. For this group, the percentage of female warriors turned out to be quite high, but, of course, the marker of aggressiveness of the male population is significantly higher than the female. It should be recognized that the vulnerability of the methodology is the quality problem of the control group itself. That is, whether all male burials containing weapons should be considered military.&#x0D; The important observation is the fact that in two of the three burials, women were buried with infants. Thus, it cannot be ruled out that participation in hostilities did not block the possibility of motherhood from a woman. On the other hand, the assumption involuntarily arises whether the placement of weapons in a female burial is connected with the death of her and her child. Moreover, four female burials with infants containing weapons did not fall into the sample due to the fact that they were robbed.&#x0D; The author is fully aware that the proposed study is not the last true in the issue of the semantics of weapons in the female burials of nomads. Many aspects still raise questions. It is possible that if modern researchers will accept the proposed methodology positively, then over time, with the advent of new facts, the spread of genetic research, the work will become only a historiographic link. And this is a completely natural process in any scientific field. The issue of the semantics of weapons in female burials, the issue of the participation of women in hostilities is extremely complex and controversial. It must be understood that if the study is gender-based, it is almost impossible to completely exclude the personal preferences of the study itself. These are creative questions, but if there is a universal methodology, there is an opportunity to circumvent the threat of subjective influence. A universal technique will allow for a qualitative comparative analysis. It is necessary to completely withdraw from the intuitive level.

Demographic Behavior of the Population of the Trans-Baikal Territory

The article introduces the results of the study of selected aspects of the reproductive behavior of the population of the Trans-Baikal Territory at the current stage. The objective of the study is to analyze the trends in the border region in population reproduction, age-related structural changes, issues of transformation in the institution of family and marriage.The novelty of this research work is in the performed regional demographic analysis of the reproductive behavior of Trans-Baikal Territory residents compared to all-Russian indicators and data by the federal districts. The authors revealed the fact that the reproductive indicators as applied to the population in the Trans-Baikal Territory are characterized by the best values, however, this level is reached mainly through the Buryat and Tatar ethnic groups. The Slavic ethnic group, though most numerous in the region, has the lowest potential for the expanded reproduction of the population. Depopulation processes in the Territory are less pronounced, however, a decrease in the proportion of young people and an increase in older able-bodied ages are already evident in 1/4 of the Trans-Baikal Territory. Seemingly high fertility rates in the region are associated with the realization of reproductive potentials in the population born in the 1970s and 1980s and have a short-term effect.The authors established that the observed trends in the age structure of the female population of the fertile age of the Trans-Baikal Territory are similar to transformations in the country, but with a lesser regression degree. At the present stage, they cause a shift in the main demographic burden on a group of women aged 25 to 29 years, whose share in the total female population of reproductive age is declining. Concerning the matrimonial (marriage) behavior of the population in the Trans-Baikal Territory, a greater regression of family-marriage relations is observed. The transformation of family values has recently been reflected in an increasing number of divorces in the region.It is the authors’ opinion, that the depletion of demographic resources of the border region reduces the level of its demographic security and makes the regions’ border space more «permeable», which also affects the countries’ economic security.

A Nation of Bastards? Registered Cohabitation, Childbearing, and First-Marriage Formation in Iceland, 1994\u20132013

Nowhere in Europe is extramarital childbearing more pervasive than in Iceland. Roughly, 70% of children born in 2018 were conceived outside of marriage, thereof 83% of firstborn, which, on the surface, puts Iceland at the vanguard of a development often associated with a second demographic transition. In this study, we investigate the union formation behaviour of Icelandic women during a period of 20 years (1994–2013) with the objectives of gaining insight into the interplay of childbearing, registered cohabitation, and marriage and to enhance our understanding of the function of registered cohabitation in the family-building process. We use administrative population register data, covering the childbearing and marital history of the total female population born in Iceland during 1962–1997. The data are analysed by means of event history techniques and presented as annual indices of first-registered cohabitation and first-marriage formation, respectively. We find indications of forceful postponement of registering cohabitation over time, but a stable portion of around 80% of women registered cohabitation before any first marriage or age 46. Around 70% of women married before age 46, and the standardized marriage rates remained relatively stable during most of our study period. Our findings suggest that within a context such as the Icelandic one, most people tend to marry, regardless of the prevalence of cohabitation. We propose that registered cohabitation should be seen as providing a semi-regulated union status for prospective parents in relation to childbearing. Marriage on the other hand could be seen as providing an elevated union status to couples.

Prevalence and predictors of suboptimal peak inspiratory flow rate in COPD patients

The aim of this study was to determine prevalence and possible clinical predictors of suboptimal peak inspiratory flow rate (PIFR) with different dry powder inhalers.PIFR was measured across all resistance ranges of In-Check Dial® in 180 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) subjects before hospital discharge. COPD subjects were defined as suboptimal if measured PIFR was suboptimal with any resistance representative of specific inhalers (R1-R5). Demographics and clinical data were collected, including COPD Assessment Test (CAT) and modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scores, Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage spirometry by Spirodoc® and peak flow meter measurements with portable peak inspiratory and expiratory flow meters. All were correlated with In-Check Dial PIFRs.Suboptimal PIFR was 44.44% prevalent in COPD subjects. 55% of the suboptimal cohort was female which represent 57.14% of the total female population in the study. The distribution of suboptimal PIFR included 43.75% with R1, 67.5% with R2, 100% with R3, 13.75% with R4, and 21.25% with R5. In the suboptimal cohort, CAT score was significantly higher and spirometry demonstrated significantly lower lung function results compared to the optimal cohort (p < 0.05). The only parameter to show strong and moderate correlation with In-Check Dial PIFRs was PIFR measured by peak flow meter (p < 0.001).Suboptimal PIFR is common among COPD subjects at hospital discharge. Female gender and peak flow meter PIFR was the only predictor of suboptimal PIFR. Inhaler therapy for COPD patients must be personalized based on simple routine measurement of In-Check Dial PIFRs or peak flow meter PIFR to optimize clinical benefits .