Total Energy Cost Research Articles

Life Cycle Cost Structure of a Government Office Green Building – Case of the Ministry of Public Works and Housing Main Building

One of the efforts to reduce the large impact of building sectors on the environment is the concept of environmentally friendly building known as green buildings. With the increasing global interest in this concept, green building development in Indonesia was also expected to increase. Cost is one of the most important focus for promoting green buildings, so it is necessary to conduct a cost analysis of a green building to provide a clearer understanding of the life cycle cost structure of a green building in its life cycle as a study to develop the knowledge of Infrastructure Asset Management. In this study data related to the cost component of the government office green building was identified to determine the overall cost of the building from the beginning of its construction until recent year, which can be described as: Initial Cost, Operation and Maintenance Cost, and Energy Cost. The result of this study finds out that during 8 year period of its lifetime the total building expenditure is Rp 483.649.711.849,00 and the life cycle cost structure percentage are: initial cost 43,94%, operation and maintenance cost 39,48%, and energy cost 16,57%. The total energy cost saving is Rp 28.072.536.738,00.

Integrated demand response for congestion alleviation in coupled power and transportation networks

The increasing prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs) and emerging dynamic wireless charging (DWC) techniques have strengthened the interdependence between transportation networks (TNs) and power distribution networks (PDNs). Under the DWC mode, EV charging demand is shifted from residential plug-in charging to charging-while-driving during commuting hours, resulting in a simultaneous congestion in coupled networks. The present study addresses this issue by developing a bi-level integrated demand response (IDR) framework for alleviating congestion in coupled networks. At the upper level, an independent system operator aims to alleviate congestion by imposing the lowest possible traffic tolls and electricity tariffs. At the lower level, rational travelers in the TN schedule their routes and departure times according to traffic tolls and traffic conditions, yielding a multi-period user equilibrium state in which the generalized travel cost of users cannot be decreased by unilaterally changing routes or departure times. Simultaneously, load aggregators in the PDN schedule flexible power demands according to electricity tariffs to minimize total energy costs. The overall bi-level programming is reformulated into a single-level mathematical program with a complementarity constraint problem, which is efficiently solved as a sequence of relaxed non-linear programming problems by a specially designed algorithm. Numerical results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed IDR framework in alleviating congestion and reducing total procurement costs.

Economic and environmental assessment of multi-energy microgrids under a hybrid optimization technique

Nowadays, multi-vector energy communities are receiving special attention from smart grid operators due to the integration of several types of energy sources. In this regard, multi-carrier microgrids (MCMGs) are known as a flexible platform to supply energy demands with an acceptable range of affordability and reliability by relying on the various energy conversion facilities. Given the pivotal role of MCMGs in future energy networks, accurate economic and environmental assessment of MCMGs, along with energy market plans has become a challenging task. In order to address this open issue, this paper proposes a hybrid robust/stochastic optimization strategy for optimal scheduling of the renewable-based MCMG to participate in electricity, gas, and district heat markets. The main objectives of this study are to minimize the total energy cost of the MCMG and decrease CO2 emission rates by considering the combined heat and power (CHP) unit, boiler unit, electrical energy storage (EES), thermal energy storage (TES), power-to-gas (P2G) storage, and wind turbine as the main components of the MCMG to provide the required energy. In addition, the role of the electric vehicle parking lots (EV-PLs) and demand response (DR) programs in the form of the day-ahead load shifting program is considered in improving the economic performance of the MCMG in energy markets. To accurately model the behavior of the MCMG, the uncertainties associated with wind power output, electrical loads, electricity market price, and behavior of electric vehicle (EV) (arrival/departure times and state of the charge) are handled by a hybrid robust-stochastic approach. The proposed robust/stochastic model is modeled as the mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model, and solved by GAMS software. The effectiveness of the proposed structure is examined through various case studies. According to the obtained results, the total energy cost of the MCMG and the emission cost are decreased by up to 3.51 %, and 2.36 %, in the presence of EV-PLs, multi-carrier energy storage, and DR programs.

Sizing Optimization of Hybrid Photovoltaic-Wind-Battery System towards Zero Energy Building using Genetic Algorithm

A new topic of Zero Energy Building (ZEB) is getting famous in research areabecause of its goal of reaching zero carbon emission and low building cost. Renewableenergy system is one of the ideas to achieve the objective of ZEB. Genetic Algorithm (GA)is widely used in many research areas due to its capability to escape from a local minimalto obtain a better solution. In our study, GA is chosen in sizing optimization of thenumber of photovoltaic, wind turbine and battery of a hybrid photovoltaic-wind-batterysystem. The aim is to minimize the total annual cost (TAC) of the hybrid energy systemtowards the low cost concept of ZEB. Two GA parameters, which are generation numberand population size, have been analysed and optimized in order to meet the minimumTAC. The results show that the GA is efficient in minimizing cost function of a hybridphotovoltaic-wind-battery system with its robustness property

A two-stage multi-attribute analysis method for city-integrated hybrid mini-grid design

This paper proposes a two-stage multi-attribute analysis method in conceptualizing the feasible electrification strategy with optimal capacities for a mid-rise building situated in El-Qsier urban city, Egypt. The proposed model measures the implementation practicability of hybrid mini-grid against stand-alone diesel and the utility grid extension systems. The model takes into consideration, simultaneously, a total of 12 attributes covering technical, economic, environmental, and socio-political sustainability aspects. First, an accurate Energy-Enviro-Economic (3E) optimization analysis is performed to determine the set of feasible configurations using HOMER Pro software. Second, a Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM) model is established based on AHP, TOPSIS, VIKOR, CODAS, WASPAS methods to identify the unique best alternative. The results of the 3E optimization and decision making analyses confirm the non-viability of the reference site for grid extension against other off-grid systems. Also, the 100 % hybrid renewable mini-grid system is nominated as the most sustainable design, and it yielded optimal capacities of 196 kW, 72 kW, 587 kW h, and 75 kW for photovoltaic, wind turbine, converter, and battery. The system has total life-cycle and energy costs of 751,597$ and 0.2374$/kWh, respectively, with a zero-emission value and maximum social benefits equals 0.6089 jobs/year. Meanwhile, the sensitivity analysis elucidates that the load growth and battery cost have a high impact on investment decisions rather than solar irradiance and wind speed.

Study on waste heat recoveries and energy saving in combined energy system of ice and swimming halls in Finland

Ice and swimming halls annually consume lots of energy and produce significant amount of potential waste heat in Finland. In this paper, utilization of four possible waste heat sources (ice refrigeration, dehumidification of air, Gray water and exhaust air) is studied by simulating combined energy system of ice and swimming halls locating in Helsinki. Four cases were simulated including the reference case, one case with waste heat recovery and two cases with both waste heat recovery and two different exhaust air heat pumps. In addition, thermal energy storage tanks are used to store the excess waste heat from the ice hall, while the high temperature exhaust air heat pumps can raise the waste heat temperatures for all heat demands. The results show that up to 99% of the purchased district heat can be replaced by the waste heat in the ice hall at the cost of only 9% purchased electricity increase. The combined utilization of excess heat transferred from the ice hall and the waste heat from the swimming hall can result in 72% reduction of purchased district heat and 37% electricity demand increase in the swimming hall. In the combined energy system of the studied ice and swimming hall, altogether 77% waste heat is utilized, bringing in 82% purchased district heat decrease and 25% electricity increase, while the total consumed energy reduced by 42%. In addition, the total annual energy cost savings reach 133 k€ (-29%), while the saving of the energy cost of the combined system can make up the maximum cost of the profitable investment. During three repayment periods (7, 10 and 15 years), the energy cost savings and maximum cost of profitable investment for the ice hall alone and combined ice and swimming halls are between 510 k€ and 970 k€ and between 700 k€ and 1 580 k€, respectively.

Interaction analysis of bucket bottom knife with soil to build up subbase

Introduction. To solve the problem of accelerating the construction of roads, improving their quality, it is advisable to use a continuous action unit to form a underlying layer. The main working elements of this unit are buckets, which cut off the soil layer from below and side. At the same time, the bottom knife cuts off the ground layer from below, the right knife - on the side, and the console knife partially cuts the top layer of soil from below for the next bucket. In particular, the analysis of interaction with the ground of the bottom knife of the continuous action unit is of theoretical and practical interest. To do this, the lower knife is divided into elements and the interaction of these elements with the soil is analyzed. The consistent impact on the soil of many bottom knives, within the width of the grip of the unit, is replaced by the impact on the ground of one conventional bottom knife at a distance necessary for the development of one cubic meter of soil. The forces of interaction of the conventional bottom knife with the soil are called conditional forces.The method of research. The method of calculating energy costs when introducing the bottom knife into the ground is presented. In general, when introducing the bottom knife in the ground, there are energy costs: to separate the soil, to overcome the friction of the ground on the edge of the blade, to overcome the pressure of the ground on the face, to the rise of the ground, to the vertical acceleration of the ground by the phase, to overcome the friction of the ground on the face, to overcome the friction of the ground on the surface, to overcome the friction of the ground on the lower plane. The total energy costs of interacting with a one cubic metre soil are derived from the addition of private energy costs. The method of calculating the horizontal longitudinal force needed to move the bottom knife is given.Results. On the basis of the developed method, energy costs are calculated in the introduction of the lower knife: on the separation of the soil, on overcoming the friction of the ground on the edge of the blade, on overcoming the pressure of the ground on the face, on the rise of the ground, on the vertical acceleration of the ground face, on overcoming the friction of the ground on the fascia, to overcome the friction of the ground on the lower plane. Energy costs to overcome the friction of the ground on the surface of the bottom knife are zero, as the soil flies over it. The total energy costs of the bottom knife interact with the soil of one cubic meter. The horizontal long-lived force needed to move the bottom knife has been determined.Conclusion. As a result of the calculations: the energy needed to cut the ground with the bottom knives, about 5 kJ/cube m., horizontal longitudinal force needed to move the lower knife - 16 N. To determine the total energy costs of moving the boiler unit to remove the top layer of soil from the underlying layer of the road, you need to analyze the interaction with the soil of other elements of the bucket.

Состояние семеноводства и агроэнергетическая оценка эффективности производства семян овсяницы красной

Red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) it is one of the most popular crops for creating lawns of various types and as a component of meadow and pasture poly-species mixtures of long-term use. The volume of domestic production of seeds of this crop is less than 2% of the total sales of seed material on the Russian market. The wide expansion of imported seeds of foreign-selected varieties to the domestic market sharply raises the question of the need to develop seed production of this crop in Russia. To do this, it is necessary to intensify breeding for the development of new varieties of red fescue, the development of zonal technologies for cultivating them for seeds. Analysis and generalization of research results shows that when using a set of optimal agricultural techniques, it is possible to consistently receive seed collections of more than 0.4 t/ha. This level of seed yield ensures high profitability of production and recoupment of energy costs. Assessment of the energy efficiency of technologies for cultivation of red fescue pasture-lawn ecotype shows that the total energy consumption per 1 ha of seed was 17.7 GJ, per 1 kg of seeds – 68.2 MJ. Due to the increase in yield by 44.4% and the use of energy-saving techniques, energy savings per 100 kg of seeds amounted to 25.6%. The energy assessment showed that as a result of harvesting seed crops by direct threshing in the optimal time frame, total energy costs decreased by 19%, and energy consumption for fuel – by 29%.

Multi-objective matheuristic for minimization of total tardiness and energy costs in a steel industry heat treatment line

This research focuses on solving a scheduling problem in a heat treatment line of a multinational steel company. A bi-objective model is proposed to minimize the line total energy costs and total tardiness. The solution is carried out through a matheuristic technique that combines metaheuristics and mathematical programming. A Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model is designed to generate initial solutions to a Multi-objective Variable Neighborhood Search (MOVNS) algorithm. One benefit of this approach is the ability to handle large-scale problems, common in real production scheduling cases, with reasonable computational time and alternative quality planning. The suggested matheuristic is proven to be statistically superior to an only metaheuristic approach, taking as performance metric the final approximated Pareto solutions’ hypervolume. Tests performed with data from the industry showed improvements in the scheduling of the heat treatment line with reductions of energy costs and tardiness up to 13% and 90%, respectively. The methodology can also be extended to other similar scheduling processes.

Optimal planning of thermal energy systems in a microgrid with seasonal storage and piecewise affine cost functions

The optimal design of microgrids with thermal energy system requires optimization techniques that can provide investment and scheduling of the technology portfolio involved. In the modeling of such systems with seasonal storage capability, the two main challenges include the low temporal resolution of available data and the non-linear cost versus capacity relationship of solar thermal and heat storage technologies. This work overcomes these challenges by developing two different optimization models based on mixed-integer linear programming with objectives to minimize the total energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Piecewise affine functions are used to approximate the non-linear cost versus capacity behavior. The developed methods are applied to the optimal planning of a case study in Austria. The results of the models are compared based on the accuracy and real-time performance together with the impact of piecewise affine cost functions versus non-piecewise affine fixed cost functions. The results show that the investment decisions of both models are in good agreement with each other while the computational time for the 8760-h based model is significantly greater than the model having three representative periods. The models with piecewise affine cost functions show larger capacities of technologies than non-piecewise affine fixed cost function based models.

Optimal planning and electricity sharing strategy of hybrid energy system for remote communities in Nigeria

In recent times, renewable energy-based power systems are being used to address energy poverty or shortage that is experienced in developing countries. To improve these systems’ applicability, they are used to design a hybrid energy system. It is against this backdrop that this paper focuses on how hybrid energy systems can be designed optimally to address electricity sharing between domestic and productive use in remote communities. This paper, therefore, proposes a mixed-integer multi-objective optimization model for electricity sharing between domestic and productive use in remote communities. The model considered the number of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems acquisition, the total cost of energy utilized, and the cost of CO2 emissions avoided. A genetic algorithm was used to optimize these decision variables. The proposed model evaluation was carried out using data from three remote communities in South-West Nigeria. The results obtained from the model show that the number of installed solar PV systems in the first, second, and third communities is 74, 76 and 73 solar PV systems, respectively. For 25 years planning period, the first community required 29,554.05 kWh, the second community required 28,280.20 kWh, and the third community required 28,608.70 kWh. The average values for productive use of electricity from the conventional energy sources for the first community was 0.358, for the second community was 0.338, and for the third community was 0.348. In terms of the maximum productive use of electricity from the solar PV system, the first and second communities had the same value (0.39), while the third community's maximum had a value of 0.40. The developed model will be useful for evaluating the expected number of functional solar PV systems required, managing the quantity of electricity supply from the national grid and the generators, and planning electricity sharing for domestic and productive use within the selected communities.

The future of coal and renewable power generation in Australia: A review of market trends

Recent estimates of the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) indicate a watershed moment where market forces have become the foremost driver in the replacement of coal by renewable sources. Current studies indicate an energy market is emerging in which not only new renewable plants are more cost effective than new coal fired power plants (CFPPs), but also the former is becoming more cost effective than existing CFPPS on a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) basis. However, an accelerated retirement of existing CFPPs depends both on the price received by power plants on a time weighted basis and on the total cost of energy which, in addition to the LCOE, takes into account costs of distribution and storage needed to overcome intermittent supply.We use Australia – which is undergoing the world’s most rapid decarbonisation of power consumption – as a case study to analyse the economics of this transition and to identify its key drivers. In doing so, we provide an updated estimate of the LCOE for renewable and non-renewable power sources for Australia. We confirm that, currently, the LCOE of both solar PV and wind are substantially below that of coal.It is pointed out that LCOEs are an imperfect metric to gauge the rate of transition which will equally depend on total costs of energy and the prices received by energy providers. However, accounting for total costs (most importantly the cost of intermittency and distribution) we show that, combined with other types of non CFPP storage, the time weighted average price received for renewable power is now above that of CFPPs. In Australia, that is being reflected in purchasing power agreements and auction prices for current and future commercial solar and wind projects. Taking into account the strong and continuing downward trajectory of renewables’ total costs we find that a market forces driven further acceleration of the retirement of Australian CFPPs could occur if Government policy does not intervene.

Minimizing Pumping Energy Cost in Real-Time Operations of Water Distribution Systems Using Economic Model Predictive Control

Optimizing pump operations is a challenging task for real-time management of water distribution systems (WDSs). With suitable pump scheduling, pumping costs can be significantly reduced. In this research, a novel economic model predictive control (EMPC) framework for real-time management of WDSs is proposed. Optimal pump operations are selected based on predicted system behavior over a receding time horizon with the aim to minimize the total pumping energy cost. Time-varying electricity tariffs are considered while all the required water demands are satisfied. The novelty of this framework is to choose the number of pumps to operate in each pump station as decision variables in order to optimize the total pumping energy costs. By using integer programming, the proposed EMPC is applied to a benchmark case study, the Richmond Pruned network. The simulation with an EPANET hydraulic simulator is implemented. Moreover, a comparison of the results obtained using the proposed EMPC with those obtained using trigger-level control demonstrates significant economic benefits of the proposed EMPC.

Energy Minimization in Piperazine Promoted MDEA-Based CO2 Capture Process

A piperazine (PZ)-promoted methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) solution for a carbon dioxide (CO2) removal process from the flue gas of a large-scale coal power plant has been simulated. An Aspen Plus® was used to perform the simulation process. Initially, the effects of MDEA/PZ concentration ratio and stripper pressure on the regeneration energy of CO2 capture process were investigated. The MDEA/PZ concentration ratio of 35/15 wt.% (35 wt. MDEA and 15 wt.% PZ) was selected as an appropriate concentration. The reboiler duty of 3.235 MJ/kg CO2 was obtained at 35/15 wt.% concentration ratio of MDEA/PZ. It was considered a reference or base case, and process modifications including rich vapor compression (RVC) process, cold solvent split (CSS), and the combination of both processes were investigated to check its effect on the energy requirement. A total equivalent work of 0.7 MJe/kg CO2 in the RVC and a reboiler duty of 2.78 MJ/kg CO2 was achieved in the CSS process. Similarly, the total equivalent work, reboiler duty, and condenser duty of 0.627 MJe/kg CO2, 2.44 MJ/kg CO2, and 0.33 MJ/kg CO2, respectively, were obtained in the combined process. The reboiler duty and the total equivalent work were reduced by about 24.6 and 16.2%, respectively, as compared to the reference case. The total energy cost saving was 1.79 M$/yr. Considering the additional equipment cost in the combined process, the total cost saving was 0.67 M$ per year.

Input energy reduction principle of structures with generic tuned mass damper inerter

The incorporation of the inerter with tuned mass damper yields the inerter-based tuned mass damper that has been verified as effective lightweight or performance-enhanced control devices. This study theoretically proved an intrinsic effect, namely, the input energy reduction, that the inerter reduces the input energy transmitted into the controlled structures from ground motion. A generic tuned mass damper inerter (GTMDI) including two separating inerters (the total inertance keeps constant) is analyzed to facilitate a universal analysis of typical inerter-based tuned mass dampers. Closed-form displacement and power equations are derived for the GTMDI to reveal and clarify the working mechanisms, especially the functionality of inerters. Correspondingly, an energy-based design framework is established for the design of a new GTMDI and the retrofitting of an existing tuned mass, in which the inertances distributed on the two separating inerters are optimized to make GTMDI outperform the conventional TMDI. Finally, a series of examples verified the discovered effect and derived power equation of GTMDI. In this study, two derived equations confirm that the GTMDI possesses dual benefits, referring to the input energy reduction and the enhanced dissipation power effects. The required physical mass of the GTMDI is relieved due to the reduced input energy, which essentially lays the foundation for lightweight control. The developed energy-based design framework is suitable for utilizing the dual benefits of GTMDI with a clear physical basis, where the introduced two separating inerters are designed with optimized inertances to guarantee the displacement control demand with a minimized total energy cost.

Sustainable Design Alternatives and Energy Efficiency for Public Rental Housing in Korea

The orientation and shape of a building can influence energy efficiency in both heating and cooling mechanisms. Given the climatic conditions of Korea, many people are concerned about housing orientation and prefer south-oriented locations. As such, many housing complexes consist of a series of long narrow units that are south-facing. The purpose of this study is to investigate design alternatives for the layout of a building complex, size of households, width to depth ratios of floorplans, and design and type of façade; to examine energy efficiency using energy simulation programs; and to suggest diverse design alternatives for public rental housing, as well as energy-efficient options. The alternative housing units, which are more square-shaped than the typical long and rectangular type, resulted in higher energy costs. Simulation results show that as the solar radiation load increases or the window area increases due to plan alteration, there is simultaneously a significant increase and decrease in the cooling and heating loads, respectively. The performance of the suggested layout alteration greatly increased the heating load and slightly decreased the cooling load with similar total energy costs.

Distributionally Robust Two-Stage Energy Management for Hybrid Energy Powered Cellular Networks

Energy harvesting has been recognized as a good paradigm to decrease traditional grid energy expenditure, which caters for 5G visions on the green evolution of cellular networks. However, the harvested energy at each base station is random and intermittent, which imposes a great challenge to reliably satisfy the time-varying users’ wireless traffic requirements. What's worse, the perfect probability distributions of harvested energy and wireless traffic are hard to obtain in practical systems, making it difficult to apply the conventional optimization approach to cope with the uncertainties in the energy management problems. Inspired by this fact, we propose a distributionally robust two-stage stochastic optimization framework to minimize the expected total energy cost of mobile network operators (MNOs) in the finite time horizon. To circumvent the computational difficulty of this stochastic optimization problem, we define a novel ambiguity set to capture the uncertainties of the harvested energy and wireless traffic based on their first- and second-order statistics information. By employing the distributionally robust optimization (DRO) methodology, we equivalently transform the original two-stage stochastic programming problem into a computationally tractable second-order cone programming problem. Then, a distributionally robust two-stage energy management algorithm (DRTEMA) is proposed, which has good performance of low complexity and only requires partial information of the stochastic parameters. Rigorous computational complexity analysis and extensive numerical simulations are conducted to show the advantages of the proposed algorithm.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ФИЗИОЛОГО-БИОХИМИЧЕСКИХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ СИНГИЛЯ (LIZA AURATA, RISSO) В КАСПИЙСКОМ МОРЕ

The paper outlines the study of the physiological and biochemical parameters 
 of golden mullet (Liza aurata, Risso) in the Caspian Sea. Collecting material was carried out in the western part of the Northern and Middle Caspian in September-October 2019. The female and male species were analyzed. The histomorphological investigation of the gonads of females and males indicated the completion of spawning. The morphological picture of the gonads of golden mullet
 of both sexes corresponded to the maturity scale of this species as applied to the Caspian region. 
 In the blood there was determined the concentration of hemoglobin, total serum protein, total lipids, triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, and inorganic phosphorus. A valid positive correlation dependence (p < 0.05) of weight and length of females (r = 0.9340) and males (r = 0.9320) was stated. 
 In females high correlations were recorded between the levels of total serum protein and cholesterol (r = 0.9071), total serum protein and hemoglobin (r = 0.9706), glucose and hemoglobin 
 (r = 0.8897) with a statistical significance level of p < 0.05. The revealed statistical dependencies of physiological and biochemical parameters of fish blood indicated their important role in the body in optimizing the total energy costs after spawning. According to the study of males, there has been found a high (r = 0.9195) significant (p < 0.05) correlation relationship between the content 
 of hemoglobin and cholesterol in the blood. The content of total lipids in muscles, gonads and liver of females and males of golden mullet were comparable. The levels of water-soluble protein in the muscles, liver, and gonads of fish of both sexes did not differ significantly. The obtained research results on the complex of physiological and biochemical parameters of golden mullet will significantly increase the volume of reliable information about the physiological status of the organism of the studied species of mullet in the modern ecological conditions of the Caspian Sea.

Planning for a 100% renewable energy system for the Santiago Island, Cape Verde

Ensuring the supply of affordable energy, improving energy efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions are some of the priorities of the governments of several countries. The pursuit of these energy goals has triggered interest in the exploration and usage of Renewable Energy Sources (RES), which can be particularly appropriate for island systems as is the case of Cape Verde. This work proposes a generation expansion planning model for Cape Verde considering a 20 years’ period. Different scenarios were analysed, each one representing a possible RES contribution for electricity production, reaching a 100% RES share. The results demonstrate that the increase of the RES in the system will lead to an increase of the total cost of energy. However, both CO2 emissions and external energy dependency of the country significantly decrease. The seasonality of the RES resources, and in particular of wind power is shown to be one of the most important challenges for the effective uptake of such a renewable power system. While the proposed model allowed already to present some useful scenarios, it becomes also evident the need to expand the analysis, and the paper concludes with directions for future research.

Оцінка ефективності вироблення теплової енергії теплонасосними станціями на основі теплоти низькотемпературних підземних вод за методологією повних енергетичних витрат

Heat pump station (HPS) as a source of heat supply for district heating system is considered as an alternative to heating boilers on fossil fuels (mainly on natural gas). One of the promising areas of application of powerful HPS, which currently is being studied actively, is their use as consumers-regulators in the control of electrical load in power systems. In this article, we consider groundwater (deep-well water), which lies at a shallow depth and has stable parameters throughout a year, as a source of low-potential heat. On the territory of Ukraine, there are regions with sufficient groundwater reserves that can be used as a source of low-potential heat for HPS. We carried out calculation of the energy consumption for construction, operation and liquidation of HPS on the example of HPS project with an installed heat capacity of 9 MW, consisting of 3 heat pumps with a capacity of 1.9 MW each and a peak gas boiler with a capacity of 3.2 MW, with regard for a typical schedule of heat loads under conditions of Kyiv. The efficiency of such HPS was determined by the method of estimating the total energy costs by comparing the obtained characteristics with similar characteristics of a gas boiler house of the same capacity. We determined energy consumption for the creation of all elements of HPS and its construction: heat pump and other equipment, station building, drilling and arrangement of wells, pipelines, and peak gas boiler. Energy consumption for the creation and operation of an autonomous gas boiler house of the same capacity was calculated. The reduction of energy consumption for the creation of HPS due to the use of polyethylene-propylene pipes instead of steel is determined. The comparison of energy consumption shows that the creation and operation of HPS on deep-well water with a peak boiler house during the first year of operation compensates the energy consumption for its creation and ensures further energy saving. Operation of such HPS with the use of deep-well water will provide an almost fourfold energy saving as compared with an autonomous boiler house. Keywords: energy consumption, comparative analysis, heat pump systems, groundwater, deep-well water, autonomous boiler house, heat supply