Total Fat Volume Research Articles

Long-Term Effects of Fat Injection Laryngoplasty in Relation to the Injected Fat Volume in Patients With Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis

To evaluate the improvements in vocal function and glottal form before and after autologous fat injection laryngoplasty in relation to the injected total fat volume in patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis. Clinical study. Seventy-three patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis received fat injection laryngoplasty and were divided into low-volume injection (<3 mL; average, 2.0 mL) and high-volume injection (≥3 mL; average, 4.3 mL) groups. Voice function before and after fat injection laryngoplasty were examined by aerodynamics evaluations, pitch and intensity measurements, and acoustic analyses. The glottal form before and after fat injection laryngoplasty was determined by measuring the ratio of vocal fold bowing (bowing ratio) and the ratio of lengths between bilateral vocal process (width ratio) at an easy phonation under laryngeal endoscopic examination. The postoperative parameters were evaluated for a median period of four years after fat injection laryngoplasty. The differences between pre- and postoperative parameters were examined separately for each group by the paired t-test. For each variable, a comparison of the effects of surgery was conducted using an analysis of covariance model with the change between the pre- and postoperative values as a dependent variable and the preoperative value as a covariate. In both groups, all parameters of voice function and glottal form after surgery significantly improved in comparison to those before surgery. Maximum phonation time, amplitude perturbation quotient, and normalized noise energy for 0 to 4 kHz in the high-volume group improved more significantly in comparison to those in the low-volume group. As a rough guide for males, injection of more than 3 mL of autologous fat to the vocal muscle layer is recommended for reliable improvement of voice function in patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis.

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FOR MEASURING BODY FAT RESERVES IN THE THREATENED MOJAVE DESERT TORTOISE (GOPHERUS AGASSIZII).

Noninvasive methods for measuring fat reserves in both captive and free-ranging animals are important for monitoring individual and population health, but chelonian anatomy and physiology present challenges to accurate measurements. Standard field-based methods for assessing body condition in Mojave desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) involve the qualitative body condition score, which relies on the apparent height of the temporalis muscle relative to the sagittal crest (in addition to other characteristics) and quantitative body condition indices that measure relative mass at size. However, it is unclear how these metrics relate to body fat reserves in this species. The aims of this study were to (1) describe the use of noninvasive computed tomography in measuring body fat volume of Mojave desert tortoises, (2) describe the location of fat reserves, (3) investigate relationships between fat reserves and body condition score and body condition index, and (4) explore whether relative temporalis muscle depth, measured via computed tomography, correlates with body condition score. Body condition scores were assessed for eight captive Mojave desert tortoises prior to euthanasia, and computed tomography was performed postmortem to quantify fat volume and measure temporalis muscle depth. At necropsy, the distribution of fat was documented. Fat volume calculated by computed tomography ranged from 2.83 to 145.38 cm3 (0.07-2.5% body volume). Neither qualitative body condition score nor quantitative body condition index was correlated with fat volume. Bladder content did not compromise body condition index. Body condition score was not correlated with relative temporalis muscle depth. Computed tomography is a noninvasive method for successfully identifying fat reserves and estimating total fat volume in Mojave desert tortoises. The lack of a relationship between computed tomography-determined metrics and commonly used body condition metrics indicates that computed tomography fills a critical gap in the health assessment tool kit for captive and free-ranging Mojave desert tortoises.

PD38-05 EXCESSIVE VISCERAL FAT IN MEN IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRESENCE AND SEVERITY OF OVERACTIVE BLADDER

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 May 2022PD38-05 EXCESSIVE VISCERAL FAT IN MEN IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRESENCE AND SEVERITY OF OVERACTIVE BLADDER Tomohiro Matsuo, Yasuyoshi Miyata, Hidenori Ito, Hiroki Kurata, Masahito Masato, Kensuke Mitsunari, Kojiro Ohba, and Hideki Sakai Tomohiro MatsuoTomohiro Matsuo More articles by this author , Yasuyoshi MiyataYasuyoshi Miyata More articles by this author , Hidenori ItoHidenori Ito More articles by this author , Hiroki KurataHiroki Kurata More articles by this author , Masahito MasatoMasahito Masato More articles by this author , Kensuke MitsunariKensuke Mitsunari More articles by this author , Kojiro OhbaKojiro Ohba More articles by this author , and Hideki SakaiHideki Sakai More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002596.05AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Increased abdominal visceral fat induces abnormal adipocytokine secretion. This leads to overproduction of various inflammatory cytokines, which induce systemic chronic inflammation and can result in metabolic syndrome (MetS). Although it is understood that systemic inflammation spread due to MetS can cause various lifestyle diseases, it was recently reported that MetS is also an important factor in lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), including overactive bladder (OAB). A recent study of women showed that excessive visceral fat accumulation, which triggers MetS, is related to OAB presence and severity. However, there has been no such research on men, who are considered more susceptible to the effects of visceral fat than women. Therefore, the objective of this study was to clarify the relationship between visceral fat volume and OAB in men. METHODS: Men who underwent abdominal CT as part of health checks and had not been treated for LUTS before the study were included. OAB was defined as scoring ≥2 points on question 3 (urinary urgency) of the Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS) and a total score of ≥3 points. Visceral fat area (VFA), visceral fat volume (VFV), and total abdominal fat volume (TAV) calculated from abdominal CT, the presence of OAB, associations between these fat parameters; and OABSS total score were examined. Visceral fat was measured using a 3-dimensional image analysis system (SYNOSE VINCENT®, FUJIFILM Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). RESULTS: There were 519 participants in the analysis set. The mean age was 57.4±15.2 years. There were 135 patients (26.0%) who met the criteria for OAB. From the abdominal CT results, the OAB group exhibited statistically and significantly higher values than the non-OAB group for the following factors: VFA (non-OAB; 72.1±39.6 cm2, OAB; 113.5±72.2 cm2, P<0.001), VFV (non-OAB; 1829.1±1249.6 cm3, OAB; 3299.6±2380.2 cm3, P<0.001), and VFV/TAV (non-OAB; 0.32±0.12, OAB; 0.50±0.15, P<0.001). When correlations between these factors obtained from the image findings and the OABSS total score were examined, VFV/TAV had the strongest correlation with the OABSS total score (r=0.511, P<0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the presence of OAB and VFV/TAV was 0.821. At a cutoff value of 0.409, the sensitivity and specificity were 0.741 and 0.732, respectively. Multivariate analysis of VFV/TAV and factors contributing to OAB, such as age, prostate volume, hypertension, and diabetes, showed that high VFV/TAV (≥0.409) was an independent risk factor for OAB in univariate and multivariate analyses (odds ratio 4.51, 95% confidence interval: 2.57-7.89, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We found that VFA and increased VFA were closely associated with OAB presence and severity in men. The results also indicated that excessive abdominal visceral fat accumulation itself is an important risk factor for OAB. Source of Funding: None © 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 207Issue Supplement 5May 2022Page: e647 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Tomohiro Matsuo More articles by this author Yasuyoshi Miyata More articles by this author Hidenori Ito More articles by this author Hiroki Kurata More articles by this author Masahito Masato More articles by this author Kensuke Mitsunari More articles by this author Kojiro Ohba More articles by this author Hideki Sakai More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

Evaluation of the Relationship between Fat Volume and Nephrolithiasis.

To examine the relation between perirenal fat volume, which is one of the visceral fat measurements, and kidney stones. 169 patients admitted to our clinic between January 2018 and May 2021 were included in the study. The patients were divided into 2 groups as Control Group and Unilateral Kidney Stone Group (88 patients with unilateral kidney stones). Contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography scans were used to measure perirenal fat volume and the results were transferred to workstations. The total perirenal fat volumes in the bilateral kidneys of patients were compared between the two groups. The perirenal fat volume in stone-bearing and non-stone bearing kidneys of patients were also compared. The total perirenal fat volume was higher in the Unilateral Kidney Stone Group than in the other groups and the perirenal fat volume of the patients in this group was higher in the stone bearing kidney (295.6±164.4cm3) than in the non-stone bearing kidney (273.1±179.6cm3). In the ROC analysis, it was concluded that total perirenal fat volume>387cm3 increased the risk of kidney stones. Presence of hypertension, presence of hyperlipidemia and total perirenal fat volume>387cm3 were found to be independent risk factors for the presence of kidney stones. Perirenal fat volume is higher in stone bearing kidneys compared to non-stone bearing kidneys. Therefore, stone formation in a kidney is directly related to the perirenal fat volume of that kidney. Also, total perirenal fat volume>387cm3 increases the risk of kidney stones independently of body mass index, and predicts it better.

Abdominal fat distribution and its relationship to sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) and SAD-height ratio – An analytical cross-sectional study in the South Indian population

Background: The prevalence of obesity is increasing in developing countries like India. This will place a great burden on the health infrastructure of the country. Early identification and intervention are the keys to managing this important problem. Since Asians tend to have more visceral body fat for any given body mass index (BMI), lower cut-off values have been suggested for different anthropometric parameters. Studies determining the correlation of Sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) and SAD-height ratio (SADHtR) with total visceral fat volumes measured by computed tomography (CT) scan abdomen quantification are limited in the South Indian population. Aims and Objectives: This study was conducted with the objectives of measuring BMI, SAD, SADHtR, and comparing the correlation of the measured anthropometric parameters with visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat volumes measured using CT scan abdomen in both the genders in South Indian population. Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was done in a hospital setting with a sample size of 566 (276 men and 290 women-aged 30–70 years). Weight, height, and BMI were measured. SAD was measured electronically from a CT image at the L4–L5 level. SADHtR was derived. Total abdominal fat volumes, subcutaneous abdominal fat volumes, and visceral abdominal fat volumes were measured in cm3 from the dome of the liver to the pubic symphysis using software for CT-based quantification of fat volumes between −190 and −30 Hounsfield units threshold limits. The data were tabulated and analyzed to compare mean values between men and women and to find the correlation between the anthropometric parameters and visceral fat volume using Pearson’s correlation test. Results: The difference in mean values of BMI, SAD, and SADHtR between the sexes was statistically significant. SAD showed the highest correlation with visceral fat volume in both genders. BMI showed a higher correlation with subcutaneous adipose tissue volume than with visceral adipose tissue volume. Conclusion: Both SAD and SADHtR can be used as simple and reproducible anthropometric tools to identify the presence of increased visceral fat volume in both genders in our population.

Association between single-slice and whole heart measurements of epicardial and pericardial fat in cardiac MRI.

Epicardial (ECF) and pericardial fat (PCF) are important prognostic markers for various cardiac diseases. However, volumetry of the fat compartments is time-consuming. To investigate whether total volume of ECF and PCF can be estimated by axial single-slice measurements and in a four-chamber view. A total of 113 individuals (79 patients and 34 healthy) were included in this retrospective magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. The total volume of ECF and PCF was determined using a 3D-Dixon sequence. Additionally, the area of ECF and PCF was obtained in single axial layers at five anatomical landmarks (left coronary artery, right coronary artery, right pulmonary artery, mitral valve, coronary sinus) of the Dixon sequence and in a four-chamber view of a standard cine sequence. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated between the total volume and each single-slice measurement. Axial single-slice measurements of ECF and PCF correlated strongly with the total fat volumes at all landmarks (ECF: r = 0.85-0.94, P < 0.001; PCF: r = 0.89-0.94, P < 0.001). The best correlation was found at the level of the left coronary artery for ECF and PCF (r = 0.94, P < 0.001). Correlation between single-slice measurement in the four-chamber view and the total ECF and PCF volume was lower (r = 0.75 and r = 0.8, respectively, P < 0.001). Single-slice measurements allow an estimation of ECF and PCF volume. This time-efficient analysis allows studies of larger patient cohorts and the opportunistic determination of ECF/PCF from routine examinations.

Association of Adipopenia at Preoperative PET/CT with Mortality in Stage I Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Background Body mass index (BMI) and sarcopenia status are well-established prognostic factors in patients with lung cancer. However, the relationship between the amount of adipose tissue and survival remains unclear. Purpose To investigate the association between baseline adipopenia and outcomes in patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods Consecutive patients who underwent surgical resection for stage I NSCLC between 2011 and 2015 at a single tertiary care center were retrospectively identified. The primary outcome was the 5-year overall survival (OS) rate, and secondary outcomes were the 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate and the major postoperative complication rate. The abdominal total fat volume at the waist and the skeletal muscle area at the L3 level were obtained from preoperative PET/CT data and were normalized by the height squared to calculate the fat volume index (FVI) and skeletal muscle index. Adipopenia was defined as the sex-specific lowest quartile of the FVI for the study sample, and sarcopenia was determined using the skeletal muscle index reference value (men, <55 cm2/m2; women, <39 cm2/m2). The association between body composition and outcomes was evaluated using Cox regression analysis. Results A total of 440 patients (median age, 65 years [interquartile range, 58-72 years]; 243 men) were evaluated. Most underweight patients (<20 kg/m2) had adipopenia (97%, 36 of 37 patients), but overweight patients (25-30 kg/m2, n = 138) and obese patients (>30 kg/m2, n = 14) did not have adipopenia (3%, four of 152 patients). In the group with a normal BMI (20-25 kg/m2), 28% (70 of 251 patients) had adipopenia and 67% (168 of 251 patients) had sarcopenia. After adjusting for age, sex, smoking history, surgical procedure, stage, histologic type, BMI, and sarcopenia, adipopenia was associated with reduced 5-year OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.8; P = .02) and 5-year non-cancer-specific OS rates (HR = 3.2; 95% CI: 1.2, 8.7; P = .02). There was no association between adipopenia and postoperative complications (P = .45) or between adipopenia and the 5-year DFS rate (P = .18). Conclusion Baseline adipopenia was associated with a reduced 5-year overall survival rate in patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer and may indicate risk for non-cancer-related death. © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Deep Learning-Based Quantification of Visceral Fat Volumes Predicts Posttransplant Diabetes Mellitus in Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Background: Because obesity is associated with the risk of posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM), the precise estimation of visceral fat mass before transplantation may be helpful. Herein, we addressed whether a deep-learning based volumetric fat quantification on pretransplant computed tomographic images predicted the risk of PTDM more precisely than body mass index (BMI).Methods: We retrospectively included a total of 718 nondiabetic kidney recipients who underwent pretransplant abdominal computed tomography. The 2D (waist) and 3D (waist or abdominal) volumes of visceral, subcutaneous, and total fat masses were automatically quantified using the deep neural network. The predictability of the PTDM risk was estimated using a multivariate Cox model and compared among the fat parameters using the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs).Results: PTDM occurred in 179 patients (24.9%) during the median follow-up period of 5 years (interquartile range, 2.5–8.6 years). All the fat parameters predicted the risk of PTDM, but the visceral and total fat volumes from 2D and 3D evaluations had higher AUROC values than BMI did, and the best predictor of PTDM was the 3D abdominal visceral fat volumes [AUROC, 0.688 (0.636–0.741)]. The addition of the 3D abdominal VF volume to the model with clinical risk factors increased the predictability of PTDM, but BMI did not.Conclusions: A deep-learning based quantification of visceral fat volumes on computed tomographic images better predicts the risk of PTDM after kidney transplantation than BMI.

Impact of epicardial fat on the duration of radiofrequency energydelivery during catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Aims This study aimed to determine the impact of the volume of epicardial fat on the duration of radiofrequency (RF) energy delivery during the procedure of ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods The volume of epicardial fat was measured from spiral computerized tomography scan. The primary endpoint was the duration of RF delivery for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), and the overall total duration of RF application. Secondary endpoint was conversion of AF to sinus rhythm or organisation of the arrhythmia after PVI. Results From March 2015 to May 2018, 222 patients (45,5% with persistent AF) underwent a first RF catheter ablation procedure for AF. The total duration of RF delivery, and the duration of RF delivery specifically for PVI were significantly associated with higher total volume of epicardial fat (p = 0,0002; p = 0,009 respectively), periatrial (p = 0,003; p = 0,045) and periventricular epicardial fat (p = 0,001; p = 0,012). In multivariate analysis, total epicardial fat volume was not significantly associated with total RF delivery duration (p = 0,743). For patients with arrhythmia at the time of the procedure, patients who achieved conversion or organisation of their arrhythmia after PVI had similar levels of total epicardial fat to those whose arrhythmia persisted (65 ± 35,2 vs 74,5 ± 31,2 ml ; p = 0,192). Conclusion We observed a significant relation between total, periatrial, and periventricular epicardial fat, and the duration of RF delivery during ablation of AF. This relation was not significant by multivariate analysis meaning that epicardial fat maybe a marker, but not an independent factor,of ablation complexity.

Excessive accumulation of visceral fat is associated with lower urinary symptoms including overactive bladder in female patients.

ObjectiveTo assess the relationship between visceral fat accumulation and lower urinary tract symptoms in female patients.MethodsIn this single‐center study, we enrolled all women who underwent screening abdominal computed tomography 3 months before the study, irrespective of whether they experienced lower urinary tract symptoms. The Overactive Bladder Symptom Score was used to assess subjective symptoms. Uroflowmetry and ultrasound assessment of post‐void residual urine were carried out to assess objective signs. We analyzed the relationship between lower urinary tract symptoms and various body fat accumulation parameters, including visceral fat area, visceral fat volume and total abdominal fat volume, assessed using computed tomography scans.ResultsA total of 182 patients were divided into the overactive bladder (n = 71, 39.0%) and the non‐overactive bladder (n = 111, 61.0%) groups. The visceral fat area, visceral fat volume and visceral fat volume/total abdominal fat volume values were all significantly higher in the overactive bladder group than in the non‐overactive bladder group (P < 0.001). Of these parameters, the visceral fat volume/total abdominal fat volume ratio showed the strongest correlation with the total Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (r = 0.394, P < 0.001). The maximum urine flow rate correlated negatively with the visceral fat volume/total abdominal fat volume value (visceral fat volume/total abdominal fat volume r = –0.289, P < 0.001). Subsequent multivariate analysis showed that a high visceral fat volume/total abdominal fat volume value, age and metabolic syndrome‐related diseases were independent risk factors for the presence of overactive bladder.ConclusionsExcessive accumulation of visceral fat is independently associated with overactive bladder in females.

Teprotumumab reduces extraocular muscle and orbital fat volume in thyroid eye disease

PurposeThyroid eye disease (TED) is a progressive, debilitating and potentially vision-threatening autoimmune disease. Teprotumumab, a novel human monoclonal antibody, has been shown to reverse the clinical manifestations of TED. Patients...

Facial Aging: A Quantitative Analysis of Midface Volume Changes over 11 Years.

Anatomical studies have identified separate superficial and deep facial fat compartments, leading some to theorize that volume loss from the deep midface causes overlying superficial fat pseudoptosis. Unfortunately, a paucity of evidence exists regarding whether facial fat volume is truly lost with age and, if so, whether it is lost equally or differentially from the superficial and deep compartments. The aim of this study was to quantify volume changes occurring with age within the superficial, deep, and buccal fat compartments of the midface. A retrospective longitudinal study was performed evaluating individuals aged 30 to 65 years who underwent facial computed tomography followed by facial computed tomography greater than or equal to 10 years later. Superficial midface, deep midface, and buccal fat volumes were quantified using Horos radiology software. Nineteen subjects met inclusion criteria. Mean total fat volume decreased significantly from 46.47 cc to 40.81 cc (p < 0.01). The mean superficial and deep fat volumes both decreased significantly from 26.10 cc to 23.15 cc (p < 0.01) and from 11.01 cc to 8.98 cc (p < 0.01), respectively. No significant difference was observed in buccal fat volume over time (9.36 cc to 8.68 cc; p = 0.04). Patients lost an average of 11.3 percent of their initial superficial fat volume and 18.4 percent of their initial deep fat volume. Significant volume loss was observed from both superficial and deep facial fat compartments over a mean 11.3 years. Patients lost a greater percentage of deep facial fat volume, providing support for the theory of pseudoptosis caused by deep midface fat loss.

The Effect of Age on Fat Distribution in the Neck Using Volumetric Computed Tomography.

Neck fat distribution plays an important role in aging, yet how fat distribution changes with age is largely unknown. This study used volumetric computed tomography in live patients to characterize neck fat volume and distribution in young and elderly women. A retrospective analysis was conducted of head and neck computed tomographic angiographs of 20 young (aged 20 to 35 years) and 20 old (aged 65 to 89 years) women. Fat volume in the supraplatysmal and subplatysmal planes was quantified. Distribution of fat volume was assessed by dividing each supraplatysmal and subplatysmal compartment into upper, middle, and lower thirds. Total supraplatysmal fat volume was greater than subplatysmal in all patients. Young patients had more total supraplatysmal fat than old patients (p < 0.0001). No difference was found between age groups in subplatysmal fat (p > 0.05). No difference was found between upper/middle/lower third supraplatysmal fat volumes in young patients. When comparing supraplatysmal thirds within the elderly population, the middle third fat volume (28.58 ± 20.01 cm3) was greater than both upper (18.93 ± 10.35 cm3) and lower thirds (15.46 ± 11.57 cm3) (p < 0.01). This study suggests that total supraplatysmal fat volume decreases with age. Older patients had more fat volume in the upper and middle thirds compared with the lower third of the supraplatysmal fat compartment, whereas young patients had more evenly distributed fat. These results suggest that fat deposition and redistribution in the neck occur with age and may be a contributing factor to the obtuse cervicomandibular angle of the elderly.

Divergent selection for fat index in Pannon Ka rabbits: genetic parameters, selection response

&lt;p&gt;The objective of this study was to estimate the response to selection for total body fat content of rabbits measured by computer tomography (CT). A divergent selection experiment was performed using Pannon Ka rabbits, which were previously selected for number of kits born alive. The so-called zero generation consisted of 351 Pannon Ka rabbits, from which the index, total body fat volume (cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) divided by the body weight (kg), was measured. Rabbits with low and high fat index values were selected to form the parent groups of the lean and fat lines, respectively. The lines consisted of 55-72 females and 35-47 males, depending on the line and generation. After three generations, the rabbits were evaluated by means of a single trait animal model. The fat index showed a moderate heritability estimate (0.28±0.03). The magnitude of the common litter effect was small (0.10±0.02). The breeding values averaged per generation provided slightly asymmetrical responses. Based on the results, the divergent selection was successful in confirming that CT is a very suitable method for performing selection for body composition traits.&lt;/p&gt;

Semi-automatic magnetic resonance imaging based orbital fat volumetry: reliability and correlation with computed tomography

Post-processing analysis can provide valuable information for diagnosis and planning of orbital disorders. This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate the reliability of semi-automatic, orbital fat volumetry using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two observers assessed the orbital fat volume using a standard MRI protocol (3T, T1w sequence) in 12 orbits diagnosed with Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) and 10 healthy control orbits. MRI and computed tomography (CT) based analysis were compared. Intra-observer variability was good (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.88; 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.70, 0.95]) and interobserver agreement was moderate (ICC 0.55; 95% CI [−0.09, 0.81]), which corresponds to a mean percentage difference of 1.3% and 17.9% of the total orbital fat volume. Mean differences between MRI and CT measurements were, respectively, 1.1 cm3 (P= 0.064, 95% CI [−0.20, 2.43]) and 1.4 cm3 (P=0.016, 95% CI [0.21, 2.56]) for the control and the GO group. MRI volumetry was strongly correlated with CT (Pearson’s r= 0.7, P<0.001). We conclude that orbital fat volumetry is feasible with a semi-automatic segmentation procedure and standard MRI protocol. Correlation with CT volumetry is good, but considerable bias may derive from observer variability and these errors should be taken into account for the purpose of volumetric analysis. Better definition of error sources may increase measurement accuracy.

AMY1 Gene Copy Number Correlates With Glucose Absorption and Visceral Fat Volume, but Not with Insulin Resistance.

The human amylase gene (AMY1) has a broad copy number (CN) variation that may associate with body mass index. Deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from urine (n = 74) and serum (n = 6) samples (Protein, Fiber and Metabolic Syndrome [ProFiMet] cohort), and buccal (n = 17) samples (Oral Starch Challenge [OSC] cohort), and assessed for AMY1 CN by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction. The association of AMY1 CN with comprehensive markers of metabolic status (ProFiMet cohort) were analyzed with Pearson's correlation coefficient (CC). For the healthy, euglycemic OSC cohort, glycemic response to OSC was analyzed with independent sample t-tests (subgroups: high AMY1 CN 9-12, n = 10; low AMY1 CN 4-6, n = 7). There were significant inverse correlations of AMY1 CN with total visceral fat volume (CC -0.33; P = 0.004) and positive correlations of AMY1 CN with oral glucose insulin sensitivity score (derived from an oral glucose tolerance test, CC 0.26; P = 0.02), serum HDL-cholesterol (CC 0.325; P = 0.003), and serum adiponectin (CC 0.249; P = 0.026). Linear regression multivariate analysis (adiponectin as dependent variable), showed independent association of adiponectin with AMY1 CN (Beta = 0.29; P = 0.03). There were no significant associations between AMY1 CN and clamp-derived M-value, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (IR), hepatic endogenous glucose production, fecal floral signature, or macronutrient dietary preference. Delta (mean) change in blood glucose concentration (fasting to 30-minutes post-OSC) was significantly greater in the high versus low AMY1 CN subgroups (mean 1.7 mmol/l [SEM 0.6] vs 0.9 mmol/l [SEM 0.9], respectively; P = 0.016). High AMY1 CN associates with a favorable metabolic profile (lower visceral fat volume, higher serum adiponectin, enhanced glucose absorption following oral glucose, and OSC), but not with whole-body or hepatic IR.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Regular Consumption of Cooked Ham Enriched with Dietary Phenolics in Diet-Induced Obese Mice.

Oxidative damage and chronic inflammation have been proven as one of the major factors associated with obesity, which increases the incidence of non-communicable chronic diseases. In this sense, the development of new functional products aiming at the palliation of oxidative stress and inflammatory disruption can be a determining factor for public health as seen in previous researches. In this study, a blend of potentially bioavailable dietary phenolics was added to low sodium and low-fat cooked ham. A diet-induced obesity model in C57/BL6J mice has been used for testing the effectiveness of the phenolic blend and the new functionalized product, which bioavailability was tested by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. After obesity induction, different oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers were evaluated. Results in the murine induced obesity model, demonstrate a robust statistically significant improvement in key parameters related with obesity risk in the groups feed with a phenolic-enriched diets (P) + high-fat diet (HFD) and phenolic enriched cooked ham (PECH) + HFD. In both groups there was an improvement in body composition parameters, inflammatory biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes levels. Specifically in the group feed with the phenolic enriched cooked ham (PECH + HFD) there was an improvement of total fat volume (23.08% reduction), spleen index (22.04% of reduction), plasmatic MCP-1 (18% reduction), IL-6 (38.94% reduction), IL-10 (13.28% reduction), TNF-α (21.32% reduction), gut IL-1β (10.86% reduction), gut IL-6 (13.63% reduction) and GPx (60.15% increase) and catalase (91.37% increase) enzymes. Thus, the functionalized ham could be considered an appropriate dietary polyphenol source, which might improve the oxidative and inflammatory status and could finally result in the potential decrease of the risk of certain non-communicable chronic diseases.

Noninvasive assessment of abdominal adipose tissues and quantification of hepatic and pancreatic fat fractions in type 2 diabetes mellitus

The purpose of this study was to evaluate adipose tissue distributions and hepatic and pancreatic fat contents using a 6-point Dixon MRI technique in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and to assess associations between fat distributions and biochemical markers of insulin resistance. Intra-abdominal MRI was investigated in 14 T2DM patients, 13 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) and 11 young HC using a 3 T Prisma MRI scanner. All T2DM subjects completed a fasting comprehensive metabolic panel, and demographic measurements were taken according to standardized methodologies. We observed excellent correlation (R2 = 0.94) between hepatic fat fraction quantified using 6-point Dixon MRI and gold standard MRS, establishing the accuracy and reliability of the Dixon technique. Significantly increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volumes were found in T2DM patients compared to age-matched HC (1569.81 ± 670.62 cm3 vs. 1106.60 ± 566.85 cm3, p = .04). We also observed a trend of increasing subcutaneous adipose tissues (SAT), and total abdominal fat (TAT) volumes in T2DM compared to age-matched HC. Hepatic fat fraction percentage (HFF%) was 44.6% higher in T2DM compared to age-matched HC and 64.4% higher compared to young HC. Pancreatic fat fractions in the head and body/tail were higher in T2DM patients compared to both healthy cohorts. We also observed correlations between fat contents of the liver and pancreas in T2DM patients, and association between biochemical markers of T2DM with HFF, indicating a risk for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among T2DM. In summary, this study provides evidence of T2DM patients having increased liver and pancreatic fat, as well as increased adipose tissues.

Renal changes and estimation of glomerular filtration rate using different equations in morbidly obese Egyptian patients

Background and aimsObesity is a worldwide pandemic with multiple consequences including kidney affection. This study aimed to assess the effects of obesity on renal functions and to detect the most reliable formula of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in morbidly obese patients. MethodsA cross-sectional, observational study was conducted on 82 morbidly obese patients. Anthropometric measurements were done for all patients and body adiposity (BAI) and visceral adiposity (VAI) indices were calculated after assessment of abdominal fat tissue analysis by computerized tomography (CT). Serum creatinine was incorporated into six different formulae of eGFR, then eGFR was compared with the 24-h measured creatinine clearance (CLcr) values. ResultsThe mean body mass index was 55.8 ± 9.5 kg/m2. Proteinuria and glomerular hyperfiltration (CLcr > 130 ml/min/1.73 m2) were detected in 68.3% and 91.5% of the patients, respectively. Cockcroft–Gault formula using total (CCG-TBW-eGFR) and adjusted body water (CCG-AjBW-eGFR) had the nearest values to measured CLCr. These two formulae had a moderate reliability and the lowest percentage of error (30% and 23%, respectively). Visceral and total abdominal fat tissue surface area and volume assessed by CT were directly correlated to the 24-h urinary protein excretion (r = 0.32, 0.24, 0.37 and 0.34, respectively; p = 0.02, 0.03, 0.004 and 0.002, respectively). ConclusionsGlomerular hyperfiltration and proteinuria are highly prevalent in morbidly obese patients. There is no ideal formula for GFR estimation in morbidly obese patients, however, TBW and AjBW incorporated into the Cockcroft–Gault can be helpful in those patients.

Impact of epicardial fat on the duration of radiofrequency energy delivery during catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation

AimsThis study aimed to determine the impact of the volume of epicardial fat on the duration of radiofrequency (RF) energy delivery during the procedure of ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). MethodsThe volume of epicardial fat was measured from spiral computerized tomography scan. The primary endpoint was the duration of RF delivery for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), and the overall total duration of RF application. Secondary endpoint was conversion of AF to sinus rhythm or organisation of the arrhythmia after PVI. ResultsFrom March 2015 to May 2018, 222 patients (45.5% with persistent AF) underwent a first RF catheter ablation procedure for AF. The total duration of RF delivery, and the duration of RF delivery specifically for PVI were significantly associated with higher total volume of epicardial fat (p = 0.0002; p = 0.009 respectively), periatrial (p = 0.003; p = 0.045) and periventricular epicardial fat (p = 0.001; p = 0.012). In multivariate analysis, total epicardial fat volume was not significantly associated with total RF delivery duration (p = 0.743). For patients with arrhythmia at the time of the procedure, patients who achieved conversion or organisation of their arrhythmia after PVI had similar levels of total epicardial fat to those whose arrhythmia persisted (65 ± 35.2 vs 74.5 ± 31.2 ml; p = 0.192). ConclusionWe observed a significant relation between total, periatrial, and periventricular epicardial fat, and the duration of RF delivery during ablation of AF. This relation was not significant by multivariate analysis meaning that epicardial fat may be a marker, but not an independent factor, of ablation complexity.