Total-etch Adhesive System Research Articles

Long-Term Evaluation of Pulp Vitality Preservation in Direct and Indirect Pulp Capping: A Retrospective Clinical Study.

Background: This retrospective clinical study aimed to assess dental pulp tissue reactions to direct and indirect pulp capping after 10 years of follow-up. Methods: A total of 276 permanent teeth with deep carious lesions were evaluated and divided into five groups: Group (1), direct pulp capping with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate cement; Group (2), direct pulp capping with a resin-based glass ionomer; Group (3), direct pulp capping with TheraCal; Group (4), indirect pulp capping with a three-step total-etch adhesive system; and Group (5), indirect pulp capping with a two-step self-etch adhesive system. Results: A 72.5% success rate was achieved overall. A statistically significant difference was found when comparing direct and indirect pulp capping with a success rate of 23.8% and 93.8%, respectively. For direct pulp-capping procedures, the area of pulp exposure was correlated with pulp necrosis (p = 0.035), while bleeding after exposure appeared independent (p = 0.053). Patient age was significantly related to the maintenance of pulp vitality (p = 0.013). A statistically significant correlation between the pulp-capping material and the occurrence of pulp necrosis was discovered (p = 0.017). For the indirect pulp-capping treatments, a significant correlation between patient age (p = 0.021) and the adhesive system (p = 0.019) with pulp necrosis was described. Conclusions: The pulp-capping material, patient age, and the width of the pulp exposure before the procedure should be carefully considered when performing direct pulp-capping treatments. The performance of the etch-and-rinse adhesive systems was superior to the self-etch system during the indirect pulp-capping procedures.

Evaluation of the Effect of Different Bonding Systems and Restorative Materials on Shear Bond Strength in the Repair of High-Viscosity Glass Ionomer Cement

Aim: High viscosity glass ionomer cements have been produced to increase the mechanical properties of glass ionomer cements. The aim of this study is to determine the appropriate adhesive system and restorative material that can be used in fracture repair of high viscosity glass ionomer cements. Material and Methods: A total of 140 standard size acrylic blocks were used in the study. 14 groups were formed from randomly selected acrylic blocks, with 10 samples in each group. High viscosity glass iomomer cement was placed in the first 13 groups, and resin-modified glass ionomer cement was placed in the last group. After the thermal cycle aging process was applied to all samples, repair restorations were performed with 4 different adhesive systems, 2 different composite resins and 2 different restorative types of glass ionomer cement. After the repair restorations, thermal cycle aging was applied again and the shear bond strengths were evaluated. One-way analysis of variance and Duncan multiple comparison test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The highest shear bond strength values were obtained by the total etch adhesive system (p<0.001). The lowest shear bond strength values were obtained when high-viscosity glass-iomomer cement without adhesive system was restored with high-viscosity glass iomomer cement (p<0.001). Conclusion: For higher shear bond strength values in the repair of high-viscosity glass ionomer cements should use to total etch adhesive systems and composite resin.

Antibacterial Activity of the Vancomycin and Cefotaxime-Incorporated Total Etch Adhesive System - An In Vitro Study.

Marginal failure at the resin dentin interface promotes biofilm formation, which further leads to secondary caries and hypersensitivity. This likelihood also increases if residual bacteria are present following cavity preparation. In order to achieve a proper biological seal without jeopardizing bonding, efforts were made to functionalize the adhesive system with antibacterial activity. Aim and objectives: To appraise the antibacterial activity of a total-etch adhesive system against S. mutans with and without incorporation of antibiotics Vancomycin and Cefotaxime. A commercially available 5th-generation total-etch bonding agent (Te-Econorm) was used. S. mutans broth had been standardized and streaked over Muller-Hinton agar culture medium and round wells about 6 mm in diameter were made in the centre of the agar plates. Each experimental group comprised 10 samples, which include: Group 1 - 30µg Cefotaxime, Group 2- 30µg Cefotaxime + Bonding agent, Group 3- 30µg Vancomycin, Group 4- 30µg Vancomycin + Bonding agent, Group 5- Bonding agent, and Group 6- No material. Inoculated culture plates were examined for the zone of inhibition after incubation at 37° C for 24 hours. There was a significant difference in the mean diameter of zone of inhibition (p=0.000), with the maximum exhibited by Group 4, followed by Group 3 and Group 2. The least zone of inhibition was exhibited by Groups 1 and 5. The negative control showed no zone of inhibition. The combination of Vancomycin and bonding agent had superior antibacterial activity against S. mutans in comparison to cefotaxime and bonding agent.

Evaluation of Microvoid and Microleakage Potential of Bulk-Fill Resin Composites in MOD Restorations

Background: Polymerization shrinkage and microvoid formation has been a significant problem giving way to resin composite failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microvoid potential and microleakage of two bulk-fill and a microhybrid resin composite applied with different adhesive materials. Materials and Methods: MOD cavities were prepared in 60 endodontically treated maxillary premolars. The teeth were divided into six different groups (n = 10) according to adhesive systems (Gluma (Kulzer), OptiBond FL (Kerr) and resin composite materials EverX Posterior (GC) and Filtek One Bulk Fill (3M ESPE). An aging procedure with 5000 cycles of thermal cycling was applied. All teeth were individually scanned with micro-computed tomography. A Shapiro–Wilk test, two-way MANOVA, and Bonferroni analysis were used for statistical tests. Results: Self-etch groups showed more microleakage than total-etch groups. Minimum microleakage was observed in Filtek One Bulk Fill groups, whereas G-aenial Posterior groups showed maximum microleakage. Conclusions: Filtek One Bulk Fill (3M ESPE) resin composite was found to be more effective in reducing microvoid formation in MOD cavities when applied with total-etch adhesive systems. However, EverX Posterior (GC) and G-aenial Posterior (GC) showed less microvoid formation with self-etch adhesive systems.

A Retrospective Clinical Evaluation of Esthetic Restorations: Class III, IV, And V

This study aimed to evaluate direct composite restorations Class III, IV and V through the USPHS and FDI criteria. Eighty-seven patients were selected through a search of the patients’ records present in the School of Dentistry. Restorations performed between 2000 to 2013 which a minimum of six months in service were selected. Adult patients of both sexes were included, who received composite restorations with total-etch adhesive system; on vital and non-vital teeth. Clinical evaluation was performed by USPHS and FDI criteria, by one calibrated examiner. The survival of the restorations was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier and log-rank test to compare groups, and multivariate Cox regression and hazard ratio were employed to identify factors associated with the failure of the restorations. 272 restorations were evaluated with a time interval in service from 8 months to 13 years (mean 4.8 years). 120 class III restorations were evaluated with 15 failures (12.5%), with an annual failure rate of 2.74%. For class IV, 80 restorations were evaluated, with 38 failures (47.5%), with an annual failure rate of 12.6%. And for class V, 72 restorations were analyzed, with the presence of failures in 27 of them (37.5%), with annual failure rate of 9.3%. The most common reason for failure was fracture and loss of retention, occurring in 73 cases in total. Non-vital teeth showed 50% of failure, with an annual failure rate of 13.4%; while the vital teeth showed 28.1% of failure, with an annual failure rate of 6.6%. It was concluded that composite restorations showed a satisfactory performance over time, with a survival rate of 70.6% in a mean time of 4.8 years. Class III showed better clinical performance than class V and IV. Non-vital teeth restorations had 2.37 times the risk of failures than vital teeth. Both criteria (USPHS and FDI) were effective in the clinical evaluation process.

Comparative Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of Tricalcium Silicate-based Materials to Composite Resin with Two Different Adhesive Systems: An In Vitro Study.

Establishing a strong bond between the pulp capping agent and the restorative material is crucial to the success of the procedure. Without this bond, there is a risk of bacterial infiltration into the pulp, leading to treatment failure. In the past, calcium hydroxide was commonly used for such treatments, but it faced challenges, including poor adhesion to dentin, dissolution over time, and the development of multiple tunnel defects. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), introduced to dentistry in 1993, offered an alternative but came with drawbacks like challenging handling and extended setting times. However, in recent times, several new calcium silicate-based materials have emerged to address MTA's limitations. Two notable examples are Biodentine and MTA Plus. Biodentine, for instance, exhibits excellent sealing ability, while MTA Plus distinguishes itself with a finer particle size compared to traditional MTA. These innovative materials offer promising solutions to enhance the efficacy of pulp capping procedures. Therefore, in this research, we conducted a comparative analysis of the shear bond strength (SBS) between composite resin and three materials-MTA, MTA Plus, and Biodentine. We examined the effects of applying two distinct adhesive systems in order to evaluate their influence on the bond strength. A total of 60 acrylic blocks were evenly distributed into three groups, each containing 20 blocks-group I received Biodentine, group II was assigned MTA, and group III received MTA Plus. The respective test materials were compacted into the holes within the blocks. Following this, the samples were incubated for a period of 72 hours. Subsequently, the samples were divided into two subgroups, each consisting of 10 blocks-the self-etch and the total-etch subgroup. The SBS values were then carefully measured for analysis. The SBS of the Biodentine group demonstrated a significantly higher value when compared to the other groups. It's worth noting that when the self-etch adhesive system was employed, the SBS of all the groups experienced a significant reduction. Biodentine cement proves to be an effective choice for pulp capping procedures, regardless of the specific adhesive system employed. Notably, the total-etch adhesive system consistently yields higher bond strength when compared to the self-etch adhesive system. Kumar V, Showkat I, Manuja N, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of Tricalcium Silicate-based Materials to Composite Resin with Two Different Adhesive Systems: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(S-3):S272-S277.

Microleakage Study of a Bulk Fill over an Uncured Adhesive System

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the microleakage of composite resin restorations under a total-etch adhesive system applied with two different techniques, with and without cure. Cavities were made on the buccal surface of twenty-six intact teeth and subsequently restored with bulk-fill flow composite resin (SDR®® flow+) and conventional resin (Spectra™ ST HV). Two experimental groups were created, one where the total-etch adhesive (Prime & Bond Active®) was cured and another where the adhesive was not cured before placing the flowable resin. Two control groups were also created, negative and positive. After the restorations were finished the, teeth were submerged in a solution of sodium pertechnetate (99mTcNaO4) for 3 h to evaluate the microleakage. The results showed more infiltration of radioisotopes characterized by the highest total count values of microleakage in group 1 (cured adhesive) and in the positive control. Group 2 (noncured adhesive) and the negative control showed lower values. We therefore considered that these groups were similar since their p-value was less than 0.05, with no statistically significant difference. Group 4 showed a statistically significant increase in relation to group 3 (p = 0.027). We concluded that the method of bulk-fill composite resins with noncured adhesive agents can have a positive effect on the longevity of bond strengths, with reduced microleakage.

Effect of nonthermal atmospheric plasma on bond strength of composite resin using total-etch and self-etch adhesive systems.

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of nonthermal atmospheric plasma (NTAP) on the bond strength of composite resin following plasma application at different steps of dentin bonding in total-etch and self-etch adhesive systems. Ninety extracted third molars were taken, and the occlusal surfaces were removed until the exposure of the dentin. Samples were distributed into two main groups: Group T: total-etch adhesive system and Group S: self-etch adhesive system. Groups are further subdivided (n = 10) based on plasma application at different steps of dentin bonding. T1: surface etching with 37% phosphoric acid and bonding agent application. T2: plasma application and bonding agent application. T3: plasma application, etching, and bonding agent application. T4: etching, plasma application, and bonding agent application. T5: etching, plasma application, bonding agent application, and again plasma application. S1: self-etch bonding agent application. S2: plasma application and bonding agent application. S3: Bonding agent application and plasma application. S4: plasma application, bonding agent application, and again plasma application. For all the samples, composite resin buildup was done, and shear bond strength (SBS) was measured. The contact angle was measured at different steps of dental adhesive systems. Two-way analysis of variance and the post hoc Tukey's test were used for analysis, regarding P < 0.05 as statistically significant. Among all groups of total-etch and self-etch adhesives, Group T4 (48.81 Mpa) and Group S2 (36.59 Mpa), respectively, have demonstrated significantly greater bond strength values than the corresponding control groups. NTAP enhanced the composite resin's SBS when plasma treatment was done before bonding agent application and significantly reduced the contact angles of the distilled water.

Influence of the incorporation of titanium dioxide nanofibers net on bond strength and morphology of a total etching adhesive system.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the nanoleakage and microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of an ethanol based-adhesive containing Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanofibers to dentin. TiO2 nanofiber was produced by electrospinning and it was inserted in an ethanol-based adhesive in 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5% by weight. The original adhesive did not receive nanofiber. The middle dentin was exposed by diamond saw under water-cooling and dentin was polished with wet 600-grit SiC abrasive paper. Resin composite build-ups were applied incrementally to the dentin after adhesive application. After storage in distilled water (24 hours/37°C) the teeth were sectioned perpendicularly to the bonded interface and sticks were obtained. Twenty-five sticks per group were tested by μTBS with a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/minute. The average values (MPa) obtained in each substrate were subjected to one-way ANOVA (α=0,05) with the tooth being considered the experimental unit. The nanoleakage pattern was observed in ten sticks per group and analyzed by Chi-square test (α=0,05). There was no difference in μTBS among the experimental groups. However, there was a statistically significant difference among 2.5 % nanofiber adhesive, 0.5 % nanofibers and control groups, (p=0,028) in relation to nanoleakage. TiO2 nanofibers in 2.5% of weight inserted in dental adhesive reduced the nanoleakage, but did not improve the μTBS to dentin. Key words:Dentin-bonding agents, nanoleakage, tensile bond strength.

Evaluation of a novel restorative protocol to treat non-carious cervical lesion associated with gingival recession: a 2-year follow-up randomized clinical trial.

To compare 2 different resin composites and 2 adhesive systems used in a new restorative protocol (partial restoration) to treat non-carious cervical lesions associated with gingival recession type 1 (RT1). Eighty combined defects (CDs) were treated with a partial restoration and periodontal plastic surgery for root coverage. The CDs were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: NP + TE (n = 20), nanofilled composite and 2-step total-etch adhesive system; NP + UA (n = 20), nanofilled composite and universal adhesive system; MH + TE (n = 20), microhybrid composite and 2-step total-etch adhesive; MH + UA (n = 20), microhybrid composite and universal adhesive. Restorations were assessed using the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria at 1week (baseline) and 6, 12, and 24months. Survival rate, periodontal parameters, dentin hypersensitivity (DH), and aesthetics were also evaluated. After 24months, only the MH + TE group did not lose any restoration, with no significant differences between groups. For surface roughness parameter, MH presented 83.3% of the restorations scoring Bravo, whereas NP presented 48.5% of the restorations scoring Bravo. All groups presented restorations with marginal discoloration. All periodontal parameters behaved similarly, regardless of the restorative material. All groups presented significant reductions of dentin hypersensitivity and improved aesthetic perceptions (p < 0.05). Both resin composites and adhesives tested can be combined for partial restorations to treat CDs. This new restorative-surgical protocol to treat CDs presents satisfactory outcomes. The partial restorations can be successfully executed with both combinations of adhesives and resin composites evaluated in this investigation. TRN : ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT03215615; registration date July 12, 2017.

Development and Physicochemical Characterization of Eugenia brejoensis Essential Oil-Doped Dental Adhesives with Antimicrobial Action towards Streptococcus mutans.

Dental caries is a multifactorial, biofilm-dependent infectious disease that develops when detrimental changes occur in the oral cavity microenvironment. The antimicrobial and antivirulence properties of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Eugenia brejoensis Mazine (EBEO) have been reported against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Herein, the antimicrobial action of EBEO towards Streptococcus mutans is reported, along with the development and characterization of dental adhesives doped with. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of EBEO were determined against S. mutans, while its toxicity was analyze using Tenebrio molitor larvae. EBEO (MIC and 10×MIC) was incorporated into the Ambar Advanced Polymerization System® (Ambar APS), a two-step total-etch adhesive system (FGM Dental Group), and the antibiofilm action was evaluated. The reflective strength, modulus of elasticity, degree of conversion, and maximum rate of polymerization of each adhesive were also determined. The MIC and MBC values of EBEO against S. mutans were 62.5 µg/mL. The tested concentrations of EBEO were non-toxic to T. molitor larvae. The formation of S. mutans biofilms was significantly inhibited by EBEO and EBEO-coated resin discs (p < 0.05). Importantly, EBEO incorporation did not affect the mechanical and physicochemical properties in relation to oil-free adhesive version. EBEO showed strong antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against S. mutans, no toxicity effect against T. molitor larvae, and did not jeopardize the physical-chemical properties tested.

Bond Strength of Adhesive Systems to Calcium Silicate-Based Materials: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of In Vitro Studies.

Since the adhesion of resin composites to calcium silicate-based cement is considered challenging. Therefore, the best adhesion strategy should be indicated. This review aimed to assess the effect of different adhesive systems on the bond strength of resin composite to calcium silicate-based cement through a systematic review and meta-analysis. The subsequent PICOS framework used was: population, calcium silicate-based cement; intervention, use of self-etch adhesive systems; control, use of total-etch adhesive systems; outcome, bond strength; study design, in vitro studies. The literature search was conducted independently by two reviewers up to 18 February 2021. Electronic databases (PubMed, ISI Web of Science, SciELO, Scopus, and Embase) were searched for applicable articles. In vitro manuscripts studying the effect of adhesive systems on the bond strength of calcium silicate-based cement were considered. The meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager Software version 5.3.5 (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark). Bond strength comparisons were made considering the type of calcium silicate-based cement (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA), Biodentine™, or TheraCal LC®). A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 7321 studies were retrieved in databases searched. After full-text evaluation, 37 eligible papers were assessed for qualitative analysis, leaving a total of 22 papers for the quantitative analysis. According to the meta-analysis, the bond strength values of resin composite materials to MTA and TheraCal LC® cement were favored when a total-etch adhesive system was used (p ≤ 0.02). On the other hand, the meta-analysis of the bond strength of resin-based materials to Biodentine™ calcium silicate-based cement was similar between both approaches (p = 0.12). The in vitro evidence suggests that the bond strength of resin-based materials to both MTA and TheraCal LC® cement was preferred by using the total-etch adhesive strategy. However, when bonding to Biodentine™, the use of self-etch or total-etch strategies displayed promising results. Given the lack of evidence related to the chemical interaction of self-etch adhesive materials with the bioceramics, if self-etch adhesives are used for bonding resin-based restorations to calcium silicate-based cement, a pretreatment with phosphoric acid could be recommended.

Relationship Between Operator Experience And In Vitro Microleakage of Different Composite Materials in Class II Restorations

Objectives: To evaluate the influence of operator experience on microleakage in class II restorations performing by different restorative materials. Material and Method: 2 cavities of 4x4x3mm dimensions were carried out on the mesial and distal surfaces of 20 molar teeth by one operator. The teeth were randomly assigned to two groups according to the operator’s skill: student group and expert group. It was divided into subgroups as specialist bulk-fill composite: Group 1A, student bulk-fill composite: Group 2A, specialist micro-hybrid composite: Group 1B, student micro-hybrid composite: Group 2B, Prime bond nt, a total-etch adhesive system, is used in all restorations. Each operator restored the mesial cavities with the bulk technique using a bulk-fill composite (Tetric-N-Ceram-Bulk) and the distal cavities with the layering technique using a micro-hybrid composite (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE). After 24 hour of water storage and thermocycling the marginal microleage was evaluted using dye penetration technique and data were analyzed. Results: When the restorative materials were evaluated without considering the applying operator, and when the scores of the operator who applied the restorations were evaluated without considering the restorative materials used, no statistically significant difference was found between them (p&amp;gt;0.05).When the occlusal and gingival leakage scores of Group 2A were evaluated, more gingival leakage was observed than occlusal (p&amp;lt;0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the in-group occlusal and gingival leak scores of the other groups (p&amp;gt;0,05). Conclusion: There was no difference between the expert and the student in terms of microleakage values.

Polyphenol-enriched extract incorporated into a total-etch adhesive system: Effect on water sorption and solubility, extract compound release and dentin enzymatic activity over time

This study evaluated water sorption, solubility and compound release of 2.5% Arrabidaea chica polyphenolic extract ( Ac ) incorporated into the primer of a total-etch adhesive system; and dentin metalloproteinases inhibition when using Ac as dentin pretreatment in aqueous solution or incorporated either into acid or adhesive system primer. Adhesive system discs (Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose/3 M Oral Care/SB) with and without Ac were prepared (n = 10) for water sorption, solubility and compound release. Concentration of extract released in water was evaluated at 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 36 days immersion. Dentin-resin interfaces were prepared for zymography analysis (control (SB); dentin pretreatment with water; dentin pretreatment with 2.5% Ac aqueous solution; Ac incorporated into phosphoric acid; Ac incorporated into SB primer) and assessed for in situ zymography tests after 24-h and 6-month storage. Primer incorporated with Ac showed lower water sorption (p = 0.0102) and solubility (p = 0.0065) than non-incorporated. Ac release was observed at third and seventh days (p = 0.0031). There was no significant difference between treatments (p = 0.4298) either immediately or after 6 months regarding relative fluorescence unit means among groups, and these means decreased after 6 months (p < 0.0001). Ac incorporated into SB primer decreased water sorption and solubility properties, and was released in water the adhesive system over time. Higher gelatinolytic activity was observed in deep dentin layer at immediate versus 6-month timepoints. • Arrabidaea Chica decreased sorption and solubility properties of an adhesive system. • Arrabidaea Chica was released from the adhesive system into the water over time. • Arrabidaea Chica did not influence gelatinolytic activity in hybrid or dentin layer.

Triacrylamide-Based Adhesives Stabilize Bonds in Physiologic Conditions

In this study, an acrylamide-based adhesive was combined with a thiourethane-based composite to improve bond stability and reduce polymerization stress, respectively, of simulated composite restorations. The stability testing was conducted under physiologic conditions, combining mechanical and bacterial challenges. Urethane dimethacrylate was combined with a newly synthesized triacrylamide (TMAAEA) or HEMA (2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate; control) to produce a 2-step total-etch adhesive system. Methacrylate-based composites (70 wt% silanized filler) were formulated, containing thiourethane oligomers at 0 (control) or 20 wt%. Standardized preparations in human third molars were restored; then, epoxy replicas were obtained from the occlusal surfaces before and after 7-d storage in water or with Streptococcus mutans biofilm, which was tested after storage in an incubator (static) or the bioreactor (mechanical challenge). Images were obtained from the replicas (scanning electron microscopy) and cross sections of the samples (confocal laser scanning microscopy) and then analyzed to obtain measurements of gap, bacterial infiltration, and demineralization. Microtensile bond strength of specimens stored in water or biofilm was assessed in 1-mm2 stick specimens. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). HEMA-based materials had greater initial gap measurements, indicating more efficient bonding for the acrylamide materials. When tested in water, the triacrylamide-based adhesive had smaller gaps in the incubator or bioreactor. In the presence of biofilm, there was less difference among materials, but the acrylamide/thiourethane combination led to statistically lower gap formation in the bioreactor. HEMA and TMAAEA-based adhesives produced statistically similar microtensile bond strengths after being stored in water for 7 d, but after the same period with biofilm-challenged specimens, the TMAAEA-based adhesives were the only ones to retain the initial bond strength values. The use of a stable multiacrylamide-based adhesive led to the preservation of the resin-dentin bonded interface after a physiologically relevant challenge. Future studies will include a multispecies biofilm model.

Comparative evaluation of the shear bond strength of a universal adhesive system in different etching modes and a total etch adhesive system

To determine a comparative evaluation between the shear bond strength (SBS) of total etch adhesive system and the SBS of universal adhesive system in various etching techniques. There were made 60 sections of teeth for the laboratory research. The studied samples had been divided into 4 groups (15 samples in each group). The control group of the study was the Adper SingleBond 2 total etch adhesive system. The SingleBondUniversal adhesive system had been used in three comparison groups: the first group was the total etch technique; the second group was selective etch technique; the third group was self-etching techinque. The Zwick Roell Z010 testing machine had been used for the study. The received results were fixed. The statistical data were processed. Comparison of researched groups were performed in pairs using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test. In the control group the average value of the shear bond strength (SBS) was 15.01±5.2 MPa, in the first comparison group - 15.6±4.8 MPa, in the second comparison group - 19.7±6.04 MPa, in the third comparison group - 17.9±5.85 MPa. The groups with SingleBondUniversal adhesive system in selective etch technique (19.74 MPa) and self-etching (17.9 MPa) technique had the highest average values of the shear bond strength. The universal adhesive system with total etch technique and the total etch adhesive system had statistically similar data (p≥0.05). The control group with Adper SingleBond 2 total etch adhesive system had the lowest shear bond strength (15.01 MPa). The universal adhesive system had high average values of SBS in all etching techniques. During the comparative evaluation there were established correspondence between average values of SBS of universal adhesive system and SBS of total etch adhesive system. The universal adhesive system in selective etch technique had the highest shear bond strength (SBS) with enamel and dentin.

Characterisation of the calcium silicate-based cement-composite interface and the bonding strength with total-etch or single/two-stage self-etch adhesive systems.

Due to favourable biological and physical properties, calcium silicate-based cements (CSCs) are biocompatible materials used widely for vital pulp therapies. Sealing efficacy between the adhesive system and CSC determines the clinical success of treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of CSC to composite resin with different adhesive systems and to analyse the CSC-composite interface. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) (ProRoot MTA; Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK), Biodentine (Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, France) and NeoMTA Plus (Avalon Biomed Inc., Bradenton, FL) samples (n = 90) were placed in the cavities and divided into three subgroups according to the adhesive family (n = 10). SBSs were measured using a universal testing machine. The interfaces were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (×1000). NeoMTA Plus showed significantly higher SBS values than MTA and Biodentine (P < 0.0001). The application of total-etch adhesive system over Biodentine and NeoMTA Plus provided the statistically highest bond strength (P < 0.05). However, when the SBS values of MTA subgroups were compared, different adhesive families applied over MTA did not make a significant difference in SBS values (P > 0.05). Based on SEM analyses, the specimens exhibit no gaps, cracks or delamination within the adhesive layer, which indicates a good adhesion between the CSC-composite interface in all subgroups. In conclusion, the different adhesive families used over CSC did not influence interfacial gap formation.

Evaluation of Microleakage in Resin Composites Bonded to an Er:YAG Laser and Bur-Prepared Root and Coronal Dentin Using Different Bonding Agents.

Introduction: This study was conducted to assess the microleakage in Er:YAG laser-ablated and bur-prepared root and coronal dentin cavities using self-etch and total-etch adhesive systems. Methods: Sixty extracted caries-free human third molars were sectioned for dentin exposure. Then, two standard class V cavities were prepared in the root and coronal dentin of each tooth and allocated to one of the following conditioning groups randomly (n=12/Group): G1: Diamond bur for cavity preparation and single bond (BESB) etch-and-rinse adhesive for bonding, G2: Er:YAG laser (160 mJ, 20 Hz, 29.88 J/cm2) and SB (LESB), G3: Er:YAG laser and SB without acid etching (LSB), G4: Diamond bur and Clearfil SE Bond (BCSE) self-etch system, and G5: Er:YAG laser and Clearfil SE Bond (LCSE). The cavities were filled with Z100 composite resin. Dye penetration was assessed after thermocycling. Data analysis was done by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Results: The results showed there were no statistically significant differences in microleakage between the two preparation methods (bur and laser) or the bonding agents applied (P>0.05). Regardless of the cavity preparation method, dye penetration was significantly higher in coronal dentin than in root dentin (P<0.05). Conclusion: The Er:YAG laser had the same efficacy as the conventional method for cavity preparation, and microleakage did not depend on the bonding agent. Microleakage was significantly higher in coronal restorations than in root restorations.

Comparative Evaluation of Resin Dentin Interface using Universal and Total- Etch Adhesive Systems on Sound and Eroded Dentin: In Vitro Study.

Objective This study aimed to compare the resin-dentin interface of sound and eroded dentin using universal and total-etch adhesive systems. Materials and Methods Forty caries-free extracted human premolars were collected, and the occlusal surfaces were ground by using slow speed diamond disc with copious water supply until a flat superficial dentin was exposed. The test group underwent erosive cycle (n = 20), and another group (n = 20) was reserved for control group. Erosive protocol consisted of immersion in 1.23% citric acid for 1 minute every 12 hours and stored in artificial saliva. Both the control and eroded teeth were further subdivided (n = 10) for composite restoration by using either self-etch or total-etch systems. Then the tooth samples were sectioned longitudinally and observed under confocal laser scanning microscope at ×10 magnification to evaluate resin tag length and hybrid layer thickness. Statistical Analysis The data obtained were analyzed by using independent t-test. Results The highest mean value of the resin tag length and thickness of hybrid layer was observed with total-etch system in sound dentin group compared with other groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion The resin-dentin interface of sound dentin was found to be better than eroded dentin by using total-etch system. The resin-dentin interface of eroded dentin was superior to sound dentin by using self-etch adhesive system.

Comparing the Ability of Various Resin-Based Composites and Techniques to Seal Margins in Class-II Cavities.

Background: Resin-based composites (RBCs) provide excellent esthetics but the marginal micro-leakage in the proximal cavities remains a major concern. The aim of the present study was to assess the ability of various dental RBCs and techniques utilized for sealing deep dentin margin in class-II cavities. Methods: Box-cavities (class-II) on the distal and mesial surfaces of extracted (premolar) teeth were prepared with a gingival margin placed 1mm apical to the cemento-enamel junction. Teeth with prepared class II cavities were randomly divided into four study groups according to the type of restorative materials (conventional RBC; bulk-fill RBC; conventional RBC lined with flowable RBC and conventional RBC lined with resin-modified glass-ionomer-cement (GIC) as open sandwich-technique). Each group was further subdivided into a total-etch subgroup in which a separate etching step was performed before applying the bonding agent and a self-etch subgroup in which a self-etch adhesive system was used (n = 10). For each group, cavities were restored using the respective restorative materials and techniques, subjected to 1000 thermocycles, and placed in the methylene-blue dye. The specimen teeth were sectioned for further microscopic examination for micro-leakage. Results: The least dye penetration values were reported for group 4 (GIC) followed by the group Bulk-fill using the self-etch adhesive system (group 2b). The highest dye penetration was reported for the group Bulk-fill using the total-etch adhesive system (2a), followed by the group conventional RBC using the total-etch adhesive system). The total-etch adhesive system had significantly greater micro-leakage compared to the self-etch adhesive system (1a) (p = 0.026). Conclusions: The self-etch adhesive system significantly reduced the micro-leakage compared to the total-etch system. Bulk-fill RBC when bonded with the self-etch adhesive provided good marginal sealing ability comparable to open sandwich-technique using GIC.