Total Fat Research Articles

Lactic acid production by fermentation of hydrolysate of the macroalga Gracilaria corticata by Lactobacillus acidophilus

Macroalgae (Ulva fasciata, Gracilaria corticata, and Sargassum wightii) were collected from the marine environment and used as the substrate for lactic acid production. These macroalgae were pretreated with hydrochloric acid (0.2 to 0.4 N) for various times (20 to 60 min). Additionally, the algal hydrolysate was incubated with cellulase for 24 h at 30 ± 1 °C to achieve enzymatic saccharification. Proximate analysis of these macroalgae was performed, and the yield was high in G. corticata. The G. corticata hydrolysate was composed of 10.01 ± 0.12% ash content, 1.25 ± 0.2% total fat, 10.2 ± 0.1% crude protein, 9.2 ± 0.2% moisture content, and a higher level of total carbohydrate (69.33 ± 1.5%) than the other two macroalgae. In G. corticata, the enzymatic treatment showed the maximum reducing sugar (33.5 ± 2.3%) relative to the other macroalgal hydrolysates and was considered for optimization of lactic acid production. Lactobacillus acidophilus (MTCC447) utilized pretreated G. corticata hydrolysate (enriched with 5% yeast extract), and maximum lactic acid yield was achieved after 72 h, 30 °C incubation temperature, and 6% inoculum (1×108 CFU/mL) in static culture condition. Batch fermentation was performed in the 1-L bioreactor at room temperature (30 °C) for 96 h. Lactic acid production was maximum within 72 h and the pH value was depleted. The present finding indicates that G. corticata could be used as a substrate for lactic acid production.

Effects of long-term periodized carbohydrate intake on body composition, substrate metabolism and running performance in recreational active men: A pilot trial

Introduction & Purpose It is important to consider the impact of nutrition on training adaptations and performance outcomes (Jeukendrup, 2017). The present study was therefore conducted with the objective of determining whether long-term periodizing carbohydrate (CHO) intake during an eight-week endurance training plan has any benefit in comparison to a traditional high-CHO or low-CHO diet in terms of running performance, substrate metabolism and body composition in recreational active males. Methods In a controlled, randomised, parallel-group and free-living design, recreationally active runners (n = 24, VO2 peak: 51 ± 8 mL·min-1·kg-1) completed 8 weeks of an ad-libitum dietary intervention (LCHF[low CHO, high fat]/CHO: 4-week regimen with ≤ 50 g CHO per day directly followed by a 4-week regimen comprising 50-60% of daily energy intake from CHO, n = 8; CHO/CHO: 8-week regimen comprising 50-60% of daily energy intake from CHO, n = 9; LCHF/LCHF: 8-week regimen with ≤ 50 g CHO per day, n = 7) together with 5 prescribed sessions of an endurance training program. Dietary recalls were conducted 3 times a week. Body composition, performance and substrate metabolism were assessed 3 times during the study (T -0, T -1 and T -2) using bioelectric impedance and a graded exercise test on a treadmill starting at 6 km·h−1 with increasing speed by 1.5 km·h−1 every 3 minutes until exhaustion. Data were analysed using a 2-way mixed ANOVA and are presented as mean ± STD. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Peak running speed (PRS) and time to exhaustion (TTE) demonstrated an increase over time, with no additional benefit observed in relation to any group. Total fat oxidation and maximum fat oxidation (MFO) increased in the first half of the LCHF/CHO diet and decreased during the CHO rich diet (p < 0.001). In LCHF/LCHF fat oxidation and MFO increased from T -0 to T -1 (p < 0.001) and remained unchanged at T -2. In CHO/CHO no changes in fat oxidation or MFO were observed (p > 0.05). Total fat oxidation and MFO were significantly higher at T -1 in LCHF/CHO and LCHF/LCHF compared to CHO/CHO (p < 0.05). However, at T -2 fat oxidation and MFO were significantly higher in LCHF/LCHF compared to LCHF/CHO and CHO/CHO (p < 0.05). Significant reductions in weight, BMI, and absolute fat mass were observed in LCHF/CHO from T -0 to T -1 (p < 0.05) without any further changes until T -2. For LCHF/LCHF weight and BMI were significantly reduced in the first four weeks (p < 0.001) and even further reduced in the second half (p < 0.05). For CHO/CHO no significant changes in body composition were observed (p > 0.05). Discussion & Conclusion As previously noted, a high-fat diet resulted in a greater reliance on fat oxidation during exercise (Cao et al., 2021). Here, long-term periodisation of CHO according to the preferred training adaptation leads to changes in substrate metabolism during exercise in terms of improved fat oxidation during a LCHF diet and restoration of CHO oxidation during a CHO-rich diet. Despite the observed improvements in PRS and TTE over the course of the study, no significant advantage was demonstrated by any of the groups in comparison to the other trial groups. References Cao, J., Lei, S., Wang, X., & Cheng, S. (2021). The effect of a ketogenic low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet on aerobic capacity and exercise performance in endurance athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 13(8), Article 2896. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082896 Jeukendrup, A. E. (2017). Periodized nutrition for athletes. Sports Medicine, 47(S1), 51-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0694-2

Biochemical and physicochemical characteristics and volatile profiles of Erzincan Tulum cheese coagulated by herb-fortified artisanal lamb rennet

The characteristics of Erzincan Tulum cheese (ETC), an artisanal ewe-milk cheese and the first cheese with the designation of origin in Türkiye, are closely related to the geographical location of production and the human factors influencing every stage of the production process. This study aims to determine the influence of different coagulants (namely, herb-fortified artisanal lamb rennet (ALR), artisanal calf rennet (ACR), and commercial calf rennet (CCR)) on the biochemical, physicochemical characteristics, and volatile compounds of ETC, produced on the Heybeli plateau of the Erzincan province. Using artisanal rennet increased total solids, fat content, and acidity while decreasing pH and aw values. The highest PTA-SN (soluble nitrogen in 5 % phosphotungstic acid, w/v) and TCA-SN (soluble nitrogen in 12 % trichloroacetic acid w/w) values at the end of the ripening period (day 150 of storage) were observed in the ALR-Cheese (ALR-C). Furthermore, this cheese exhibited the highest rate of lipolysis (P < 0.01). Electrophoretograms revealed that αs-1 and β-casein degradation rates were the most significant in ALR-C. Following the 30th day of storage, the highest counts of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were found in ALR-C. The most rapid reduction of coliforms, E. coli, and yeast-mold was observed in this sample throughout the storage. Eighty-nine volatile compounds were identified in the samples. Particularly noteworthy, ALR-C exhibited the highest ratios of hexanoic, octanoic, and decanoic acids after 90 days of storage. Additionally, steroid compounds were exclusively detected in this sample. The findings of this research make a substantial contribution to the existing literature concerning rennet types and the aromatic profile of ETC. These aspects are crucial for further investigations to enhance the cheese's quality and safety.

Systemic immunity-inflammation index is associated with body fat distribution among U.S. adults: evidence from national health and nutrition examination survey 2011–2018

ObjectiveThe systemic immunity-inflammation index (SII) is a newly developed biomarker that provides an integrated measure of inflammation in the body. We aim to evaluate the relationship between SII and body fat distribution.MethodsAdults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2018 were included. The SII was computed using lymphocyte (LC), neutrophil (NC), and platelet (PC) counts as its components. Body fat distribution was assessed by (total, android, gynoid) percentage fat, total abdominal fat area, subcutaneous adipose tissue area, visceral adipose tissue area, and the ratio of visceral to subcutaneous adipose tissue area (V/S ratio). Multivariable weighted linear regression and subgroup analysis were use to examine the relationships between fat distribution and SII. Restricted cubic splines (RCS) and threshold effect analysis were used to examine analyze nonlinear associations.ResultsAfter exclusions, a total of 11,192 adults with a weighted mean age of 38.46 ± 0.26 years were studied. In multivariable weighted linear regression, each level increase in log2SII was associated with increased of 0.23 SDs total percentage fat (95% CI = 0.03, 0.43) and 0.26 SDs android percentage fat (95% CI = 0.06, 0.47). Besides, the subgroup analysis showed that the positive association between SII and android percentage fat was mainly among obese individuals (BMI > 30 kg/m2) and non-obese individuals without DM or hypertension. Meanwhile, the relationship between SII and the V/S ratio was found to be significant in the female subgroup, the obese subgroup, individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and those without diabetes mellitus. Finally, SII exhibited an inverted U-shaped relationship with total percentage fat, android percent fat and total abdominal fat. Accordingly, threshold effect analysis indicated a positive association between lower SII levels and total percentage fat, android percentage fat and total abdominal fat area.ConclusionsIn the nationwide study, it was observed that the SII exhibited a significant correlation with higher levels of body fat, specifically android fat. This association was particularly noticeable within specific subgroups of the population.

Comparison of Four Body Composition Methods: Circumference Measurements, Eight-Point Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis up to 500 and 1000 kHz to Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry to Measure Body Fat Percentage

ABSTRACT Introduction A comparison of body composition assessments using military circumferences to bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and the reference standard dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) can gauge effectiveness of assessments. High-frequency (500 KHz) direct segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (DSM-BIA) accurately calculates total water mass and body fat% (BF%), but it is unknown whether higher frequencies (1,000 KHz) increase measurement accuracy. The purpose was to compare DSM-BIA 500, DSM-BIA 1000, the DoD Circumference Method (CM), and the reference-standard DEXA. Materials and Methods Design: Cross sectional, observational study. Participants/Setting: A total of 62 participants from the military healthcare system (n = 25 males, 38.8 ± 11.4 years, n = 37 females 43.7 ± 15.95 years) were measured in an outpatient clinic setting. Statistical Analysis: BF% was estimated via DEXA, DSM-BIA 500, DSM-BIA 1000, and CM to identify the relationship between methods using Pearson correlation, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and Bland-Altman plots. The study was approved by the IRB from Walter Reed National Military Medical Center at Bethesda and Concordia University Chicago. Results Circumference Method BF% was moderately correlated with DSM-BIA 500 (males r = 0.63, ICC = 0.76; females r = 0.77, ICC = 0.85), DSM-BIA 1000 (males r = 0.59, ICC = 0.74; females r = 0.77, ICC = 0.85), and DEXA (males r = 0.62, ICC = 0.62; females r = 0.73, ICC = 0.82). DSM-BIA 500 BF% was strongly correlated with DSM-BIA 1000 (males r = 0.99, ICC = 0.99; females r = 0.99, ICC = 0.99) and DEXA (males r = 0.93, ICC = 0.94; females r = 0.89, ICC = 0.89). Lastly, DSM-BIA 1000 BF% was also strongly correlated with DEXA (males r = 0.93, ICC = 0.94; females r = 0.84, ICC = 0.90) (P for each reported r &amp;lt; 0.01). Bland-Altman analysis confirmed an overall mean bias of −1.72% CM vs. DEXA in females, indicating the tendency of CM to underestimate BF% compared to DEXA limits of agreement from −14.24 to 10.8. There was an upward slope of the linear relationship between the bias and mean of the measures (Beta = 0.34, P = 0.01). In the full cohort, there was an overall mean bias of 1.14% of CM vs. DSM BIA 1000, with CM tending to overestimate BF% compared to DSM BIA 1000 with limits of agreement −11.13 to 13.41%. There is an upward slope line of the linear relationship between the bias and the mean of the measures (Beta = 0.17, P = .03). Conclusion This study found that CM BF% was moderately correlated with DSM-BIA 500 kHz, DSM-BIA 1,000 kHz BIA, and DEXA. Both DSM-BIA 500 and DSM-BIA 1,000 kHz strongly correlated well with DEXA implying that there was no further increase in correlation with increased frequency. Additionally, there was proportional bias in BF% in the female group between CM and DEXA and in the total group between CM and DSM BIA 1000.

Characterizing Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Phenotypes and Their Correlations with Body Composition in Normal-Weight, Overweight, and Obese Healthy Young Adults.

Background and Objectives: Obesity-associated chronic low-grade inflammation supports various systemic alterations. In this descriptive study, 122 apparently healthy adults aged 20 to 35 years were voluntarily included and classified based on body mass index (BMI) as normal-weight (NW), overweight (OW), and obese (OB). This study aims to characterize peripheral blood (PB) lymphocyte (Ly) phenotypes and investigate their correlations with body composition indices (BCIs) in healthy young adults. Materials and Methods: The following BCIs were measured: waist circumference, hip circumference, height, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, total body fat mass, visceral fat level, weight, and BMI. White blood cell count (WBC), Ly absolute count, serum TNF-α, and IFN-γ were quantified. Ly subpopulations were analyzed as follows: total TLy (TTLy-CD45+CD3+), early activated TLy (EATLy-CD45+3+69+), total NKLy (TNKLy-CD45+CD3-CD56+CD16+), NKdim (low expression of CD56+), NKbright (high expression of CD56+), BLy (CD45+CD3-CD19+), T helper Ly (ThLy-CD45+CD3+CD4+), and T cytotoxic Ly (TcLy-CD45+CD3+CD8+). Results: Higher BMI has significantly higher WBC and BLy (p < 0.0001; p = 0.0085). EATLy significantly decreased from NW to OB (3.10-NW, 1.10-OW, 0.85-OB, p < 0.0001). Only EATLy exhibited significant negative correlations with all the BCIs. A significantly higher TNF-α was observed in the OW and OB groups compared to the NW group. IFN-γ increased linearly but nonsignificantly with BMI. TTLy showed a nonsignificant positive correlation with both IFN-γ and TNF-α, while EATLy showed a negative correlation, significant only for IFN-γ. NKLy subpopulations exhibited a consistent negative correlation with TNF-α, significant only for NKdim (p = 0.0423), and a nonsignificant consistent positive correlation with IFN-γ. A nonsignificant negative correlation between age and both TNKLy (r = -0.0927) and NKdim (r = -0.0893) cells was found, while a positive correlation was found with NKbright (r = 0.0583). Conclusions: In conclusion, the baseline immunological profile of PB is influenced by excessive adipose tissue in healthy young adults.

Freezing storage combined with freeze-drying of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae to produce oil rich in free lauric acid

Abstract The fat of Hermetia illucens larvae (black soldier fly, BSFL) is a rich source of lauric acid (LA), and its free fatty acid (FFA) form holds valuable potential for applications in food, feed, pharmaceuticals, or cosmetics. This study aimed to establish specific processing conditions of BSFL that naturally promote lipolysis, resulting in a high free LA (FLA) rich oil. Freezing was used for slaughtering, with different times of frozen storage (1, 7 and 14 d). Then, thermal (oven-drying) and non-thermal (freeze-drying) drying processes were compared. Additionally, the impact of 24 h restrictive vs non-restrictive feeding before slaughtering was tested. Free acidity, free fatty acid profile, lipid oxidation (peroxide value, PV; TBARs test) and antioxidant activity (DPPH test) were measured at days 0 and 30 of processing. Freeze-dried samples exhibited higher free acidity (42%) compared to oven-drying (4%), progressively increasing with frozen storage (24% at day 1 vs 51% at day 14). A restricted diet caused up to 60% free acidity. Nevertheless, the FFA profile was similar for both diet conditions, with LA as the major FFA (41% of total FFAs and 27% of total fat). After 30 days of storage, free acidity approached 70%. Oven-drying caused the highest PV (4.5 mEqO2/kg), especially after 14 d of frozen storage (&gt;5.0 mEqO2/kg) and under restricted diet (6.1 mEqO2/kg). Conversely, freeze-drying maintained the lowest PV in all cases (0.6 mEqO2/kg). TBARs values mirrored the PV pattern. Antioxidant capacity was lower for freeze-drying compared to oven-drying (46% and 71%, respectively), regardless of frozen storage. Irrespective of the drying method, worse antioxidant activity was observed after restrictive diet. After 30 days of storage, the antioxidant activity decreased for all samples. The proposed strategy of freezing slaughtering, followed by frozen storage and freeze-drying offers a promising approach to naturally obtain a FLA-rich product from BSFL.

Association between endogenous sex hormones and adiposity in youth across a weight status spectrum.

While endogenous sex hormones (e.g., testosterone, estradiol) are important factors regulating adipose tissue distribution, studies evaluating such relationships in youth across a wide weight status spectrum are limited. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 8-21-year-old youth. Multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate associations between sex hormones and adiposity measures (android/gynoid ratio (A/G), total fat mass (FM), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), waist circumference (WC)) and total lean mass (LM), adjusting for pubertal stage and race/ethnicity, and stratified by sex and weight status. Among 342 youth, the mean age was 13.0 ± 2.8 years old (52.6% female; 38.9% normal weight [NW]; 27.8% overweight/obesity [OW/OB]; 33.3% severe obesity [SO]). Testosterone was positively associated with LM among males with NW (1462 g, 95% CI: 255-2668 g) and OW/OB (3792 g, 95% CI: 1244-6340 g), with A/G and WC among males with NW (0.01, 95% CI: 0-0.2 and 10 mm, 95% CI: 4-16 mm, respectively), and negatively associated with WC among males with SO (-43 mm, -81 to -5 mm). Estradiol was positively associated with A/G, FM, and WC among males with SO, and VAT in females with NW. Our findings showed that sex hormones were associated with adipose tissue deposition in youth across the weight spectrum. Sex hormones (e.g., testosterone, estradiol) are associated with various adiposity measures among male and female children and adolescents across a weight status spectrum. We evaluated associations between sex hormones and various adiposity measures among 8-21-year-olds across a weight status spectrum (normal weight, overweight/class 1 obesity, class 2-3 obesity). We found that estradiol was positively associated with total fat mass, android/gynoid ratio, and waist circumference in males with class 2-3 obesity, and testosterone was positively associated with lean mass in males with normal weight and overweight/class 1 obesity. Sex hormones may influence, or may be influenced by, adiposity in youth.

Dual-Energy Computed Tomography-Guided Assessment of Visceral Adiposity and Its Correlation With Lipid Function Test: A Retrospective Study.

Introduction Obesity, a prevalent global health concern, is associated with various chronic conditions, including cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome. Visceral adiposity, the accumulation of fat around internal organs, has a more significant impact on metabolic health compared to subcutaneous fat. Accurate assessment of visceral fat is critical for predicting metabolic risks. Dual-Energy Computed Tomography (DECT) is emerging as an effective tool for quantifying visceral adiposity, allowing for enhanced tissue differentiation. This study aims to assess visceral adiposity using DECT and explore its correlation with lipid function tests, including cholesterol and triglyceride levels, in a cohort of patients. Materials and methods This retrospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Radiology at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai. Data from 100 patientsaged 25 to 75 years with a BMI of 25 kg/m² or higher, were analyzed. DECT scans were performed using a Siemens SOMATOM go.Top 128-slice CT scanner (Siemens, Munich) to quantify visceral fat, particularly mesenteric fat. Lipid function tests were conducted to measure total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship between visceral fat volume and lipid profile components. Results The study found significant correlations between visceral adiposity and lipid profile components. Total Visceral Fat Area (VFA) volume positively correlated with total cholesterol (r = 0.65, p < 0.01), LDL cholesterol (r = 0.58, p < 0.01), and triglycerides (r = 0.52, p < 0.05). An inverse relationship was observed between VFA volume and HDL cholesterol (r = -0.48, p < 0.05). Regression analysis confirmed that VFA volume is an independent predictor of these lipid levels after adjusting for age, gender, and BMI. The study also reported the prevalence of hepatomegaly in 11 (36.6%) cases and fatty liver in nine (30%) cases in the study population, underscoring the metabolic implications of visceral fat accumulation. Conclusion This study highlights the significant role of visceral adiposity in influencing lipid metabolism and associated cardiovascular risks. DECT proved to be a precise and reliable tool for assessing visceral fat and its metabolic implications. The findings suggest that increased visceral fat is associated with adverse lipid profiles, contributing to a higher risk of metabolic disorders. These results emphasize the need for incorporating advanced imaging techniques like DECT in clinical practice for better risk stratification and personalized treatment strategies in patients with obesity and related metabolic conditions.

Blue Food Consumption and Its Relation to Nutrient Intake among Koreans.

(1) Background: "Blue food" is a recently coined term referring to seafood, emphasizing health benefits and sustainability. This study compares nutrient intake levels between Koreans who consume fish and shellfish and those who do not. (2) Methods: Data from the eighth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019-2020) were used. A total of 9442 individuals were analyzed (≥1 year old). A complex sample design was applied. (3) Results: Younger individuals aged 9 to 29 consumed less fish and shellfish, while those with higher education and income levels consumed more. Compared with the non-consumption group, individuals in the fish and shellfish consumption group exhibited a higher nutrient density in their diets, excluding total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and riboflavin (p < 0.01). They also had a higher proportion of nutrient intakes relative to the Recommended Nutrient Intake level for all nutrients than the non-consumption group (p < 0.001), particularly in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid intakes. Conversely, the non-consumption group had a higher proportion of nutrient intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement compared with the consumption group. (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Individuals consuming blue food exhibited higher levels of nutrient intake. Developing strategies to promote the consumption of blue food, considering factors such as age, education, and income, is essential.

Vertebral marrow fat fraction is associated with circulating RANKL in postmenopausal females.

To investigate the relationship between circulating receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) levels and marrow adipose tissue in postmenopausal females. A total of 164 postmenopausal females were included in the study. Serum levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and RANKL were measured using ELISA kits. Body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Complex-based chemical shift imaging-based MRI was employed to evaluate the vertebral marrow proton density fat fraction (PDFF). A multivariate linear regression model was utilized to analyze the predictive effects of PDFF and BMD on circulating levels of OPG and RANKL. Simple regression analysis showed significant associations among the marrow PDFF, BMD at either site, serum RANKL, and the RANKL/OPG ratio. In multivariate linear regression models, marrow PDFF was found to have a positive correlation (β = 3.15, 95% CI 2.60 to 3.70) and BMD had negative correlations (β = -0.200, 95% CI -0.348 to -0.051 for vertebral BMD; β = -0.383, 95% CI -0.589 to -0.177 for total hip BMD; and β =-0.393, 95% CI -0.598 to -0.188 for femoral neck BMD, all p < 0.01) with circulating soluble RANKL levels after adjusting for age, body mass index, physical activity, total fat mass, android/gynoid ratio, and lean mass. Similar results were observed for the RANKL/OPG ratio. Additionally, multivariate linear regression analyses revealed that marrow PDFF was a significant independent contributor of circulating soluble RANKL (β = 1.34, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.58, p < 0.001) after further controlling for BMD. However, marrow PDFF or BMD had no associations with circulating levels of OPG after adjusting for all potential confounders mentioned above. Vertebral marrow fat fraction is independently associated with circulating soluble RANKL levels in postmenopausal females.

The effects of alternate-day fasting on sleep and physical activity in poor sleeping adults: A randomized control trial.

Utilizing a randomized control design, 42 healthy adults (22.5 ± 2.8 years) participated in alternate-day modified fasting over a 12-day treatment period. Assessments of sleep included sleep time, efficiency, latency and wake after sleep onset, and assessments of physical activity included steps, energy expenditure, sedentary time, time spent in light physical activity and time spent in moderate-to-vigorous activity. Additional measurements included body composition and mood. The alternate-day modified fasting group consumed 25.8% ± 0.3% fewer calories compared with the control group (p = 0.03). There were no differences between groups for change in body mass index (p = 0.87), total fat mass (p = 0.91) or total lean mass (p = 0.88). Daily energy expenditure did not differ between groups (p = 0.11). On fast days, participants spent 34.5 ± 12.7 more minutes sedentary (p = 0.01), took 1100 ± 362 fewer steps (p < 0.01), and engaged in 27.2 ± 8.4 fewer minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (p = 0.00) compared with non-fasting days. Sleep duration, efficiency, latency or wake after sleep onset were not different between conditions (p = 0.92, p = 0.10, p = 0.09 and p = 0.66, respectively). We conclude that alternate-day modified fasting does not alter sleep time, efficiency, latency or wake after sleep onset in people reporting poor sleep quality, and does not alter overall physical activity. Although average daily physical activity is not altered, fasting in this manner does tend to result in more sedentary time and less physical activity with compensation on non-fasting days.

Comparative Analysis of the Phytochemicals, Minerals, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Rauvolfia vomtoria Leafs

In this study, the phytochemicals, B vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and antimicrobial activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Rauvolfia vomtoria leaves were determined and compared. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis, mineral and B vitamin composition, in vitro antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial properties of both extracts were determined using standard protocols. Precise analysis of R. vomtoria revealed that the moisture content of the leaves was 8.90%, ash content was 7.70% and crude fiber content was 20.00%. The carbohydrate content of the leaves was 41%, crude protein content was 17. 00% and total fat content was 5.28%. Cardiac glycosides, tannins, phenols, saponins, phytates, steroids, terpenoids and alkaloids were detected in both aqueous and ethanolic extracts. However, significantly higher concentrations of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides and phytates were detected in the ethanolic extract compared to the aqueous extract. There was no significant difference in the amount of phenols and terpenoids in the two extracts (p&gt;0.05). The thiamine content in the aqueous extract was 0.20 whereas that in the ethanolic extract was 0.27. The riboflavin content was higher in the ethanolic extract (1.80) than in the aqueous extract (1.40). Similarly, the niacin content of the ethanolic extract was 0.81 whereas that of the aqueous extract was 0.81. There was no significant difference in the calcium, magnesium and phosphorus values recorded for the two extracts (p&gt;0.05). In contrast, there was a significant difference in the sodium, potassium, zinc, iron and copper contents of the two extracts with the aqueous extract containing higher amounts of potassium and zinc. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts had zones of inhibition against Enterobacter faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Cetrobacter freundii and Shigella flexlerii. However, the zone of inhibition of the ethanolic extract against the tested organisms was higher than that of the aqueous extract. At a concentration of 10%, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed 87.29% and 92.03% DPPH scavenging activity, respectively. The percentage of inhibitory activity of the extracts against DPPH radical increased in a dose-dependent manner, with the ethanolic extract showing the highest DPPH radical inhibitory activity at a concentration of 50%. The results confirm that ethanol is a suitable solvent for the extraction of biologically active molecules from R.vomtoria leaves.

Utilization of Different Preservatives (Cloves and White Pepper) for Extending of Shelf Live and Nutritional Value of Tiger Nut Milk (Kunun Aya)

Tiger nut milk (Kunun aya) is a traditional beverage and its non-alcoholic widely consumed in Northern part of Nigeria. The beverage was prepared from tiger nut with addition of spices such as cloves, and white pepper at different concentration in order to find its natural preservatives, so as to be preserve for a longer period using natural material so as to find if its shelf life and nutritional content will be maintained. The samples were stored at 4o c for 2 days and the effects of those spices on their proximate, microbial and fungal counts were evaluated. Fresh tiger nut and the spices (cloves and white pepper) were purchased form Jalingo central market in Taraba state in the Northeastern part of Nigeria. The tiger nut milk seeds were sorted and all the unwanted materials which may affects the taste and keeping quality of the drink were removed, washed and rinsed with portable water and then soaked for eight hours(8hrs) to soften the fibre and to remove off-flavor. One kilogram of fresh tiger nut was blended four times in to slurry with water. The slurry was pressed using a muslin cloth to recover extract. Two samples of spiced drink were analyzed for total moisture, ash content, crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat, and carbohydrate. Results of the proximate analysis reveal a range of 80.0-89.5% and 79.8- 87.2% and for moisture of tiger nut milk with cloves and white pepper which is higher at tiger nut with cloves. Ash content ranged from 0.3 -0.6 and 0.6-0.8%, both shows no significant difference in both sample B(1g) of tiger nut milk with cloves and white pepper. For crude fat it ranges 2.5-4.8%, and 2.3-4.1%. The crude fibre shows 2.1-3.0 and 2.2-3.2%, then crude protein 3.3-3.7% and 3.0-3.9% and carbohydrate range 1.7-3.9% and 1.9-2.6% of tiger nut milk cloves and white pepper respectively with no significant difference in sample C(2g) and control in tiger nut milk with cloves under carbohydrate content. The bacterial count of tiger nut milk with cloves and white pepper range 1.2×104 -2.7×104 and 1.6×104-3.0×104 respectively. And fungal count 1.5×107 -2.1×107 and 1.8×107 -2.1×107 with no significant difference in sample B(1g) and C(2g) with both have 1.8×107. The study revealed that cloves and white pepper can be served as a natural preservative in tiger nut milk and at the same time maintain its nutritional qualities.

Interaction between genetic risk score and dietary fat intake on lipid-related traits in Brazilian young adults.

The occurrence of dyslipidaemia, which is an established risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, has been attributed to multiple factors including genetic and environmental factors. We used a genetic risk score (GRS) to assess the interactions between genetic variants and dietary factors on lipid-related traits in a cross-sectional study of 190 Brazilians (mean age: 21 ± 2 years). Dietary intake was assessed by a trained nutritionist using three 24-h dietary recalls. The high GRS was significantly associated with increased concentration of TAG (beta = 0·10 mg/dl, 95 % CI 0·05-0·16; P < 0·001), LDL-cholesterol (beta = 0·07 mg/dl, 95 % CI 0·04, 0·11; P < 0·0001), total cholesterol (beta = 0·05 mg/dl, 95 % CI: 0·03, 0·07; P < 0·0001) and the ratio of TAG to HDL-cholesterol (beta = 0·09 mg/dl, 95 % CI: 0·03, 0·15; P = 0·002). Significant interactions were found between the high GRS and total fat intake on TAG:HDL-cholesterol ratio (Pinteraction = 0·03) and between the high GRS and SFA intake on TAG:HDL-cholesterol ratio (Pinteraction = 0·03). A high intake of total fat (>31·5 % of energy) and SFA (>8·6 % of energy) was associated with higher TAG:HDL-cholesterol ratio in individuals with the high GRS (beta = 0·14, 95 % CI: 0·06, 0·23; P < 0·001 for total fat intake; beta = 0·13, 95 % CI: 0·05, 0·22; P = 0·003 for SFA intake). Our study provides evidence that the genetic risk of high TAG:HDL-cholesterol ratio might be modulated by dietary fat intake in Brazilians, and these individuals might benefit from limiting their intake of total fat and SFA.

PSLBI-21 Interactive effects of dietary betaine supplementation and soybean hulls inclusion on growth performance and carcass composition of young growing pigs

Abstract Growing barrow pigs [n = 24; Large White x Landrace x Duroc; 29.51 ± 3.24 kg initial body weight (BW)] were assigned to 4 treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design to evaluate the synergistic effects of dietary levels of betaine (BET; 0 and 0.1%) and soybean hulls (SBH; 0 and 15%) on growth performance and carcass composition. Pigs were blocked by initial BW and housed in individual pens with ad libitum access to feed and water for a 28-d feeding period. Pigs were weighed and feed intake was recorded at 14-d intervals. Real-time ultrasonic (RTU) measurements of the 10th-rib longissimus dorsi muscle area (LMA) and off-midline backfat thickness (BF) were obtained initially and on d 28 for all pigs. Prediction equations were used to estimate total fat tissue (TOFAT) and fat-free total lean (FFTOLN) from the measurements. All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of the SAS software. Growth performance data were analyzed as repeated measures on time and carcass data were analyzed as single measures with the respective baseline values used as covariate in the statistical model. There were no SBH x BET interactions for growth response variables. Pig growth was not affected by dietary BET supplementation. During the first 14 d of the study, pigs fed 15% SBH had decreased average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.01), average daily feed intake (ADFI; P = 0.02), and feed efficiency [gain:fee; (G:F;P = 0.04)] when compared with pigs fed diets without SBH. From d 15 to 28, dietary addition of 15% SBH reduced ADFI (P = 0.01), whereas no significant effects on the other growth performance variables were observed. Overall, when compared with pigs fed diets without SBH, pigs fed diets with 15% SBH had reduced feed intake (P = 0.01) and ADG (P = 0.04), which resulted in lighter pigs (P = 0.03) at the completion of the feeding trial. A SBH x BET interaction (P = 0.04) was observed for LMA, with decreased values (P &amp;lt; 0.05) detected for BET-supplemented pigs only when SBH was not included in the diet. No additional carcass composition traits were altered by BET supplementation. Including 15% SBH to the diet decreased BF (P = 0.05) and TOFAT (P = 0.04) in growing pigs. Neither BET supplementation nor SBH inclusion affected FFTOLN. In conclusion, adding supplemental BET to diets with SBH did not synergistically alter nutrient partitioning of young growing pigs. Although no beneficial effects of BET supplementation on growth and carcass composition traits were observed, feeding pigs diets containing 15% SBH resulted in slower growth rates with less fat deposition.

The relationship between diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a clinical and instrumental paired study

To study the impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) on the severity of liver steatosis and fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To conduct a paired case-control study 2989 patients were examined at the Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety. Pairs were matched by gender and age and distributed into groups: NAFLD + DM2+ (n=313), NAFLD + DM2- (n=313) and a control group of patients without NAFLD and without DM2 (n=313). The severity of liver steatosis was determined by measuring the controlled attenuation parameter. The severity of liver fibrosis was determined by measuring the liver stiffness measurement. Body composition of the patients was determined using bioimpedance measurements. Indicators of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and the serum activity of liver enzymes was determined by standard biochemical methods. In NAFLD + DM2+ group compared to NAFLD + DM2- group, and in NAFLDM + DM2-compared to the control group, weight, BMI, waist and hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio were higher, while in all. In NAFLD + DM2+ and NAFLD + DM2- groups the volume of fat mass directly correlated with the level of blood triglycerides (r=0.21), HbA1с (r=0.32) and fasting blood glucose (r=0.35), and inversely correlated with high-density lipoproteins (r=-0.19). In NAFLD + DM2+ group versus NAFLD + DM2- group severe steatosis (S3, 78% versus 59.4%; p<0.001) and severe fibrosis (F4, 8% vs 2.6%; p<0.001) was more common; 70% of patients in the NAFLD + DM2- group had no liver fibrosis according to elastography (F0), while in the NAFLD + DM2+ group only 43.2% of patients had no liver fibrosis (p<0.0001). When NAFLD is accompanied by DM2, there is an increase in total fat mass, the severity of steatosis and liver fibrosis, and an associated deterioration of lipid metabolism. More than half of these patients have various stages of liver fibrosis, which indicates the progressive nature of the disease.

Mediterranean diet, diet quality, and adequacy to Italian dietary recommendations in southern Italian adults

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the relation between adherence to the Mediterranean diet, adequacy to the Italian dietary recommendations, and several domains of diet quality in a sample of Italian adults. METHODS: The dietary habits of a total of 1936 participants were investigated. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and diet quality were assessed through the Medi-Lite and the Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I). RESULTS: The global DQI-I score positively correlated with the Medi-Lite score. Negative coefficients were found for protein intake and calcium in the adequacy category, total fat in the moderation category, and fatty acid ratio in the overall balance category. More than half of the participants were adherent to national recommendations for potatoes, cereals, red meat, and other fats consumption. In contrast, recommendations on legumes, fruit, vegetables, and processed meat were met by about half of the participants while those for dairy products (milk and yogurt) and cheese, eggs, and white meat were rather underrepresented. Higher scores in DQI-I and Medi-Lite well predicted adequacy to recommendations on fruit and vegetables, legumes, processed meat, cereals, and legumes. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals reporting higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet show better diet quality and a higher probability of meeting the dietary recommendations.

76 Camera vision grading and objective tenderness outcomes of steers fed lubabegron fumarate for the final 56 d of the feeding period

Abstract Limited research has compared no beta-agonist, ractopamine and lubabegron in feedlot cattle. We evaluated carcass quality and yield variables using a camera grading instrument and also examined objective tenderness outcomes. Treatments were negative control (no beta-ligand; CON), Optaflexx (ractopamine hydrochloride, 300 mg·steer-1·d-1 for 35 d; OPT), and Experior (lubabegron fumarate, 36 mg·steer-1·d-1 for 56 d + 4 d removal; 0EXP) fed for 198 d. Additional EXP treatments investigated total days on feed (DOF) of 184 d (-14EXP), 212 d (+14EXP) and 226 d (+28EXP). Carcasses (n = 2,517) were instrument graded 24 h post-mortem. Longissimus tenderness and lipid content were evaluated in a subset (n = 361) of carcasses via slice shear force and ether extract. Statistical analyses were conducted using mixed models; pen was the experimental unit, treatment was the fixed effect, block was a random effect, and means were separated with the Tukey-Kramer adjustment. Longissimus muscle area (LMA) was 4.0 to 6.2 cm2 larger (P &amp;lt; 0.01) for steers fed EXP compared with CON, which did not differ from OPT. Weight corrected LMA (LMA:HCW) was 1.3 cm2/100 kg larger (P &amp;lt; 0.01) for -14EXP compared with CON. Marbling score was 31 to 39 points lower (P &amp;lt; 0.01) for -14EXP compared with CON and OPT, whereas 0EXP, +14EXP and +28EXP were similar to CON and OPT. Total number of fat pieces within the longissimus did not differ (P = 0.11) across treatments, however number of fat pieces in the lateral one-half of the longissimus decreased (P ≤ 0.03) for -14EXP and +28EXP, whereas +14EXP tended (P = 0.09) to decrease compared with CON. Total meat area was 3.7 percentage points greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) for -14EXP compared with CON; +14EXP and +28EXP tended (P = 0.07) to be greater than CON. Total fat area was 1.6 to 1.8 percentage points less (P ≤ 0.02) for 0EXP, +14EXP, and +28EXP when compared with CON. Compared with CON, dorsal-ventral longissimus distance increased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) by 3.3 to 5.4% for -14EXP, 0EXP, +14EXP and +28EXP. Medial-lateral longissimus distance increased 1.9 to 2.5 % (P &amp;lt; 0.01) for +14EXP and +28EXP compared with CON, whereas -14EXP tended (P = 0.08) to increase. Percentage intramuscular fat (IMF) was similar (P ≥ 0.44) for +14EXP, +28EXP, and OPT compared with CON, whereas 0EXP tended (P = 0.09) to be less. Marbling score and IMF were moderately correlated (r = 0.66). Slice shear force values were 20.1% greater (P &amp;lt; 0.02) for +14EXP compared with CON, whereas 0EXP tended (P = 0.09) to be greater and +28EXP, -14EXP and OPT were similar (P ≥ 0.28) to CON. These findings illustrate the effect of EXP on carcass traits and tenderness in feedlot cattle.

109 Dam and calf influences on colostrum yield and quality in beef cattle

Abstract To determine factors affecting colostrum yield and quality, data from 148 cow-calf pairs over 6 experiments were combined. In each experiment, single rear quarter colostrum yield was obtained post-calving but pre-suckling. Colostrum IgG was determined by ELISA, and colostrum lactose, triglycerides (as a measure of total fat), and protein were determined by colorimetric analyses. Total IgG and nutrients were calculated as the concentration multiplied by single-quarter yield. Calf birth weight and expelled placental dry weight were also collected post-calving. Mixed linear models (experiment as a random effect) were used to determine the effects of dam age (primiparous: 2 yr, young: 3 to 4 yr, mature: ≥ 5 yr), dam peripartum body condition score (BCS; thin: &amp;lt; 5, moderate: 5 to 5.99, fleshy: ≥ 6), and calf sex on colostrum yield (single-quarter colostrum weight) and quality. Pearson correlation coefficients were also determined for colostrum yield with dam pre-calving body weight (BW), calf birth weight, calf birth weight relative to dam BW, whole placental dry weight, and gestation length. Mature dams had the greatest (P ≤ 0.03) and primiparous dams had the least (P ≤ 0.001) colostrum yield and total lactose. Colostrum from primiparous dams had greater (P = 0.03) IgG concentration than mature and greater (P ≤ 0.001) protein concentration than young and mature. Mature dams had greater (P ≤ 0.02) total IgG, total protein, and total triglycerides compared with both primiparous and young. Colostrum yield was less (P ≤ 0.04) for thin than moderate and fleshy dams. Total IgG was unaffected (P = 0.11) by dam BCS; however, thin dams had greater (P ≤ 0.04) IgG concentration than moderate and fleshy. Lactose concentration and total lactose were less (P ≤ 0.02) in colostrum from thin compared with moderate dams. Protein concentration was greater (P = 0.001) in thin than moderate dams, but thin dams had less (P ≤ 0.02) total protein compared with moderate and fleshy. Dam BCS did not affect (P ≥ 0.59) colostrum triglyceride concentration or total triglycerides. Colostrum yield and quality were not affected (P ≥ 0.22) by calf sex. Pre-calving dam BW was positively correlated with colostrum yield (r = 0.46, P &amp;lt; 0.001). Colostrum yield was also positively correlated with calf birth weight (r = 0.31, P &amp;lt; 0.001) and whole placental dry weight (r = 0.26, P = 0.007), but tended to be negatively correlated with calf birth weight relative to dam BW (r = -0.14, P = 0.09). Gestation length had no relationship (P = 0.31) with colostrum yield. Overall, colostrum yield and quality are negatively affected in young and thin beef dams. In addition, both dam and calf weight have positive relationships with colostrum yield, likely mediated by endocrine action associated with placental size.