Total Energy Requirement Research Articles

Concentrated solar radiation aided energy efficient and chemoselective protocol for N-acylation and N-formylation reactions in aqueous medium

A straightforward, eco-friendly and energy proficient method has been established for the chemoselective acylation and formylation reactions of amines using inexpensive and biodegradable choline chloride in an aqueous medium via concentrated solar radiations (CSR) and traditional heating method. When compared with conventional methods, the CSR method is found to be superior in terms of reaction time and total energy requirements (88–92% energy is saved). This protocol is amine-selective and can tolerate other functional groups and is also applicable for gram scale synthesis. The noted features of this method include metal and oxidant free green approach, use of innocuous reagents, remarkable yields, broad substrate scope, reuse of catalyst and solvent and use of renewable source of energy.

Correlation Between Docosahexaenoic Acid Intake and It’s Content in Breast Milk of Lactating Mothers in Jakarta

Objective: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the predominant structural fatty acid in the brain and one of the most important nutrient for cognitive development in early life. During early life, there is very limited metabolic capability to convert omega-3 fatty acids to DHA. Therefore, newborn intake of DHA completely depends on preformed DHA in mother’s breast milk. This study aims to determine DHA intake among lactating mothers and their association with breast milk’s DHA.Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Grogol Petamburan and Cilincing Public Health Centre in Jakarta. Eighty healthy lactating mothers aged 20–35 years old in 1–6 months postpartum was taken using consecutive sampling method. Mother’s DHA intake was assessed with a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Post-feed breast milk specimens were collected in the morning, transported with cool boxes, and stored in the laboratory at -70° C before the analyses. Breast milk DHA content was analysed using Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry. Descriptive analyses and Spearman rho test was used with a 95% confidence level.Result: This study showed the median of subjects’ DHA intake was 158.5(13.9–719.7) mg/day, i.e. 67.5% of the subjects was below Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recommendation (200 mg/day). The median of breast milk DHA was 51.7(19–184.7) mg/day, only 42.5 % of the subjects had breast milk DHA to meet the minimal requirement of their infant based on FAO recommendation (0.1% of total energy requirement). There was a moderate correlation between subject DHA intake with breast milk’s DHA content (r = 0.478, p < 0.001). Conclusion: More than half of the subjects had DHA intake below FAO recommendation. Our finding showed a positive moderate correlation between DHA intake and breast milk DHA among lactating mothers.

Exploring energy-water-land nexus in national supply chains: China 2012

Ensuring energy, water and food security is a core challenge as well as an opportunity to national sustainable development. This paper aims to perform an in-depth analysis on demand-driven energy, water and land resource requirements by Chinese economy 2012 and corresponding energy-water-land nexus relationships in its supply chains by using the input-output analysis and the structural path analysis. Results show that Agriculture and Light industry, mainly related to household consumption, are critical aggregated sectors for water and land requirements, in contrast to Heavy industry and Construction, which are related to investment for energy requirements. 15.41% of the total energy requirement, 44.18% of water and 58.64% of land can be attributed to the top 20 supply chain paths. The energy-water-land nexuses are explored by industrial sector, supply chain path and final demand category from the perspective of embodiment. On the final demand side, Agriculture, Light industry, Construction and Service are critical nexus sectors. Major sectoral nexus paths in terms of energy-land, energy-water, water-land, and energy-water-land nexuses are further identified. The energy-water-land nexus in China's supply chains reflect a strong dependence relationship of energy, water and land resource requirements, which then demonstrate essential intervention points of demand-side resource management.

Insights from Mathematical Modelling into Energy Requirement and Process Design of Continuous and Batch Stirred Tank Aerobic Bioreactors

Bioreaction kinetics, oxygen transfer and energy modelling were applied to stirred tank aerobic bioreactors. This was done to investigate how key input design variables influence bioreactor size, feed and wasted substrate, and electrical energy requirements for aeration and cooling, and to compare batch and continuous modes of operation. Oxygen concentration in the liquid is a key input design variable, but its selection is challenging as it can result in design trade-offs. Reducing its value caused a decrease in electrical energy requirement, however this tended to increase the working volume of the bioreactor. The minimum or near-to-minimum total energy requirement for oxygen transfer occurred when operating at the onset of flooding throughout the bioreaction time. For typical KS values, continuous mode of operation required a much smaller bioreactor volume, due to higher operating cell concentration, and this is a major advantage of continuous over batch.

Utilization of CO2 in renewable DME fuel production: A life cycle analysis (LCA)-based case study in China

This work aimed to evaluate the environmental performance of single-step dimethyl ether (DME) production system through CO2-enhanced gasification of gumwood. The proposed CO2-enhanced gasification based bio-DME production process was compared systematically with the conventional approach in terms of life cycle assessment (LCA) impacts by using SimaPro software. Overall, the LCA results revealed that bio-DME fuel produced from CO2-enhanced process significantly reduced the burden on climate change, toxicity and eco-toxicity by at least 20%. This decrement was mostly attributed to low feedstock consumption, high-energy recovery and CO2 utilization in the CO2-enhanced process. Over 53% contribution in all impact categories were contributed by the gasifier unit, mainly due to its high energy intensity (over 60% of the total energy requirement). Moreover, the effect of replacing diesel by bio-DME or diesel/DME blend as an automotive fuel was assessed in this study. The scenario of using pure DME resulted on significant reductions of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, by 72%, and of its impact on both human health and ecosystem (by 55% and 68%, respectively). The reduction of GHG emissions were caused by the carbon neutrality of bio-DME. Utilization of DME also limited the emissions of carcinogenic particulate such as diesel soot and therefore, decreased the toxicity of traffic emissions. The second scenario was to utilize DME15 (15% DME by wt in diesel) as an automotive fuel. However, only minor decreases, up to 7%, of the environmental impact were observed for DME15 compared to those estimated for pure diesel. Thus, the present study demonstrated that the CO2-enhanced process could greatly reduce GHG emission and environmental burden of DME production compared to the conventional method. Furthermore, bio-DME utilization as fuel for automotive applications can significantly decrease the hazard caused by traffic emissions.

Life cycle evaluation of microalgae biofuels production: Effect of cultivation system on energy, carbon emission and cost balance analysis

The rapid depletion of fossil fuels and ever-increasing environmental pollution have forced humankind to look for a renewable energy source. Microalgae, a renewable biomass source, has been proposed as a promising feedstock to generate biofuels due to their fast growth rate with high lipid content. However, literatures have indicated that sustainable production of microalgae biofuels are only viable with a highly optimized production system. In the present study, a cradle-to-gate approach was used to provide expedient insights on the effect of different cultivation systems and biomass productivity toward life cycle energy (LCEA), carbon balance (LCCO2) and economic (LCC) of microalgae biodiesel production pathways. In addition, a co-production of bioethanol from microalgae residue was proposed in order to improve the economic sustainability of the overall system. The results attained in the present work indicated that traditional microalgae biofuels processing pathways resulted to several shortcomings, such as dehydration and lipid extraction of microalgae biomass required high energy input and contributed nearly 21 to 30% and 39 to 57% of the total energy requirement, respectively. Besides, the microalgae biofuels production system also required a high capital investment, which accounted for 47 to 86% of total production costs that subsequently resulted to poor techno-economic performances. Moreover, current analysis of environmental aspects of microalgae biorefinery had revealed negative CO2 balance in producing microalgae biofuels.

Optimization of Post Combustion CO2 Capture from a Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant via Taguchi Design of Experiment

The potential of carbon capture and storage to provide a low carbon fossil-fueled power generation sector that complements the continuously growing renewable sector is becoming ever more apparent. An optimization of a post combustion capture unit employing the solvent monoethanolamine (MEA) was carried out using a Taguchi design of experiment to mitigate the parasitic energy demands of the system. An equilibrium-based approach was employed in Aspen Plus to simulate 90% capture of the CO2 emitted from a 600 MW natural gas combined-cycle gas turbine power plant. The effects of varying the inlet flue gas temperature, absorber column operating pressure, amount of exhaust gas recycle, and amine concentration were evaluated using signal to noise ratios and analysis of variance. The optimum levels that minimized the specific energy requirements were a: flue gas temperature = 50 °C; absorber pressure = 1 bar; exhaust gas recirculation = 20% and; amine concentration = 35 wt%, with a relative importance of: amine concentration > absorber column pressure > exhaust gas recirculation > flue gas temperature. This configuration gave a total capture unit energy requirement of 5.05 GJ/tonneCO2, with an energy requirement in the reboiler of 3.94 GJ/tonneCO2. All the studied factors except the flue gas temperature, demonstrated a statistically significant association to the response.

Forecasting Load on PT PLN (Persero) Metro Substations (GI) Using Combined Methods for Electrical Needs in Metro City 2019 - 2029

Abstract — Electricity consumption in Metro City has increased along with the increase in population, economic activity, technological progress and growth of households. Electrical energy is needed for the interests of industry, households and other activities as well as to support increasingly advanced technological developments The researcher used load forecasting with a combined method based on economic growth, population growth, and the growth of households in Metro City. The data used in this study are growth data that occurred from 2014 to 2018. The results of this paper is forecasting the number of customers, load energy consumption (MWh), total energy requirements (MWh), connected power (kVA), and peak load (MW). Energy consumption growth every year has the same tendency as in previous years. In the household sector, energy consumption will grow higher each year than other sectors. In 2029, it estimated that the peak load that will occur at Metro substations, PT PLN (Persero) Rayon Metro City is 92.62 MW.Keywords — Forecasting, Electrical Energy Needs, Combined Method, PT PLN, Metro City

Male and female cats have different regional body compositions and energy requirements for weight loss and weight maintenance.

Body composition and energy requirements are different between males and females in several species, and both interfere with weight loss. The aim of this study was to compare the total and regional body composition and energy requirements in obese male (n=8) and female (n=8) cats, during weight loss and weight maintenance over 17 subsequent weeks after regimen. The total and regional (thoracic and pelvic limbs, and trunk) body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Females exhibited a higher fat mass (FM) than males (p<0.05), and the trunk was the site with greater fat accumulation regardless of gender. A 23.0±2.8% reduction in body weight was followed by a 50.3±9.4% and a 37.0±8.9% reduction in fat in the trunk region in males and females respectively. Lean mass (LM) mobilization was also increased in the trunk (p<0.05), and the loss of LM was associated with a reduction in bone mass. The energy intake to achieve the same rate of weight loss was 12.9±3.4% higher in males (p<0.05). The cats exhibited a gradual increase in energy requirements to maintain their body weight after weight loss (p<0.05). It was concluded that obese cats mainly accumulate fat in the trunk. The reduction in lean mass after the regimen also occurred in the trunk, with no modifications in the skeletal muscle mass of the limbs. Neutered male cats have higher energy requirements than neutered females, and gender should be considered during obesity management in cats.

Low-carbohydrate, healthy-fat eating: A cost comparison with national dietary guidelines.

AimA low‐carbohydrate, healthy‐fat (LCHF) dietary approach has been demonstrated as an effective strategy for improving metabolic health; however, it is often criticised for being more expensive than following a dietary approach guided by the national, Ministry of Health nutrition guidelines. This study compared the cost of these two nutritionally replete dietary approaches for one day for a family of four.MethodsIn this descriptive case study, one‐day meal plans were designed for a hypothetical family of four representing the average New Zealand (NZ) male and female weight‐stable adult and two adolescent children. National documented heights, a healthy body mass index range (18.5–25.0 kg/m2), and a 1.7‐activity factor was used to estimate total energy requirements using the Schofield equation. Total daily costs were compared based on food prices from a popular Auckland supermarket. Meal plans were analysed for their nutritional adequacy using FoodWorks 8 dietary analysis software against national Australian and NZ nutrient reference value thresholds.ResultsThe total daily costs were $43.42 (national guidelines) and $51.67 (LCHF) representing an $8.25 difference, or $2.06 per person, with the LCHF meal plan being the costlier option.ConclusionsWe consider this increased cost for an LCHF approach to be negligible. In practice, less costly food items with similar nutrition qualities can be substituted to reduce costs further should this be a goal. The LCHF approach should therefore not be disregarded as a viable dietary approach for improving health outcomes, based on its perceived expense.

Improved template – ion exchange synthesis of Cu-nanostructured molecular sieves

Abstract A series of M41S type mesoporous molecular sieves modified with copper were synthesized through Template-Ion Exchange (TIE). The influence of hydrothermal treatment and mixing time at room temperature over the solids structural and chemical properties was evaluated in detail for a single Cu content. Characterization of the materials was carried out through various techniques: XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, SEM, XPS, atomic absorption, UV–vis DR and TPR. It was found that different stirring times at room temperature had no significant influence over the physical and chemical characteristics of the final solid. However, hydrothermal treatment had a slight effect over the materials structure and metallic species distribution. In order to assess copper content influence, two other non-treated solids with different metallic contents were synthesized, characterized, and compared with hydrothermally treated samples. The catalytic performance of the hydrothermally treated and non-treated materials was tested in the liquid phase oxidation of limonene employing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as oxygen donor, an important fine chemical reaction. Only one of the evaluated Cu contents exhibited a minor difference in catalytic activity according to the applied synthesis conditions. Hence, a simple TIE procedure without hydrothermal treatment can be employed for the synthesis of Cu-MCM materials. By suppressing hydrothermal treatment, it is possible to save around 10% of the total energy requirement for the complete synthesis process.

Natural gas sweetening using low temperature distillation: simulation and configuration

ABSTRACTHypothesis: Separation of CO2 from a stream of natural gas using low-temperature distillation process is complicated not only because of the existence of ethane (C2) and CO2 azeotrope but owing to the freezing of CO2. A modified process based on an existing Ryan–Holmes process in the form of a low-temperature distillation is presented here for the separation of sour gases. In addition, solvents were employed to prevent CO2 freezing and to avoid formation of the C2-CO2 azeotrope.Simulation: Simulation calculations were carried out using a natural gas stream containing CO2 and H2S. The process was designed and simulated using Aspen HYSYS 9.Findings: A low-temperature process for the separation of a feed stream containing up to 30 mole% CO2 and 2.5 mole% H2S was achieved, which lowered the levels of these gases to within 50 and 4 ppm, respectively. These values conform to liquefied natural gas specifications. The compositions of the product streams, the required solvent circulation flow rates, and the total energy requirements were estimated. The reported process successfully separated H2S and produced CO2 at a pressure of 25.0 bar and a temperature of −13°C, thereby ensuring its suitability for application in enhanced oil recovery. This described process also delivered the desired natural gas product at 35 bar and −90°C ready for liquefaction and further cooling.

Mathematical model and energy analysis of ethane dehydration in two-layer packed-bed adsorption

The 3A zeolites are excellent adsorbents for industrial-scale gas dehydration because of the low energy required for regeneration and ease of operation. A computational study of the dehydration of an industrial feed stream containing ethane and water was performed using an in-house code that included an appropriate equilibrium adsorption isotherm. The validated computational model was used to examine the impact of particle size on the process dynamics and the corresponding pressure drop. The water concentration along the adsorption column was also investigated. To increase the process capacity, the packed adsorption bed was divided into two distinct layers, which were operated with different particle sizes. The length of each layer was determined by a parametric study. The best breakthrough time, i.e., 107,800s, at the allowed pressure drop was obtained when the lengths of the first and second layers were 4.5 and 1m, respectively. The results showed that the new two-layer adsorption bed could save around 33.8% in total energy requirement in comparison to that of a single bed.

Sustainable energy saving alternatives in small buildings

Day lighting significance in architectural designs is well established for enhancing visual comfort, energy-efficiency and low carbon buildings development. Practising the atrium element in the modern architectures has been increasingly popular in recent years because of the fact that the transitional space with good environmental elements can improve the quality of the buildings and reduce extra energy utilisation. The present study explores the advantages and effectiveness of the atrium on the energy performance of small buildings, a case study of ‘The Azuma Row House’. Based on local micro-climate data Autodesk Ecotect Analysis was performed to calculate the daylight factors and the energy demand of the building. A comparison was made with atrium and without atrium in the building to evaluate overall energy savings. The results show a higher annual heating energy demand with atrium 3443 kWh compared without atrium 2526 kWh. The annual cooling energy demand without atrium 2516 kWh is significantly greater than with atrium 912 kWh. The total energy requirements under no atrium case is about 5042 kWh which is considerably higher than the total annual energy demand with atrium 4355 kWh. The total amount of energy saved is about 15.7% per year by introducing the sunlight through the atrium. Along with the increasing issue of the energy crisis, environmental problem and the beautiful design of atrium, the development of atrium in modern architecture designing is feasible to have a good future.

Energy, Water and Food Requirements of China’sRegional Development

Owing to uneven development and unbalanced resource endowments within China, ensuring reliable energy, water and food supply is the core challenge to regional sustainable development. This study uses the latest multi-regional input-output model to quantify energy, water and food resource requirements of Mainland China’s 31 provincial regions in 2012. Results show that the resource occupancy levels of the eastern developed area were much higher than the northeast, central and western areas, which contributed 45.1%, 42.1% and 39.6% of total domestic energy, water and agri-food resource requirements, respectively. The total interprovincial trade transfers of embodied energy, water and agri-food resources were equivalent to 73.4%, 33.9% and 37.4% of the total domestic direct inputs, respectively. Substantial transfers of embodied energy, water and agri-food resources were identified from the central and western regions to the eastern regions. Investment was the leading final demand category for energy resources while consumption was the largest final demand category for water and agri-food. Consumption-based accounting of energy, water and agri-food requirements provides important implications for understanding the imbalance of regional development faced by the Chinese society to achieving sustainable development.

Application of Mathematical Modelling to Reducing and Minimising Energy Requirement for Oxygen Transfer in Batch Stirred Tank Bioreactors

In this study, microbial kinetic and oxygen transfer modelling coupled with energy analysis was applied to investigate how manipulation and control of agitator power input and air flowrate can reduce and minimise the total energy requirement in a batch aerobic bioprocess subject to constraints. The study showed that major energy savings can be made by appropriate selection of these variables and how they are controlled throughout a bioprocess. In many bioprocesses, the oxygen concentration in the liquid is controlled at a constant value. This may be achieved by maintaining the agitator power at a constant value and varying the air flowrate or vice versa, or by continuously varying both. The modelling showed that the minimum or near-minimum total energy requirement occurred when operating at the onset of impeller flooding throughout the bioprocess by continuously varying both impeller power and air flowrate over the bioprocess time. Operating at the onset of flooding may not be practical to implement in practice. However, the minimum energy can be approached by dividing the bioprocess time into a small number of time segments with appropriately chosen constant agitator powers and varying the air flowrate within each segment. This is much more practical to implement.

More Frequent Nutrition Counseling Limits Weight Loss and Improves Energy Intake During Oncology Management: A Longitudinal Inpatient Study in Taiwan

Introduction: Malnutrition increases the risk of cancer treatment-related complications. Nutritional intervention is beneficial for the outcomes of outpatients with cancer. This study investigated the impacts of nutrition consultation and care on energy intake and weight change in inpatients receiving cancer treatment.Methods: We conducted a longitudinal study, enrolling 3221 inpatients with head and neck, lung, hepatobiliary, upper gastrointestinal, colorectal, breast, or gynecological cancer who received at least two nutrition consultations between April 2010 and July 2015. In every consultation, a dietitian calculated the total energy requirement and the actual energy intake was assessed using a 24-h dietary recall.Results: Patients with head and neck cancer lost the most weight (1.16 kg/mo). For every consultation, a 0.03-kg weight gain per month was observed (P = 0.001). The average energy consumption percentage (% estimated energy requirement) at the third consultation was 87.0%. After controlling for potential covariates, the energy consumption percentages at the third, fourth, fifth–seventh, eighth, and subsequent consultations were significantly higher than those at the first consultation (P < 0.05).Conclusion: For oncology inpatients, routine screening and at least three active nutrition consultations with dietitians effectively improved energy intake and preserved body weight.

GROWTH AND ENERGETICS OF ARCTIC TERN CHICKS (STERNA-PARADISAEA)

--We studied energy requirements of Arctic Tern chicks (Sterna paradisaea) in Ny ,idesund, Svalbard (79oN, 12oW) with special emphasis on thermoregulatory andactivity costs. We used doubly labeled water to estimate energy expenditure in the field (Ea•w) and made laboratory measurements ofthe different components of total energy requirement Comparison of DLW-estimates with oxygen consumption measurements howed that underestimated total energy expenditure 4.5-16.0% depending on the duration of the experiment. This was probably due to incorporation of isotopes in newly synthesized tissue. Field estimates of total energy expenditure from Ea• • were corrected accordingly. A tern chick model was used to measure operative temperature (T,). At midday T, reached values up to 20oC above ambient emperature (Ta) which ranged from 3.4-9.0oC. Based on the field estimates of Ea•w and Te and the laboratory measurements of basal metabolic rate and thermal conductance, we conclude that there was a considerable nergy saving (456 kJ = 26% of •eq) during the first 10-11 days of life, due to parental brooding. After this period, when the parents stop brooding, the energy required for thermoregulation accounted for only 16% of F_•q. From 10 days after hatching onwards, the energy needed for activity increased considerably, up to 50% of Er,q just before fledging (Day 20). Comparison of the energy budgets of Arctic Tern chicks with the more southerly occurring closely related Common Tern (S. hirundo; Ricklefs and White 1981) revealed only a slightly higher energy expenditure in the Arctic Tern chicks. Received 5 April 1988, accepted 23 November 1988. ENERGY expenditure of chicks living in arctic and antarctic environments has been considered to be dominated by the costs for thermoregulation. Many physiologists have focused on the ability of chicks to cope with low environmental temperatures (e.g. Maher 1964, Norton 1973, Aulie and Steen 1976, Boggs et al. 1977, Pedersen and Steen 1979, Bech et al. 1984, Jargensen and Blix 1985, Taylor 1985, Boersma 1986). However, the abiotic environment of chicks at high latitudes and the contribution of thermoregulatory costs to their total energy expenditure have not been quantified precisely. In addition to estimating thermoregulatory costs in relation to other energy requiring processes, interspecific comparison of closely related species from different latitudes should provide a better understanding of the influence of the polar environment on chick energy require-

Systematic Investigation of the Fallback Accretion-powered Model for Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernovae

Abstract The energy liberated by fallback accretion has been suggested as a possible engine to power hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae (SLSNe). We systematically investigate this model using the Bayesian light curve (LC) fitting code MOSFiT (Modular Open Source Fitter for Transients), fitting the LCs of 37 hydrogen-poor SLSNe assuming a fallback accretion central engine. We find that this model can yield good fits to their LCs, with a fit quality that rivals the popular magnetar engine models. Examining our derived parameters for the fallback model, we estimate the total energy requirements from the accretion disk to be 0.002–0.7 c 2. If we adopt a typical conversion efficiency ∼10−3, the required mass to accrete is thus 2–700 . Many SLSNe, therefore, require an unrealistic accretion mass, and so only a fraction of these events could be powered by fallback accretion unless the true efficiency is much greater than our fiducial value. The SLSNe that require the smallest amounts of fallback mass are still fallback accretion-powered supernova candidates, but they are difficult to distinguish solely by their LC properties.

Effects of postoperative dietary intake on functional recovery of patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Background and aimAmong elderly patients undergoing cardiac surgery, malnutrition is very common and related to muscle wasting known as sarcopenia. Cardiac surgery causes a further decline of nutritional status due to reduced dietary intake (DI); however, the impact of postoperative DI on functional recovery is unclear. Methods and resultsWe enrolled 250 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Daily DI was measured between postoperative days 3 and 7. Patients were categorized as having sufficient or insufficient DI based on whether their DI met or was less than estimated total energy requirements. Functional capacity was measured using the 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) preoperatively and at discharge. Mean postoperative DI was 22.4 ± 3.0 kcal/kg/day, and postoperative DI was insufficient in 92 patients (36.8%). The prevalence of sarcopenia was not different by postoperative DI. Although there was no significant difference in preoperative 6MWD results (P = 0.65), the sufficient DI group had longer 6MWD at discharge than the insufficient DI group (P = 0.04). In multivariate regression analysis, preoperative poor nutritional status (β = −0.29), duration of surgery (β = −0.18), and postoperative DI (β = 0.40) remained statistically significant predictors for improvement of 6MWD (P < 0.0001, adjusted R2 = 0.41). ConclusionsPostoperative DI was independently associated with functional recovery, but preoperative sarcopenia was not. Regardless of preoperative nutritional status or the presence of sarcopenia, aggressive nutritional intervention in the early stage after surgery helps support functional recovery.