Total Energy Levels Research Articles

A microscopic derivation of the equilibrium energy density spectrum for barotropic turbulence on a sphere

We derive the equilibrium energy density spectrum E( k) for 2d Euler flows on a sphere at low to intermediate total kinetic energy levels where the Onsager temperature is positive: E(k)=Λ 2/4 πk[1+(4 π/k)LJ 1(kL)−2 π exp (−k 2/4)] , where L⪢1 is a large positive integer, and Λ is the total circulation. The proof is based on work of Wigner, Dyson and Ginibre on random matrices. Using this closed-form expression, we give a rigorous upper bound for the equilibrium energy density spectrum of Euler flows on the surface of a sphere: E( k)⩽ C 1 k −2.5 for k⪡ L 1/2 where C 1= Λ 2 L 1/2 and we conjecture that C 2 k −3.5⩽ E( k) for k⪡ L 1/2 from numerical evidence. For k> L 1/2 we have E( k)=( Λ 2/4π) k −1, and between k⪡ L 1/2 and k> L 1/2, the envelope of the graph of E( k) changes smoothly from a k −2.5 slope to a k −1 slope. Thus, for a punctured sphere with a hole over the south pole whose diameter determines L, such as the case of simple barotropic models for a global atmosphere with a mountainous southern continent or a ozone hole over the south pole, our calculations predict that there is a regime of wavenumbers k> L 1/2 with k −5/3 behaviour.

Choose Beverages and Foods to Moderate Your Intake of Sugars: Measurement Requires Quantification

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which form the basis of federal nutrition policy, have changed in subtle, but important ways with regard to sugars since they were first introduced in 1980; one might say they have become "sweeter" over time. Nonetheless, they have continued to maintain that there is a concern with overconsumption of sugars in the diets of Americans. Although the Dietary Guidelines themselves have never quantified how much constitutes overconsumption vs. moderation, the Food Guide Pyramid provides some guidance on that subject. The Pyramid's recommendations for added sugars, which vary by total energy level, are posed as a benchmark for gauging the appropriateness of the population's intakes. Data from the Food Supply series and from the Continuing Surveys of Food Intakes by Individuals are used to assess recent intakes. The population is consuming added sugars at levels far in excess of recommendations; this is generally true for all population subgroups examined, but especially for adolescents. Soft drinks are the major source of added sugars in the diet. Suggestions are given to facilitate correction of these dietary imbalances.

Defect engineering in CdTe, based on the total energies of elementary defects

This paper presents data on experimentally and theoretically deduced total energies and energy level positions in the band-gap for eight elementary defects in CdTe. Based on these data, the total energy dependence on the Fermi-level position in the band-gap is graphically analysed. Two types of defect reactions, which are responsible for cadmium vacancy (V Cd) creation and transformation, are discussed. It is shown that the most probable candidate for the native deep-level donor is a tellurium antisite.

Vibrational energy levels of oxygen in silicon up to one-A 2u-phonon plus one-A 1g-phonon states

We have measured infrared absorptions by the SiOSi centers in the 600- and 1800-cm −1 regions. Besides the previously reported lines at 648.2 and ∼658 cm −1, we observed the new lines at 668.0, 588.4, ∼580, and ∼571 cm −1, and the silicon isotope lines at 643.2 and 638.5 cm −1. We also found a new line at 1831.3 cm −1. We assigned these lines to the transitions from the lower energy levels that had been fixed previously, to find two new groups of energy levels belonging to the one-A 1g-phonon state and the one-A 1g-phonon plus one-A 2u-phonon state, respectively. This indicates that the A 1g-mode coupling, as well as the A 2u-mode coupling, is essential for describing the total energy levels. The transitions causing the lines around 600 cm −1 create an A 1g phonon, exciting or deexciting the 30-cm −1 mode of the oxygen, and those causing the lines around 1800 cm −1 simultaneously excite the A 1g phonon, the A 2u phonon, and the 30-cm −1 mode.

Polarization Dependence of Resonant X-Ray Emission Spectra in Early Transition Metal Compounds

We measure 2 p →3 d →2 p resonant X-ray emission spectra (RXES) of d 0 system (ScF 3 and TiO 2 ) and analyze them by means of MX 6 (M=Sc or Ti, X=F or O, respectively) cluster model with full multiplet effects. We treat the whole RXES process as a coherent second order optical process and take the polarization dependence into account. The strong polarization dependence of the inelastic peak is clearly seen both in the experimental and calculated results. In order to clarify it, we investigate the detailed mechanism of the polarization dependent RXES by the total energy level diagram and the group theoretical consideration.

Diet selection by immature green turtles, Chelonia mydas, in subtropical Moreton Bay, south-east Queensland

Diet selection by immature green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in Flathead Gutter, Moreton Bay, was determined by examining food ingested in relation to food availability (measured as vegetation composition and abundance within the feeding site). Food composition was sampled by oesophageal lavage. Turtles were repeatedly located over a 10-week period by means of sonic telemetry and visual identification. The number of resightings indicated that these turtles remained within their feeding grounds for at least short periods of time. Immature green turtles fed on both seagrass and algal species. However, most fed selectively on algae, primarily Gracilaria sp. Food items consumed frequently by these turtles were analysed for total nitrogen, gross energy and neutral detergent fibre levels. There was a negative correlation between fibre level and the preferred food species, where the more frequently selected species had lower levels of fibre. The preferred species also had higher nitrogen levels

Energy-time relations in a room with an electroacoustic system

This paper presents an extended diffuse field model for estimating the energy-time relationships in a room with an electroacoustic system. Discrete-time room impulse responses are used with a direct sound pulse and an exponentially weighted white-noise sequence modeling the reverberation tail. Transducer directivities and electronic finite impulse response (FIR) filters are included as model parameters. It is shown that the convolution of two exponentially weighted noise sequences is expressed as t exp(−δt). Early and total energy levels can easily be estimated and it is demonstrated that when direct sound components are omitted, this impulse response model results in the classical value of total energy supplied to a room by an electroacoustic system with feedback. Comparisons of such estimates with measurements in an auditorium with a single electroacoustic channel are presented. Four configurations were examined, including close and far microphone positions, combined with a single electronic delay or an FIR filter pattern. In the 500-Hz and 1-kHz octave bands, the early energy contribution from the electroacoustic channel spanned a 15-dB range. Predictions were reasonable, coming within 2 dB of the measured values for all four configurations.

Subretinal Fluid Drainage With the Erbium:YAG Laser in Rabbit Eyes

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) laser for choroidotomy as a means of performing external drainage of subretinal fluid with less risk of choroidal bleeding. The authors tested this application in a rabbit model of retinal detachment by evaluating the effects of Er:YAG laser energy on the bare choroid at various energy settings (1, 2, 3, or 5 mJ/pulse) and repetition rates (2, 4, 10, or 30 Hz). Although the choroid was not perforated at low energy and frequency settings, choroidotomy was successfully achieved as energy and repetition rate were increased. Through higher energy levels per pulse and higher repetition rates, choroidotomy was achieved at lower total energy levels. No retinal damage was detected after laser choroidotomy. Choroidal bleeding was noted in 2 of 97 eyes; however, no subretinal hemorrhage occurred. These results indicate that the Er:YAG laser may be a clinically useful tool for retinal reattachment surgery.

Magnetization studies and crystalline electric field effects in Dy 0.73Tb 0.27Co 2

Crystalline electric field (CEF) analysis of the magnetization data of Dy 0.73Tb 0.27Co 2 in the temperature range 20–200 K is reported. The components of the g-tensor are calculated from the wavefunction for the CEF ground doublet. The contributions to the quadrupole interaction at the Dy nucleus are evaluated and hence the total hyperfine energy levels of the 161Dy nucleus are calculated from the fit results to the magnetization data.

Parametric study of high energy plasmas for electrothermal-chemical propulsion applications

Theoretical calculations are performed with a one-dimensional (1-D), steady state, isothermal computer plasma model to define plasma output parameters for various input electrical energies and capillary radii of relevance to the electrothermal-chemical (ETC) propulsion concept. Three capillaries of 1.92, 4.75, and 7.0 mm radius, and a fixed length of 11.84 cm, were chosen for this study with input currents between 30 and 350 kA. Plasmas are categorized according to their total power and energy levels (based on a 3-ms pulse width) and are compared with respect to their resistance, exit pressure, and core plasma temperature. The input power ranges from 0.17 to 1.89 GW, for input energies from 0.49 to 5.80 MJ, which is considered suitable coverage for ETC ignition through ETC enhanced propulsion concepts. The study shows that the range of resistance, pressure, and temperature are 12.8-195 m/spl Omega/, 19.8-2000 MPa, and 2.9-13.5 eV, respectively, for the chosen capillary geometry. Flow conditions for plasma calculations include choked (no pressure boundary) and unchoked (450-MPa pressure boundary) for some calculations. Results from the computational model and interpretations from the perspective of capillary implementation into ETC propulsion concepts are also included.

STATISTICAL ENERGY ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE, NON-CONSERVATIVELY COUPLED SYSTEMS

In what follows, the analysis of Keane [1] for the energy flows around an arbitrary configuration of coupled multi-modal subsystems is extended to the case of non-conservative coupling. Here, the joints between any two subsystems are modelled by a spring anda damper, thus allowing for dissipation of energy to occur at the joint. The aim of this study is to give greater insight into the problem of energy flows through non-conservative couplings which has not been extensively discussed in the literature. Interest is focused on the effect of damping in the joints on the magnitudes of energy flows between, and energy levels in, each subsystem. The model derived is used to demonstrate the well known fact that selecting the correct level of damping in the joints surrounding a driven subsystem may cause a large percentage of the power input to the subsystem to be dissipated in these joints. This minimizes the overall power dissipated within the subsystems and thus the system total energy level. A Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) model for non-conservatively coupled systems is then suggested, in which coupling damping loss factors are introduced into the main SEA energy balance equations to account for the energy dissipation in the joints. This model is shown to be exactly correct for the limiting case of weak coupling. Numerical examples which illustrate these various ideas are presented, with the use of parameters adopted in previous studies.

Energy level bending and alignment at the interface between Ca and a phenylene vinylene oligomer

We have studied the interface formation of a vinylene phenylene oligomer with a Ca substrate using photoemission spectroscopy. The evolution of core and valence spectra during the deposition of the oligomer on Ca has indicated the molecular energy level bending. The total energy level bending was 0.5 eV and the thickness of the level bending region was about 100 Å. We propose an energy level diagram of the oligomer-Ca interface based on the information obtained from the photoemission spectra.

Phenomenology of the Low-Frequency Variability in a Reduced-Gravity, Quasigeostrophic Double-Gyre Model

The low-frequency variability of the oceanic wind-driven circulation is investigated by use of a reduced-gravity, quasigeostrophic model with slight variations on the classic double-gyre wind forcing. Approximately 30 eddy-resolving simulations of 100–1000 years duration are analyzed to determine the types of low-frequency variability and to estimate statistical uncertainties in the results. For parameters close to those leading to a stable antisymmetric solution, the system appears to have several preferred phenomenological regimes, each with distinct total energy levels. These states include a high-energy quasi-stable state; a low-energy, weakly penetrating state; and a state of intermediate energy and modest eddy/ring generation. The low-frequency variability of the model is strongly linked to the irregular transitions between these dynamical regimes. For a central set of reference parameters, the behavior of the system is investigated for each period in which the total energy remains in certain ranges. The structure of the time-averaged streamfunction and eddy energy fields are observed to have remarkable repeatability from event to event for each state. A parameter study documents the ways in which the probability distribution function of the total energy depends on the strength and asymmetry of the wind forcing field. As the parameters shift away from those leading to a steady antisymmetric solution, we find that increasing the asymmetry of the wind field or reducing the viscosity decreases the occurrences of the high-energy, quasi-stable state. The low-energy, weakly penetrating state is more robust and exists whenever there is both instability and a certain minimal asymmetry in the forcing. As the wind asymmetry is increased, the distributions shift smoothly (but rapidly) away from the higher-energy states, until only the low-energy state remains.

ノーマルモード関数展開を用いたECMWF, NMC, JMA全球解析データのエネルギー比較解析

In this study, normal-mode energetics diagnosis was carried out for the 9-year period of ECMWF (European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) analysis during winters (DJF) of 1986 to 1994. The diagnosis was performed also for operational global analyses by JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency) and NMC (National Meteorological Center) during the winter of 1988/89 for comparison. Special attention is focussed on the total energy spectra for Rossby and gravity modes over the 3-D scale index. The result was compared with our former studies for other datasets, including original and re-analyses of the First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE). The result for the 9-year average of ECMWF shows that the slopes of the Rossby-mode energy spectra in the eigenfrequency domain are estimated as 2.2, 2.1, 3.5, 5.0, 5.5 for vertical modes m=0 to 4, respectively, whereas the corresponding slopes are -1.8, -1.7, -1.6, -1.3, -1.0, respectively, for the gravity mode. We confirm that the energy spectra of Rossby and gravity modes are connected with each other in the high-frequency range, at least for the vertical modes m=1 to 4. However, the mechanism to create the spectral peaks within the Rossby modes is not known. The intercomparison of the normal-mode energetics for JMA, NMC, and ECMWF shows that the Rossby-mode energy levels are virtually the same, having a minor discrepancy less than 8%. We find that the total energy level pertaining to the gravity modes is about 45 (1O3 Jm-2) and shows a minor discrepancy of only about 8% between the analyses. According to our former studies for the FGGE reanalyses, the corresponding energy levels for the gravity modes are 90 and 41 (103 Jm-2) for GFDL and ECMWF, respectively. Hence, we can conclude that the total energy levels of the gravity modes in the recent operational analyses are converging to the value of ECMWF FGGE data. Since the amount of the total energy of the atmosphere is about 6800 (103 Jm-2), the energy level of the gravity mode is found to be only 0.7% of the total energy.

Energy contents and organic constituents in Antarctic and south Chilean marine brown algae

The content of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates and the calorific contents in six Antarctic and three south Chilean brown algae were determined. These constitute the first reports of chemical composition in the endemic Antarctic species Cystosphaera jacquinotii, Phaeurus antarcticus and Desmarestia antarctica. There were no marked differences in total energy levels between Antarctic and cold-temperate species (values between 10.6 and 13 kJ g−1 dry weight). However, species such as Adenocystis utricularis showed significantly higher ash-free energy (26.3 kJ), which is explained in terms of morpho-functional differentiation. Ascoseira mirabilis and Phaeurus antarcticus showed high total lipids (2.1–2.2% dry weight) and soluble carbohydrates (5.9 and 3.4% dry weight). In general, algae from Chile had similar energy levels and no obvious differences in organic content could be found.

The possible relationship between transient evoked otoacoustic emissions and organ of Corti irregularities in the guinea pig

Otoacoustic emissions are believed to arise from an active process associated with the outer hair cells in the mammalian organ of Corti. They have been attributed to the presence of impedance discontinuities on the basilar membrane which might be caused by hair cell irregularities. To test this hypothesis we have investigated the possible relationship between transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) and anatomical integrity in the organ of Corti. Click-evoked TEOAEs have been measured from the ear canals of normal, pigmented guinea pigs using an Otodynamics ILO88 analyser. Emissions were present in 18 out of 19 animals tested and the major frequencies observed were consistently present in different measurements over periods of up to ten weeks provided recording conditions were satisfactory. The frequency spectra of the TEOAEs resembled those measured in humans but the latencies of the responses were considerably shorter. In one acute experiment, the TEOAEs were shown to be dependent on metabolic energy as they were lost rapidly following termination with an overdose of anaesthetic. In another case, evoked emissions of long duration (sustained) at about 1 kHz were obtained from both ears. All cochleae examined showed irregularities, especially patches of mainly apical outer hair cell loss of differing extents. However, there was no evidence that substantial lesions coincided consistently with the frequency regions corresponding to the major emissions. Nevertheless, it was noted that the total energy level of emissions was proportional to the total outer hair cell loss, except in one case, where the outer hair cell loss was substantial and the energy level of TEOAEs was considerably lower. Although there is no clear relationship between TEOAEs of specific frequencies and abnormalities at the corresponding cochleotopic location in the organ of Corti which could represent impedance discontinuities, the degree of irregularity may determine the overall emission level. This finding is consistent with the idea that emissions arise as a result of irregularity producing variations in the reflection coefficient.

Update of the Subconjunctival THC:YAG (Holmium) Laser Sclerostomy Ab Externo Clinical Trial: 30-Month Report

ABSTRACT A THC:YAG laser (thulium, holmium, chromium-doped YAG crystal) was used to create 93 thermal sclerostomies ab externo in 81 glaucomatous eyes of 76 patients. Pulse energies of 80 to 120 mJ were used, with a repetition rate of 5 pulses per second. Total energy levels to produce full-thickness sclerostomies ranged from 1.4 to 7.2 J. Estimated probability of success was 0.66 at 12 months and 0.57 up to 30 months. The mean intraocular pressure in the successful cases was 12.8 ± 4.0 mm Hg.

Subconjunctival THC:YAG (“Holmium”) Laser Thermal Sclerostomy Ab Externo: A One-year Report

Laser sclerostomy can be performed in a less-invasive manner than standard filtering surgery. Longer wavelengths in the infrared range have water-absorptive characteristics that facilitate perforation of the sclera. The goal was to perform laser sclerostomy ab externo to avoid intraocular instrumentation and minimize conjunctival trauma. A thulium, holmium, chromium-doped:YAG (THC:YAG) crystal laser was used to create thermal sclerostomies in 49 glaucomatous eyes of 46 patients. The laser is a long-pulsed (300-microsecond), compact, self-contained, solid-state laser operating in the near infrared (2.1 microns). Energy was delivered via a specially designed 22-gauge (712-microns) optic probe that emits energy at a right angle to the long axis of the fiber. Pulse energies of 80 to 120 mJ were used. Total energy levels to produce full-thickness sclerostomies ranged from 1.4 to 7.2 J. Subconjunctival 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) injections were administered in 46 eyes. Success was defined as an intraocular pressure (IOP) of less than or equal to 22 mmHg with or without medications. For eyes in which preoperative IOP was less than or equal to 22 mmHg, success was defined as a decrease in IOP of greater than or equal to 30%. Estimated probability of success allowing for one retreatment was 0.75 at 6 months and 0.68 at 12 months. Mean IOP of successful cases was 13.3 mmHg at both 6 and 12 months. Twelve cases failed within the initial 6 months, and two additional cases failed by 12 months. THC:YAG ("holmium") laser thermal sclerostomy is an alternative to other full-thickness filtration procedures. Further evaluation and understanding will define its ultimate role in glaucoma management.

ENERGY LEVEL NUMBER AND DISSOCIATION ENERGY OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES DESCRIBED BY THE q-DEFORMED OSCILLATOR MODEL

The formula of dissociation energy and total energy level number of diatomic molecules is obtained by using the q-deformed oscillator model- It is shown that the dissociaron energy of the model is greater than the experimental value up to about 10 percent. The method is much in advance of the usual Birge-Sponer method and can be used as a new approximate method to evaluate the dissociation energy of diatomic molecules.

Subconjunctival THC:YAG Laser Thermal Scierostomy

AbstractA THC:YAG laser (thulium, holmium, chromium-doped YAG crystal) was used to create thermal sclerostomies in 21 glaucomatous eyes of 19 patients. The laser is a long-pulsed (300 µsec), compact, self-contained, solid state laser operating in the near infrared (2.1 µ). A 1-mm conjunctiva) stab incision was made 12 mm away from the sclerostomy site to allow entry of a specially designed 22-gauge (712 µ) optic probe that delivers energy at a right angle to the long axis of the fiber. Probe insertion produced minimal disturbance of the conjunctiva. Pulse energies of 80 mJ to 120 mJ were used with a repetition rate of 5 pulses/second. Total energy levels to produce full-thickness sclerostomies ranged from 1.4 to 4.8 J. Subconjunctival 5-fluorouracil injections were administered in 15 eyes. At 3 months the mean intraocular pressure of successful cases (16) was 14 mmHg (range, 9 to 22 mmHg). Of successful cases, the mean intraocular pressure at 6 months was 13 mmHg (range, 2 to 22 mmHg). Five cases failed within the initial 3 months, and 3 additional cases failed by 6 months. The authors conclude that this full-thickness sclerostomy technique may simplify filtering surgery without anterior chamber instrumentation and with minimal conjunctiva) trauma.