Total Erythrocyte Research Articles

Growth performance, hematological parameters and lipid profile of mice treated with black seed oil and vitamin-E

Nigella sativa (Black seed) has been recognized as one of the most popular herbs in many parts of the world for centuries and used as folk medicine to cure different kinds of diseases. Vitamin E is well known for its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, and has been studied in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The present study was performed to determine the effect of black seed oil and Vit-E on growth performance and blood biochemistry in mice. A total of 40 mice weight between 25-27 gm were used for conducting the research. At first, the mice were randomly divided into 4 groups consisting 10 mice in each group. Group A served as the control group whereas Group B was administered black seed oil @ 0.5 ml/kg/day, Groups C was taken vitamin E @ 200 mg/kg/day and Group D was received both black seed oil @ 0.5 ml/kg/day + vitamin E @ 200 mg/kg/day respectively for 42 days. Result showed that, body weight of B, C and D group revealed a significant decrease than the control group (p<0.05). Hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC) showed a significant change in B, C and D group than the control group (p<0.05). On the other hand, Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) were insignificant. The results of biochemical test explored that serum cholesterol and triglyceride value decreased significantly whereas HDL increased significantly in black seed oil, Vit-E treated groups than the control group (p<0.05). But the LDL showed no change after treatment. It could be concluded that the black seed oil and Vit-E can be used in the therapeutic strategy of obesity, anemia and coronary diseases. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2021, 7 (2), 132-137

First report on efficacy of Citrus limetta seed oil in controlling cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus in red Sahiwal calves

The objective of the study was to evaluate the acaricidal activity of Citrus limetta seed oil (CLO) for controlling the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. C. limetta seeds were collected as a waste product from different juice corners. CLO was obtained after extraction of seeds on soxhlet apparatus using n-hexane as solvent. It was characterized through Gas Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectroscopy (GC-HRMS) to determine the presence of active constituents. In vitro bioassays were performed using adult immersion test (AIT) and larval packet test (LPT). In vivo acaricidal efficacy of CLO was performed on red Sahiwal calves using ear bag method. Clinical safety of CLO was evaluated by observing haematological parameters and skin irritancy assay. Results of GC-HRMS showed that mainly fatty acids such as linoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and linolenic acid were present in the CLO. CLO in the concentration of 125 mg/mL (CLO8) exhibited 100 % mortality in both AIT and LPT. CLO significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the number of ticks from 35 to 5.05 and 3.24 on 144 h after treatment with CLO7 and CLO8, respectively. CLO was found clinically safe without producing erythema and edema on skin. Haematological parameters such as haemoglobin (11.48 g/100 mL), total leucocytes count (4.32 106/cumm), total erythrocytes count (6.80 106/cumm), and packed cell volume (34.39 %) were normal and controlled. CLO may be used as effective and safe drug therapy for controlling R. microplus ticks.

Non-Specific Immune Response and Growth Performance of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Feeded with Moringa oleifera Leaf Flour Suplementation (Lamk, 1785)

Sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is a cultivated species favored by Indonesian and has great potential for development. However, the obstacle to the success of catfish cultivation is a disease. One alternative to overcome this problem is by giving immunostimulants from natural ingredients. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of feeding with moringa leaf powder on non-specific immunity and growth performance of sangkuriang catfish. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments (100% commercial feed, commercial feed with 1.5% Moringa leaf supplementation, commercial feed with 3% Moringa leaf supplementation, and commercial feed with Moringa leaf supplementation 4.5%, and 3 replications. The results showed that the commercial feed with 4.5% moringa leaf supplementation gave the best results for total erythrocytes of 5.97x104 cells/mm3 and MCV of 92.10 fl, and increased the absolute weight growth of 46.42 g. However, it did not show a significant effect on total erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCHC, MCH, MCV, total leukocytes, leukocyte differentials, phagocytic activity, phagocytosis index, absolute weight growth survival rate, and the value of the feed convention ratio (FCR).

Biomarkers for assessing chronic toxicity of carbamazepine, an anticonvulsants drug on Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878)

In recent times, carbamazepine (CBZ) as an anticonvulsants drug has raised attention because of its safety concern in the aquatic environment. The present study aimed to evaluate the sub-lethal effects of CBZ (1%, 0.1 % and 0.01 % of 96 h LC50) on P. hypophthalmus for 60 days based on haematological, biochemical, and genotoxicity biomarkers. Chronic exposure of CBZ altered blood profiles (total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, haemoglobin) and serum biomarkers such as alkaline phosphates, cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase and transaminase enzymes. Oxidative stress biomarkers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity were also substantially affected in all treatments. Genotoxicity study revealed the formation of micronucleus in erythrocytes of exposed fish. Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) study showed cholesterol, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) in serum and SOD, CAT in liver tissue are the best organ-based enzyme biomarkers. The present report concludes that an environmentally realistic concentration of CBZ can pose a serious threat to aquatic organisms.

A 5-Year Prospective Study on Incidence and Clinico-pathological Changes Associated with Naturally Occurring Trypanosomosis in Dogs of Mizoram, India.

The present research was taken to study the hospital-based incidence and clinico-pathological changes associated with naturally occurring trypanosomosis in dogs of Mizoram. A 5-year prospective study on hospital-based incidence and clinico-pathological changes associated with naturally occurring trypanosomosis in dogs of Mizoram was carried out during the study period from April, 2015 to March, 2020. Trypanosoma evansi infection was confirmed by microscopic examination and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Non-infected clinically healthy dogs (n = 6) served as control. Blood samples were collected to study the haemogram and serum samples were used for the evaluation of serum biochemical parameters and oxidant-antioxidant parameters. During the study period, an overall incidence of 0.25% was recorded for trypanosomosis in dogs. The most consistent clinical findings noticed were anorexia/inappetence, pyrexia, depression/lethargy, pale mucous membrane, dehydration and lymphadenomegaly. Anaemia, granulocytopenia, lymphocytosis and thrombocytopenia were the major findings noticed in trypanosomosis affected dogs. The profile of vital organ function revealed that the mean values of total protein, albumin and random blood glucose were significantly (P < 0.05) lower, whereas the mean values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in dogs affected with trypanosomosis. The mean value of lipid hydroperoxide (LPO) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher, whereas the mean values of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant activity (TAOA) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in trypanosomosis affected dogs. When total erythrocyte count (TEC) was correlated with LPO (r = -0.631, P < 0.05), a negative correlation was found, while in case of GSH (r = 0.757, P < 0.05), SOD (r = 0.767, P < 0.05) and TAOA (r = 0.713, P < 0.05), it was positively correlated. A negative correlation of TEC count with LPO, while a positive correlation with GSH, SOD and TAOA signify the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of anaemia induced by T. evansi infection in dogs. The present study findings might be helpful to clinicians when treating clinical cases of this kind. Incorporation of organ protective drugs and antioxidants in the treatment schedule may result in better prognosis.

The haemato-metabolic profile of high producing dairy cows during the transition period

The objective of the present study was to assess the haematological [haemoglobin, packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), erythrocytic indices, total leucocyte count (TLC) and differential leucocyte count (DLC)] changes and metabolic adjustment, viz. blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and cholesterol, in high-yielding Sahiwal and Karan Fries cows during the transition period. For this purpose, blood samples were collected from 8 pregnant Karan Fries crossbred cows and 8 pregnant Sahiwal cows on days -15, -7, 0 (the day of calving), +7 and +15 from calving, and used for estimation of haemoglobin, PCV, TLC, TEC, erythrocytic indices and DLC, and metabolic parameters, such as blood glucose, BUN, NEFA and cholesterol. It was found that haemoglobin concentrations, PCV and TEC increased significantly (P&lt;0.01) up to the day of calving, and gradually decreased thereafter to reach pre-partum levels in the subsequent weeks post-calving. While the TLC, number of neutrophils and monocytes were found to increase (P&lt;0.01), the number of lymphocytes decreased significantly (P&lt;0.01) on the day of calving and then reached pre-partum levels after calving. No significant effect was observed on erythrocytic indices parameters. Blood glucose, BUN and NEFA levels showed an increasing trend (P&lt;0.01) from 2 weeks pre-partum until the day of calving, and then decreased to the pre-partum level after calving. Unlike the other parameters, the plasma cholesterol level increased consistently from 2 weeks pre-partum to 2 weeks post-partum. In conclusion, the results of our study clearly show a definite pattern of the haematological and metabolic adjustment of high-producing dairy cows during the pre-partum to postpartum transition.

Fermented medicinal herbs improve the hematological and physiological profile of Striped catfish (Pangasionodon hypophthalmus)

This study sought to determine the effect of fermented medicinal herbs (FMH), i.e. cutchery ( Kaempferia galanga), tumeric ( Curcuma longa) and curcuma ( Curcuma xanthorrhiza) in combination with molasses and probiotic drink (Yakult), administered orally on the hematological and physiological profile of striped catfish ( Pangasionodon hypophthalmus). A complete randomized design (CRD) experiment was used with four levels of treatments, namely P0 (control), P1 (FMH 100 ml/kg), P2 (FMH 200 ml/kg) and P3 (FMH 300 ml/kg) of feed. The fish were kept in a farm in cages at 75 fish/m 3 , and fed with the experimental diets for 60 days. The results revealed that FMH (P2) dietary administration improved hematological and physiological profile of catfish, i.e total erythrocytes of 2.81 x 10 6 cells/mm 3, hematocrit values of 39.00 %, hemoglobin levels of 10.73 g/dl, total leukocytes of 11.41 x 10 4 cells/mm 3, blood glucose 97.33 mg/dl, and total serum protein 4.10 mg/dl compared to controls with 1.89 x 10 6 cells/mm 3, 32.33 %, g/dl, 9.67 x 10 4 cells/mm 3, 67.33 mg/dl, and total serum protein of 3.10 mg/dl, respectively. Moreover, the diet improved special growth rate, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency and the survival rate of catfish.

Haematological Traits of Induced Hypovolemic Large White Yorkshire Piglets as Affected by Feeding them Milk of Pantja Goats and Black Badri Cows

Background: Pig is recognized as an advantageous non-rodent animal model within a large number of biomedical research areas and of xenotransplantation of animal organs into humans. People prefer taking goat milk during dengue fever like conditions for recovery from low blood constituents, particularly the blood platelets, without any scientific proof. Methods: Haemoglobin, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and blood platelets count were studied in 2.5 months old 18 experimentally induced hypovolemic Large White Yorkshire (LWY) piglets at CVASc., GBPUAT, Pantnagar after feeding them milk of Pantja goats and black Badri cows over a period of 30 days during Oct.–Nov. 2019 and May-June 2020. Hypovolemia in piglets was achieved by withdrawing their 15% of total estimated blood volume (@ 7.5% in each time on day 1st and 3rd of experiment), followed by providing them with milk, which was double the amount of blood withdrawn, for 30 days. Control group (T1) piglets (6 no.) were maintained on basal diet, whereas group T2 and T3 piglets were given milk of Pantja goats and black Badri cows, respectively. Blood samples for testing were collected on 1st, 3rd, 7th, 15th and 30th day.Result: Average normal blood picture of weaned LWY piglets for haemoglobin (g/dl), ESR (mm/hr) and platelets count (105 cells/ mm3) was 11.36 ± 0.20, 10.00± 2.01, 3.1767 ± 0.2577, respectively. For haemoglobin and ESR, the values on testing days and the overall values for group T1, T2 and T3 piglets did not show any significant variation. However, the pooled values for haemoglobin were significantly different (P less than 0.01) on various testing days, being higher on day 1st and 30th than on 3rd, 7th and 15th day, implying that normal haemoglobin level was regained on 30th day of hypovolemia. The pooled values for ESR were significantly different (P less than 0.05) on various testing days, being higher on day 1st and 3rd only, which may be due to simultaneous increase in total erythrocyte counts. Overall mean platelets count (x105 cells/ mm3) for LWY piglets was 3.2570± 0.0890 and their values in group T1, T2 and T3 piglets were 3.0983±0.1675, 3.0820±0.1490 and 3.5907±0.1885, respectively, being significantly higher (P less than 0.05) for black Badri cow milk fed group piglets. This may imply usefulness of black Badri cow milk over Pantja goat milk in improving blood platelets count in human, considering pig a good animal model for human within a large number of biomedical researches.

Plant-Based Antioxidant-Rich Snacks Elevate Circulating Antioxidant Capacity and Alter Gut Microbiome Profile in Older Adults

ObjectivesOxidative stress and gut dysbiosis are considered as the contributors in aging. Diets rich in plant foods may against aging-associated syndrome. The present study aimed to explore the effects of plant-based antioxidant-rich smoothies and sesame snacks (PBASS) on antioxidant capacity and gut microbiome profile in older adults. MethodsHealthy and sub-healthy older adults (79.7 ± 8.6 years old, F/M = 30/12) from 2 elderly care institutions were administered with PBASS for 4 months. Blood and fecal samples were collected before and after 2 and 4 months of PBASS consumption. ResultsPBASS consumption significantly increased plasma glutathione and total antioxidant capacity and erythrocyte protein-bound sulfhydryl groups (PBSH) and decreased hematocrit, serum albumin and erythrocyte glutathione and activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in a time-dependent manner (generalized estimating equations with repeated measure analysis, P < 0.05). In females, 4 months of PBASS resulted in significant decreases in red blood cells and serum blood urea nitrogen and increases in plasma PBSH and erythrocyte total sulfhydryl groups. In the fecal microbiome profile of older adults, observed species and richness of gut microbiome were decreased after 2 months of PBASS, whereas beta-diversity and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes were not significantly altered by PBASS consumption. PBASS consumption significantly increased Bacteroidetes and decreased Actinobacteria and Patescibacteria in the feces. ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that older adults consumed with plant-based antioxidant-rich snacks may have elevated antioxidant capacity and altered fecal microbiome profile; however, their protein nutritional status need to be monitored, especially in old females. Funding SourcesMOST 106-2321-B-030-001,107-2321-B-030-001 and 108-2321-B-030-001.

Haematological and serum biochemical reference intervals of juvenile African bonytongue fish (Heterotis niloticus. Cuvier, 1829) sampled from the river benue, Nigeria

Objective: Based on the potential clinical and management significance of selected hematological and serum biochemistry parameters, study aimed to establish the hematological and serum biochemistry reference ranges for juvenile Heterotis niloticus (African bonytongue fish) a fish with significant aquaculture potential in Africa. Design and procedure: Hematology and serum biochemical reference ranges were determined in blood and serum samples obtained from 243 healthy juvenile Heterotis niloticus sampled from three locations along the Benue River and its adjoining wetlands. The reference ranges were obtained using the Shapiro Wilk test and the guidelines of the national committee for clinical laboratory standards. Results: Hematological reference ranges are; packed cell volume 19 – 27 %; hemoglobin concentration 3.1– 6.4 g/dL; total erythrocytes count 1.59×106 – 2.92 ×106 µ/L; total leucocytes counts 4.97× 103 – 5.40 × 103 µ/L; mean corpuscular volume 113.7 – 218.7 fL; mean corpuscular haemoglobin 25.06 – 28.85 pg; mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 12.61– 20.27 g/dL. Serum biochemical reference ranges are; serum glucose, 51.0 – 89.50 mg/dL; total protein 56.5 – 79.50 g/L; globulin 11.5 – 15.50 g/L; albumin 32.88 – 69.35 g/L; aspartate amino transferase 79.2 – 98.3 U/L; alanine amino transferase 24.78 – 46.0 U/L. Alkaline phosphatase 28.75 – 57.25 U/L; creatinine 51.0 – 80.0 g/L; urea 13.1 – 17.10 mg/dL and uric acid 1.90 – 2.30 mg/dL. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: These data will provide clinically useful information for the diagnosis, treatment and prognostication of intervention and or outcomes in the culture and or zootechnical management of Heterotis niloticus in natural water bodies.

Time-dependent hematological responses of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus exposed to an estuarine contaminated water

We aimed to study hematological responses of Oreochromis niloticus experimentally exposed to the contaminated water of the Santos-São Vicente Estuary, testing hypotheses that exposure time to estuarine water promotes deleterious effects on hematological parameters and evaluating the use of erythrocytes and leukocytes alterations as environmental biomarkers. Estuarine water was collected from Largo da Pompeba. For the biological assay, 28 juveniles of O. niloticus (red strain) of both genders were randomly selected from commercial pisciculture. For the biological assay, 28 juveniles of O. niloticus of both sexes were randomly selected from commercial fish farms. The juveniles were kept in estuarine water for 72 and 120 hours and, after exposure, blood was collected by puncture of the caudal vein to determine total erythrocytes, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, hematimetric indices and total leukocytes, as lymphocyte, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils were quantified by blood extensions. To test exposure overtime on hematological variables, we performed a two-factor Multivariate Analysis of Variance. Exposure for 72 hours resulted in immunosuppression as seen by the reduced counts of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes in the bloodstream, whereas after 120 hours the immune system was stimulated with the increase of all leukocyte cell types. Exposure to estuarine water resulted in marked changes in the leukocyte count of O. niloticus, demonstrating that alterations in white blood cells might be more sensitive biomarkers than red blood parameters.

The Evaluation of the Addition of Commercial Yeast with β -Glucan Content in Feed on the Immunity of Snakehead Fish Channa striata Infected by Aeromonas hydrophila Bacteria

Snakehead fish Channa striata is a high commercial freshwater fish commodity. It has the potential as a pharmaceutical ingredient. Intensive snakehead fish cultivation starts to experience a problem, namely Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS) caused by Aeromonas hydrophila. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of the addition of commercial yeast in feed to improve snakehead fish immunity. This study was designed with a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments with 3 replications (reared in the net) and 6 treatments with 3 replications (reared in the aquarium). The treatments were K (feed without yeast), F5 (feed with the addition of 5 g/kg of cake yeast), R3 (feed with the addition of 3 g/kg of tempeh yeast, R5(feed with the addition of 5 g/kgof tempeh yeast), and R7 (feed with the addition of 7 g/kg of tempeh yeast). The results show that the survival rate after 30 days is 88.89- 92.22%. The best treatment after A. hydrophila infection was found in fish fed with 3 g/kg oftempehyeast with a survival rate of 56.67%, total erythrocytes of 4.07x 106 mm-3 cells, hemoglobin of 7.40 g% of total leukocytes 4.97x 104 mm-3 cells and phagocytic activity of 33.67. In conclusion, the addition of tempeh yeast at a dose of 3 g/kg could be used as an alternative to prevent the effect of A. hydrophila pathogen infection in snakehead fish.

Hematologic values in domestic pigeons naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium.

Avian mycobacteriosis is an important disease of birds and is most often caused by Mycobacterium avium or Mycobacterium genavense. However, little information on the hematologic changes associated with this infectious disease in pigeons has been published. The aim of this investigation was to compare the hematologic parameters of domestic pigeons (Columba livia var. domestica) naturally infected with Mavium subsp. avium (MAA) with clinically healthy pigeons. Blood samples were collected from 12 pigeons with suspected mycobacteriosis and 12 clinically healthy pigeons. All the birds with suspect infections were necropsied, and affected organs were cultured and examined on histopathology for mycobacteriosis. Total leukocyte and erythrocyte counts were performed on each blood sample with the Natt and Herrick method using a Neubauer hemocytometer. White blood cell (WBC) differential counts were performed on Giemsa-stained blood smears. Packed cell volumes (PCVs) were measured using the microhematocrit technique. Hemoglobin concentrations were measured with a spectrophotometer using the cyanomethemoglubin method. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations (MCHCs), and mean cell volumes (MCVs) were calculated manually. All of the infected birds had typical histopathologic findings of avian mycobacteriosis, which were confirmed using microbiologic and molecular methods to detect MAA. The hematologic data from the two groups were compared. The total WBC, heterophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts were significantly higher, and the PCV, HGB, MCH, and MCHC values were significantly lower in the infected birds compared with the clinically healthy pigeons.

Hemato-biochemical responses and histopathological alterations in the gill and kidney tissues of Osteobrama belangeri (Valenciennes, 1844) exposed to different sub-lethal unionized ammonia

Ammonia is a factor restricting production in aquaculture systems, hindering fish production adversely. A detailed study was planned and conducted using a static water system to scrutinize the toxic effects of unionized ammonia (UIA) on patho-physiological responses of O. belangeri, an important aquaculture candidate for diversification of freshwater aquaculture and endangered species, when exposed to different sub-lethal concentrations of UIA. The 96-h LC50 value of UIA on O. belangeri was found to be 1.36 mg l−1. The sub-lethal toxicity test with three UIA concentrations, i.e., 0.27, 0.68, and 0.80 mg l−1 at different exposure period of 24, 48, 72, and 96-h revealed that exposure to UIA induced a significant reduction in hematological parameters, such as total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Hct). Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) also substantially declined due to UIA exposure. Among biochemical parameters, blood glucose, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and Na+ and K+ ion increased significantly. In contrast, serum protein, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and serum albumin notably decreased due to ammonia exposure. Fish exposed to different UIA concentrations for 96-h displayed several histopathologic alterations in the gill and kidney tissues. Gill tissues showed several lamellar deformations, while kidney tissues showed significant changes at the level of the glomerulus and tubular epithelium. The NOEL or safe concentration of UIA for this particular fish species was found to be 0.07 mg l−1. The observed patho-physiological alterations in the present study establish the most detail insights of UIA stress in O. belangeri and will enhance the international literature on UIA toxicity.

Anthelmintic effect of Indigofera tinctoria L on Haemonchus contortus obtained from sheep in Indonesia.

Background and Aim:Hemonchosis has resulted in huge economic losses for sheep farmers worldwide. Secondary metabolite compounds from Indigofera tinctoria L. can be used as anthelmintics. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effects of I. tinctoria L. aqueous extract (IAE) as an anthelmintic against adult Haemonchus contortus isolated from sheep.Materials and Methods:Ten active adult worms were placed in each Petri dish containing 25 mL of IAE, each having a different concentration of IAE (at concentrations 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, and 220 mg/mL). Each experiment was repeated. The positive control used 1% albendazole, and the negative control used 0.62% saline water. The number of immobile worms and the time of mortality were recorded after 2, 4, 6, and 8 h. The dead worms were subsequently tested using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the in vivo study, 15 sheep with an average fecal egg count (FEC) of 1000 eggs per gram were treated with IAE for 9 days: Group A (negative control, saline water 0.62%), Group B (21 mg/mL), Group C (41 mg/mL), Group D (62 mg/mL), and Group E (positive control, albendazole 100 mg/mL). Measurements of the body weight, FEC reduction test, and hematology testing were performed on days 0, 7, and 14. SEM was performed using worms found from the abomasum of slaughtered sheep.Results:The leaves of I. tinctoria L. contained a number of secondary metabolites, including total tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The most effective concentration that killed the adult H. contortus worms was 220 mg/mL (93.33% mortality) after 8 h of treatment. The electrophoresis results showed that the protein band at a dose of 22% was less than that of the control. The highest FECR value of the treatment group on the 14th day after treatment was at a dose of 62 mg/mL. The highest weight gain as well as the highest increased hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), and total erythrocyte count (TEC) values on the 14th day after treatment were at a dose of 41 mg/mL. The SEM results showed that IAE treatment caused the worms’ anterior parts to become wrinkled with thick creases and cuticle abrasion (in vitro) and the anterior part to shrink along with the presence of aggregates in the worm cuticle (in vivo).Conclusion:The aqueous extract of I. tinctoria contains tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids and has an anthelmintic effect with decreased FEC, increased weight gain, Hb, PCV, and TEC, causing damage to the worms’ body and reducing the protein profile of adult H. contortus worms.

Effects of discriminate and indiscriminate use of enrofloxcin on hematological parameters

Hematological indication is an important finding for pathophysiology analysis of biological science. This study was designed with the aim to investigate the effects of residual antibiotics on hematological parameters of broiler following discriminate and indiscriminate use. 18 broiler DOC (Cobb-500) were reared up to 31 days. On day 16, they were randomly divided into 3 groups, namely Group–A (Control group), Group-B (Discriminate group) and Group-C (Indiscriminate group). Each group contains 6 birds. The discriminate and indiscriminate group was treated with antibiotic, enrofloxacin. In Group-B withdrawal period was followed and treatment was stopped before 7 days of sacrifice. On the other hand, withdrawal period was not maintained in indiscriminate group and the antibiotic treatment was continued until the day of sacrifice. The Total erythrocyte count (million/mm3) of control, discriminate, and indiscriminate groups were 3.15±0.047, 2.66±0.091, and 2.90±0.11 respectively. The Hb (gm%) of control, discriminate, and indiscriminate groups were 8.17±0.07, 7.37±0.09, and 7.28±0.07 respectively. The Packed Cell Volume (%) of control, discriminate, and indiscriminate group were 24.17±0.48, 23.17±0.48, and 22.33±0.67 respectively. There was no significant difference on blood parameter found among the groups. Therefore, discriminate and indiscriminate use of enrofloxacin has no bad effect on hematological parameters of broiler.

Nonylphenol exposure in Labeo rohita (Ham.): Evaluation of behavioural response, histological, haematological and enzymatic alterations

The impact of acute and chronic exposure of nonylphenol (NP) on behaviour, histopathology, haematology and biochemical parameters of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) was investigated in the current study. The 96 h LC50 of NP for L. rohita was estimated to be 0.548 mg L−1. Acute toxicity of NP induced several behavioural alternations. Further, sub-lethal NP exposure for a period of sixty days to 1/10th (0.0548 mg L−1), 1/15th (0.0365 mg L−1) and 1/20th (0.0274 mg L−1) of 96 h LC50 resulted a reduction in total erythrocyte count and haemoglobin content whereas the total leukocyte count was observed to increase significantly. Among the biochemical parameters, blood glucose level increased, but there was significant decrease in total serum protein, albumin and globulin level. Significant alterations occurred in the histological architecture of gill tissue in NP exposed groups. The catalase and superoxide dismutase activity in gill tissues were elevated significantly while the concentration dependent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity was observed on 20th, 40th and 60th day of NP exposure. An increased glutathione-S-transferase activity in gill tissue was also observed in NP exposed groups. The present ecotoxicological study provides a reliable indication for the obligation to control the use and safe disposal of NP.

Genotoxicity evaluation of self-assembled-micelle inhibitory RNA-targeting amphiregulin (SAMiRNA-AREG), a novel siRNA nanoparticle for the treatment of fibrotic disease

The self-assembled-micelle inhibitory RNA-targeting amphiregulin (SAMiRNA-AREG) is a novel small-interfering RNA (siRNA) nanoparticle that is used for treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. We investigated the potential genotoxicity of SAMiRNA-AREG based on the guidelines published by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. In the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test), SAMiRNA-AREG did not induce mutations in Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA1535, TA98, and TA1537 and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA at concentrations of up to 3000 μg/plate with or without metabolic activation. The SAMiRNA-AREG (concentrations up to 500 μg/mL) did not induce chromosomal aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster lung cells with or without metabolic activation. In the in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay, the SAMiRNA-AREG (concentrations up to 300 mg/kg body weight) did not affect the proportions of polychromatic erythrocytes and total erythrocytes, nor did it increase the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in ICR mice. Collectively, these results suggest that SAMiRNA-AREG is safe with regard to genotoxicity such as mutagenesis or clastogenesis under the present experimental conditions. These results might support the safety of SAMiRNA-AREG as a potential therapeutic agent for pharmaceutical development.

Clinico-pathological Studies on Canine Mammary Tumors in Dachshund Dog

Background: The study was aimed to find out the epidemiological data of canine mammary tumor in Dachshund breed in relation to age, growth rate, lymph node status, histological type of tumor and to compare hematological alterations of any within the tumor to compare hematological alterations due to different types of tumor.Methods: Mammary neoplasms were clinically evaluated. The measurement of total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC), platelet count and packed cell volume (PCV %) was carried out as per standard methods. Histological observation was performed by staining with Hematoxylin and Eosin stain. Benign and malignant mammary tumors were found highest in the younger age group of 8 to 12 years and lowest thereafter.Result: 79.16% cases of the mammary tumors located in the inguinal region were found. The fast growth rate was observed in 45.83% of tumors. The hematological profile showed no difference. However, the platelet count in the malignant mammary gland tumor dogs showed significant (P less than 0.01) decrease than the normal and benign tumor dogs. Distant metastasis to lung was found only in 8.33% of the total mammary tumor dogs. Mammary tumors with stage I, stage II and stage III were restricted to benign mammary tumors whereas, those with stage IV and stage V were of malignant mammary tumors.

TOTAL ERITROSIT DAN LEUKOSIT BROILER JANTAN SETELAH PEMBERIAN JINTAN HITAM (Nigella sativa) SEBAGAI IMUNOMODULATOR DALAM AIR MINUM

This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of Nigella sativa on total erythrocytes and leucocytes of male broiler. This research was conducted on December 2019�January 2020 at the Integrated Field Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. Examination of total erythrocytes and leucocytes was conducted at Pramitra Biolab Indonesia clinical Laboratory, Bandar Lampung. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and three replication. The treatments given were drinking water without Nigella sativa (P0), drinking water with 36 mg/kg BW/day of Nigella sativa (P1), drinking water with 72 mg/kg BW/day of Nigella sativa (P2), drinking water with 144 mg/kg BW/day of Nigella sativa (P3). The data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that giving Nigella sativa at a dose of 144 mg/kg BW/day (P3) was an effective dose for increasing total erythrocytes and leucocytes.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Erythrocytes, Leucocytes, Male broiler, Nigella sativa