Total Energy Capacity Research Articles

Forecasting changes in the balance of the country's energy supply system under the introduction of a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism

Subject. The article investigates the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and implications of its implementation for the energy systems of countries with high carbon footprint. Objectives. The aim is to create a forecast of changes in the balance of the country's energy supply system, considering the gradual introduction of the CBAM with a decrease in the number of free permits for non-payment of declared emissions, and an increase in the coverage of emissions. Methods. The study employs methods of statistical analysis. Results. The study established that the introduction of the CBAM creates economic threats for exporting countries with a high carbon footprint. A national emissions trading system is a means of combating it. The paper shows that with the forecast price of carbon permits obtained on the basis of time series extrapolation, the introduction of a system of emission quotas will reduce losses in GDP and the total energy capacity of the country's energy system. Conclusions. The establishment of the system of emission quotas is a complex and lengthy process that requires the development and testing of economic and financial mechanisms.

Development of an electric drive for personal light electric vehicles

Problem. The article addresses the challenge of enhancing inclusive mobility and environmental cleanliness by developing a traction electric drive for personal light electric vehicles. A study was conducted on modern electric drive systems for personal light electric vehicles. Goal. The aim is to boost inclusive mobility and environmental cleanliness through the development of a traction electric drive for a personal light electric vehicle, specifically based on a tricycle. Methodology. The methodology involves scientific analysis and synthesis of traction electric drives for electric vehicles. An assessment of the nominal capacity of the battery module from the Nissan Leaf electric car was conducted using both partial discharge procedures and the Leaf Spy Pro program. Results. Based on an analysis of existing electric drive systems, a traction electric drive for a tricycle was developed. A functional diagram of the electric bicycle drive was generated. A control system for a sensorless brushless motor was developed, determining rotor position by measuring EMF in the free phase. This led to the creation of a stable voltage electrical circuit with a virtual midpoint. The tricycle's electric drive utilizes two 10-inch motor wheels on the rear wheels, enabling high speed and efficiency. Controllers specifically designed for electric wheel motors with a power of 350 W were selected to control the traction electric drive. Modules from the 2015 Nissan Leaf electric car's battery, which had depleted 20% of their capacity, were chosen to power the electric drive. The battery health status is 77.95%. A model of the battery's electrical equivalent circuit was constructed, and partial discharge graphs of the Nissan Leaf battery module were analyzed. Originality. The results provide a comprehensive insight into the development of a traction electric drive for personal light electric vehicles, using a tricycle as an example. Practical value. The research led to the development of an electric drive for a three-wheeled vehicle, with two motor wheels of 350 W nominal power each. The power supply voltage ranges from 36 V to 48 V, powered by six battery modules from the Nissan Leaf electric car, totaling 48 V. The energy capacity of one battery module is 0.3898 kWh, resulting in a total energy capacity of 2.3388 kWh for the vehicle's battery. However, the realizable capacity does not exceed 1.871 kWh, providing a travel distance of approximately 75 km on one battery charge. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of reusing batteries from electric cars with diminished capacity to power light electric vehicles. The results are relevant for scientific and technical professionals involved in electric vehicle development.

Modelling a Learning-Based Dynamic Tree Routing Model for Wireless Mesh Access Networks

Link asymmetry in wireless mesh access networks (WMAN) of Mobile ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) is due mesh routers’ transmission range. It is depicted as significant research challenges that pose during the design of network protocol in wireless networks. Based on the extensive review, it is noted that the substantial link percentage is symmetric, i.e., many links are unidirectional. It is identified that the synchronous acknowledgement reliability is higher than the asynchronous message. Therefore, the process of establishing bidirectional link quality through asynchronous beacons underrates the link reliability of asymmetric links. It paves the way to exploit an investigation on asymmetric links to enhance network functions through link estimation. Here, a novel Learning-based Dynamic Tree routing (LDTR) model is proposed to improve network performance and delay. For the evaluation of delay measures, asymmetric link, interference, probability of transmission failure is evaluated. The proportion of energy consumed is used for monitoring energy conditions based on the total energy capacity. This learning model is a productive way for resolving the routing issues over the network model during uncertainty. The asymmetric path is chosen to achieve exploitation and exploration iteratively. The learning-based Dynamic Tree routing model is utilized to resolve the multi-objective routing problem. Here, the simulation is done with MATLAB 2020a simulation environment and path with energy-efficiency and lesser E2E delay is evaluated and compared with existing approaches like the Dyna-Q-network model (DQN), asymmetric MAC model (AMAC), and cooperative asymmetric MAC model (CAMAC) model. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that the anticipated LDTR model attains superior network performance compared to others. The average energy consumption is 250 J, packet energy consumption is 6.5 J, PRR is 50 bits/sec, 95% PDR, average delay percentage is 20%.

Agricultural Biomass-Based Power Generation Potential in Sri Lanka: A Techno-Economic Analysis

Worldwide energy costs have grown in recent years due to the dwindling global fossil fuel resources and the increased reliance on them for global energy production. This is a common scenario in many nations, including Sri Lanka. As a developing country, Sri Lanka should encourage the diversification of its renewable energy supplies using locally available resources. In this regard, Sri Lanka can promote the use of agricultural residues for energy generation. The present work explores the energy potential of the solid waste generated by the rice industry: rice straw (RS) and rice husk (RH). A new approach was developed using statistical data on rice production and paddy cultivation in each district of the island. The obtained data were integrated into a geographic information system (GIS) to provide geo-referenced results. A physico-chemical characterization of the RS and RH was conducted to correlate the properties of raw materials to their potential energy generation. As an energy generation technology, the grate-fired combustion boiler accompanied by steam turbine cycle (GFC/ST) was selected. Our findings show that the total energy capacity using by-products of the rice industry is estimated to be 2129.24 ktoe/year of primary energy, with a capacity of 977 Mwe, producing 5.65 TWh of electricity annually. An economic analysis shows ten districts have a high profit index (PI > 1). The districts with the highest PI values are Anuradhapura, Ampara, Polonnaruwa, and Kurunegala, with annual energy potentials of 286 ktoe, 279 ktoe, 231 ktoe, and 160 ktoe, respectively. This work aims to aid future policy decisions by identifying potential districts in which to develop infrastructure for energy generation using agricultural waste, thus reducing net greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) of Sri Lanka.

An energy-efficient battery thermal management system incorporating a porous metal-based multiscale flow manifold

Development of an effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) is crucial for increasing the lifetime of electrochemical batteries and their reliable operation for various energy systems such as electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems (ESSs). Liquid cooling can be a promising thermal management strategy for high energy density batteries due to its high heat transfer coefficient. However, conventional liquid cooling modules for large-scale battery packages require a high pumping power due to a long and serpentine flow path. They also induce a high-temperature deviation of battery cells since the coolant temperature gradually increases from inlet to outlet. Here, we introduce an energy-efficient liquid cooling module incorporating manifold flow distributors connected to a porous metal layer. The thermohydraulic performances of BTMS are investigated using both numerical and experimental platforms for the battery package composed of 24 pouch-type cells. The total energy capacity and heat generation of the package are determined to be ∼6.9 kWh and 504 W, respectively. The cooling module is designed to minimize the vortex generation within the cooling path, maximizing heat exchange area, and minimizing heat spreading resistance. The developed liquid cooling module shows ∼12.9 % higher temperature uniformity and 7.4 % lower maximum cell temperature compared to the straight channel-based module utilizing the same flow rate. The proposed liquid cooling strategy provides ∼43.3 °C of the maximum cell temperature with below 2 °C of temperature deviation by consuming only 3 L/min, which is ∼4.2 times lower flow rate compared to that of previously reported straight channel-based BTMS. This work will help develop energy-efficient electrochemical battery-based energy systems including EVs and ESSs.

NCM811 리튬이온 배터리의 크기에 따른 에너지 밀도 및 열폭주 현상에 대한 수치해석적 분석

In this study, the energy density and thermal runaway phenomenon of the NCM811 lithium-ion battery according to the 21700/46800 two sizes were analyzed numerically. The 46800 battery cell had a five times higher energy density than the 21700 battery cell, and when placed on the same battery platform, the total energy capacity was approximately 88,800 Wh and the energy density averaged 315 Wh/kg, which is approximately the energy capacity of the 21700 battery pack. 18.3%, the energy density is predicted to be about doubling. If the weight of the 46800 battery cell is reduced and the efficiency of the cell to pack technology that composes the pack without a module is improved, the energy density will be higher. As a result of analyzing the thermal runaway phenomenon of the 21700/46800 battery cells with a 2D model, the 46800 battery cells showed a thermal runaway phenomenon about 853 seconds later compared to the 21700 battery cells at an external temperature of 150℃. Through this, it was found that, if a fire occurs in a product using a lithium secondary battery, the maximum temperature between battery cells does not differ significantly, but 46800 battery cell is relatively high in terms of stability to secure escape time from the fire area.

Bond behaviour of high-strength steel bars in concrete with steel fibres

Reductions in materials consumption through the use of high-strength materials is important in building construction. However, high-strength steel applications have possible challenges such as their effects on bond behaviour and structural ductility. The bond behaviour, total energy capacity and failure modes of headed and straight high-strength and normal-strength steel bars were investigated using pull-out tests. In the experimental programme, 48 concrete specimens with a compressive strength of 40 MPa, different ratios of steel fibres and embedded steel bars with different yield strengths were subject to pull-out tests. The results showed that the headed bars had far greater bond stress and total energy capacity than the straight bars. It was also found that the higher the yield strength of the bars, the higher the energy capacity and bond stress. Although increases in fibre ratios led to increases in energy capacity, they did not absolutely increase the bond stress. The specimens with both headed and straight bars failed by splitting.

Walking energetics and abductor strength are associated with physical activity in older women with hip osteoarthritis

BackgroundOsteoarthritis (OA) can hinder physical activity in older adults for reasons that are not fully understood. Functional barriers may exist such as reduced muscle strength around the affected joint, potentially affecting physical activity. Aging-associated declines in energy capacity may also be exacerbated by OA. These factors may work together to influence physical activity in people with OA. Research questionOur objective was to evaluate the combined role of walking energetics and hip abductor strength on physical activity in older women with hip OA. MethodsWe evaluated 30 women with moderately symptomatic hip OA (61 ± 10 yrs; 30.7 ± 4.9 kg/m2) in this cross-sectional observational study. We measured physical activity using the UCLA activity score and quantified activity frequency and intensity using accelerometers worn for seven days (7 ± 2 days). We used a portable oxygen exchange system to measure energy used during walking at preferred speeds (relative to total energy capacity assessed using a six-minute walk test) and a dynamometer to measure hip abductor strength. We used Pearson correlations and regression analysis to test our hypotheses. ResultsGreater energy used during walking was associated with lower self-reported physical activity (R=-0.626, p < 0.001), more sedentary time (R = 0.567, p = 0.002), and less light activity time (R=-0.644, p < 0.001). Lower hip abductor strength was associated with lower self-reported physical activity (R = 0.406, p = 0.039). While there was no association between hip abductor strength and energy used during walking, together these variables predicted 55.5 % of the variance in self-reported physical activity. SignificanceResults suggest intervention targets to promote physical activity in this population.

FEATURES AND INDICATORS OF FORMATION OF ENERGY SAVING SYSTEM IN AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

Purpose. The aim of the article is in-depth study of questions related to the features, methodological approaches and indicators of economic analysis and evaluation of the energy saving system in agricultural enterprises. Methodology of research. The methodological basis of the study is the dialectical method of scientific knowledge. The study used general and special methods, including abstract and logical (to outline the main factors, influencing the characteristics of energy saving in agricultural enterprises, for the author’s interpretation of the energy saving system in agricultural enterprises), deductive (to analyse the dynamics and areas of economic efficiency level increase of energy saving system); generalization (in the study of the possibility of implementing the latest technologies aimed to improve the energy saving system in agricultural enterprises). Findings. It is established that agricultural industries have a number of features, in particular: use energy for production, generate it. This feature is based on the fact that in the production process there are three fundamentally different types of energy: anthropotechnogenic (fossil); solar and soil energy. It was found that the process of energy conservation in agriculture should be formed by reducing fossil energy sources and by making fuller use of renewable solar energy and soil energy potential. An important feature of agriculture has been identified, which lies in its significant level of spatial dispersion, which causes significant costs for transport services of production processes and logistics. There is a significant difference in the principles of energy consumption, fossil energy is the main in industry and in agriculture - it plays a supporting role. There, natural energy forms the biological mass (harvest, live mass of animals). The author’s interpretation of the concept “energy saving of agricultural enterprises” is offered, which includes a system of measures (organizational, economic, technical and technological, ecological, legal and operational), coordinated action of which should be aimed at the rational use of energy in the process of agricultural production. The indicators of the group of economic analysis of energy saving in agriculture are determined: total energy capacity; energy armament; energy supply; electrical equipment of labour, etc. The key stages of energy saving research and tasks in agricultural enterprises are clarified. Grouping of methods of research of energy saving is offered. Originality. The author’s interpretation of the concept of “energy saving of agricultural enterprises”, definition of key stages of energy saving research and systematization of appropriate methods were further developed. Practical value. The introduction of research results into production will help increase the economic efficiency of agricultural production. Key words: energy saving, energy efficiency, energy resources, renewable energy sources, rational use of energy resources.

Method for calculating and evaluating the total energy capacity of cotton fiber

This paper discusses the need to save material and fuel and energy resources, requires a new approach to their accounting, qualitative and quantitative assessment, and, in particular, to their use. The correctness of planning and forecasting the levels of mining, production and distribution of resources, and, as a consequence, the clear functioning of industrial and household consumers, depends on this. As the first stage of the calculation, an analysis of energy consumption was performed for the following groups of their consumption: field work; production of mineral fertilizers used in cotton growing; water supply for cotton fields (pumping stations, vertical drains); preparation points and cotton processing enterprises. According to consumption groups, energy capacity is: field work 41%, mineral fertilizers 14% and irrigation 45%. The analysis of the obtained results shows that cotton production occupies a rather large place in the total energy consumption in the republic and its savings at each stage of agricultural work and in industrial processing can give significant results in increasing the efficiency of saving the country’s fuel and energy resources.

Cyclic Behaviour and Durability Analysis of Sand Grouted with Optimum Colloidal Silica Content

The main objective of the current research is to study the dynamic behaviour of colloidal silica treated grout. The treatment of foundation soil with colloidal silica improves the cyclic strength of the soil, which has the potential to reduce damages in buildings during earthquakes. Cyclic triaxial tests were conducted at various double amplitudes to understand the cyclic resistance of the colloidal silica grouted sand. The test results of untreated samples at different relative densities were compared with the treated samples having the same relative densities. The present study revealed that the optimum percentage of colloidal silica decreases with an increase in relative density. The grout inside the treated area would undergo geothermal and water table changes. Wetting and drying cycles were studied to understand the durability of the above-mentioned grout. The samples sustained 18 wetting and drying cycles which in turn proves its superior durability characteristics. It was observed that the confining pressure, total energy capacity, as well as brittleness index and colloidal silica percentages, are some factors determining strength characteristics. Furthermore, the addition of colloidal silica in sand improves the cyclic resistance strength, damping ratio, and the shear modulus.

Exergy Balance Applied to a Gas Turbine in a Modified Brayton Cycle to Assess the Power Output Recovery

Introduction— Gas turbines play a key role in the power generation industry. The UPME (Unidad de Planeación Minero-Energética), in its monthly report of the generation variables and the Colombian electricity market, quoted data from December 2016, highlights that the net effective capacity in megawatts is 2,093 and represents about 12.61% of the total energy capacity through gas thermal plants. During hot seasons, the performance of the turbines is affected by the elevated air temperature flowing into the cycle, because the power output depends on the air mass flow through the compressor, the mass flow decreases as the temperature increases, resulting in a decline in efficiency and power generation. Objetivo— A gas turbine in open cycle was analyzed based on the first and second law of thermodynamics, irreversibilities were considered using exergy as the criterion to establish the overall performance of the system. Methodology— An alternative analysis was proposed modifying the ideal Brayton cycle, humidity of the air, the height above sea level, and the detailed molar composition by component were considered. Furthermore, the heat adding process was replaced by an adiabatic and isobaric combustion progression with a subsequent cooling by means of an adiabatic mixture of ideal gases with the compressor discharged air to condition the incoming flow mixture of gases to the turbine aimed to maintain the maximum allowed temperature controlled. Results— The simulation was developed in the software EES (Engineering Equation Solver) and the free software CEA (Chemical Equilibrium with Applications) from NASA was used to validate results for the combustion process, under the criterion of chemical equilibrium. Few investigations about inlet cooling methods for gas turbines have supported the implementation of such kind of technologies by means of exergy balance, which is the main goal of this research.

Prediction of Seismic Performance Levels of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Columns as a Function of Crack Width

Abstract An experimental study was conducted for the prediction of the seismic performance levels of corroded reinforced concrete (RC) columns as a function of the initial corrosion crack widths. A full-scale accelerated-corrosion pool was used to corrode 25 full-scale RC columns. The initial crack widths at different levels of corrosion were measured for three different concrete strength levels: 9, 27, and 37 MPa. The seismic performance levels of corroded RC columns under combined cyclic lateral-displacement excursions at two different axial-load ratios (0.20 and 0.40) were measured. The corrosion levels obtained for the initially measured corrosion crack widths were used for establishing a correlation with the lateral-displacement capacities of the RC columns according to an energy-based method. Three empirical models were developed. The first was for predicting the cross-sectional area reduction of reinforcement bars according to the initial corrosion crack widths. The second model was for predicting the percentage of energy capacity of RC columns as a function of the drift ratio and corrosion levels. The third model was for predicting the seismic performance levels of RC columns as a function of the initial corrosion crack widths and was used for an in situ structural assessment. The experimental test results showed that above a 2% drift ratio, all uncorroded RC columns (regardless of the concrete strength levels) exhibited a sudden reduction in energy capacity, and their total energy capacity was consumed. In the case of corrosion, the energy capacity of concrete with high strength levels was prematurely exhausted above a 1.4% drift ratio because of the effects of the corrosion products under the high strength levels of the concrete.

Influence of diameter and quality of beech logs on the potential energy of sawmill residues

The influence of log diameter and log quality were studied relative to the potential heat energy produced from wood residue. Research was conducted on beech sawmill logs (30 cm to 49 cm in diameter and 4 m in length) of different qualities. Logs with greater diameters and of better quality increased the amount of products and decreased the amount of residue. A decrease in the diameter and quality of beech logs increased the total energy capacity, ranging between 840 kWh/m3 (highest quality logs, 40 cm to 49 cm in diameter) and 1,350 kWh/m3 (lower quality logs, 30 cm to 34 cm in diameter). Drying the lumber produced from logs of small diameters used less than 10% of the potential heating energy. However, logs of 40 cm to 49 cm in diameter increased this usage to 33%. When burner losses and drying energy losses were calculated, there was approximately 430 kWh/m3 to 960 kWh/m3 of leftover energy. This could be used for various purposes or it could be sold. The amount of obtained energy was influenced more by log diameter than by the log quality.

Biologically active complex multifactorial support of the central nervous system

Developed a new tablet form BAA multifactorial support the central nervous system - BAA «Sophia». Technology features of this form of BAA are the prevention of oxidative processes of compounding ingredients at the expense of a small amount of moisture and eliminating active oxygen exposure. Biologically active complex is able to activate the memorization and reproduction of information, speed of thinking and the level of total energy capacity by improving the work of the central nervous system. A balanced combination of active principles (schisandrachinensis, Ginkgo biloba) and sedatives (Valerian, motherwort) of plant components allows to achieve the effect of fine-tuning, which is very well manifested the effect of these components. The ingredients improve nervous tissue trophism, tonus of brain vessels, normalizes venous outflow and contribute to the prevention of high blood pressure. The presence of complex essential and non-essential amino acids such as tryptophan, glycine, tyrosine and glutamic acid, to regulate the synthesis of neurotransmitters in the Central nervous system, molecular basis of memory, to optimize carbohydrate and fat metabolism, accelerate the process of impulse transmission along the nerve fiber, while avoiding overstimulation. For most incoming amino acids typical antidepressant effects. Part of the complex Inositol is one of the main nutritional components of nervous tissue, which helps to restore its structure. B vitamins contribute to the saturation energy, I guarantee its maximum use by the nervous tissue. Installed regulated indicators of food value of the specialized product that determine its functional orientation. The effectiveness is confirmed by clinical tests in the group of patients with dystonia. Shown hygienic well-being of the developed product, periods and modes of storage of spent industrial testing.

Embedded Distribution Systems for Enhanced Energy Resilience

Recent disruptions of communities due to natural hazard events such as hurricanes and earthquakes have led to increased calls for improved resiliency of the built environment. The “built environment” denotes constructed facilities such as buildings and bridges, as well as infrastructure systems such as power delivery, transportation roadways, and water utilities. “Resiliency” is defined here as the “recovery and adaptability” during and after events which disrupt civil infrastructure services. In the context of this paper, the critically important service is energy delivery, on which many other services such as communications and transportation networks depend. The robustness of the building energy supply can be significantly enhanced through on-site renewable sources such as photovoltaic panels coupled with storage batteries. The degree to which the energy demand is met by the on-site capacity in the future will be determined largely upon advances in renewable energy generation and storage as well as in efficiency gains for commonly used equipment and appliances such as lighting fixtures and cooling systems. In this paper, we propose an improved design approach for the energy capacity of existing and new buildings as part of a greater regional community in which the total energy capacity requirements are met through increasingly enhanced on-site permanent power links, as opposed to increased reliance on the existing power grid. The metrics for characterizing resiliency will be “robustness,” “redundancy,” “resourcefulness,” and “rapidity,” with the associated metrics for sustainability being self-reliance and intergenerational equity enhancement.

Experimental Validation of Surface Coverage Model for Li-Air Battery

The Lithium-air battery has captured so much interest and been considered as a promising candidate for the future renewable energy sources because of its high specific energy density comparable to gasoline. But unfortunately, the maximum amount of the lithium metal utilized is limited because of the tunnel blockage and surface coverage inside cathode, which are caused by insoluble lithium composite generated at cathode. In other words, the total energy capacity is restricted by the cathode under adequate lithium. So if we can fully understand how the deposits work on the cathode, we are supposed to develop a better cathode, which can hold more products per unit volume, with immensely higher energy capacity per unit cathode volume. This paper describes a surface coverage model and two relative dominating effects, electrode passivation and transport resistance. By using the electron conservation combined with experimental formula from previous works, we could investigate how much the insoluble there is and the coverage coefficient used to evaluate what degree deposits damage the effectivity of cathode to. We could use the coverage coefficient to describe the effective surface area under different stage of precipitation. We may go further to obtain the oxygen profile by taking the oxygen transport equation into account. Then we have a chance to use the above model to formulate the loss of effective voltage and total energy capacity. We could eventually split the voltage loss into 2 pieces, one caused by electrode passivation and another caused by oxygen transport resistance. We can compare them to find out which one is the prime force to kill the battery, or that they cooperate together. We can also know how much deposits the cathode can be filled with before exhausted. Then the total energy capacity is ready to come out by integrating the voltage along the time under constant current. By looking into the integral, there are actually three parts, which are the capacity without considering voltage loss effect, and two capacity losses solely considering the voltage loss from the electrode passivation or oxygen transport resistance respectively. If we compare these different part, we could have a knowledge of whether the capacity loss is immense enough to be cared about, or which kind of loss costs more. To validate our model, we will also perform the experiments by using our sandwich cell to get the discharging curve, which will be used to validate our model by comparing the voltage loss and energy capacity loss. The sandwich cell structure from bottom to top is: bottom frame, aluminum foil, lithium metal, separator, rubble sealing ring, top frame with air window and electrolyte pool on top, and cathode. The whole cell is assembled by using screws. We could get open circuit voltage and discharging curves under different current. The data will be used to validate and improve our model mentioned above.

A simple dynamic energy capacity model

I develop a simple dynamic model showing how total energy capacity is allocated to two different uses and how these uses and their corresponding energy flows are related and behave through time. The control variable of the model determines the allocation. All the variables of the model are in terms of a composite energy equivalent measured in BTU's. A key focus is on the shadow price of energy capacity and its behavior through time. Another key focus is on the behavior of the control variable that determines the allocation of overall energy capacity. The matching or linking of the model's variables to real world U.S. energy data is undertaken. In spite of some limitations of the data, the model and its behavior fit the data fairly well. Some energy policy implications are discussed.

Intelligent Li Ion Battery Management Based on a Digital Signal Processor for a Moving Actuator Total Artificial Heart

An intelligent Li Ion battery management (ILBM) system was developed based on a digital signal processor (DSP). Instead of using relatively complicated hardware charging control, a DSP algorithm was used, and favorable characteristics in volume, mass, and temperature increase of the implantable battery were achieved. In vitro tests were performed to evaluate the DSP based algorithm for Li Ion charging control (24 V dc motor input power 16 W, 5 L/min, 100 mmHg afterload). In this article, the first improvement was volume reduction using a Li Ion battery (3.6 V/Cell, 900 mA, seven cells: 25.2 V, 22.7 W). Its volume and mass were decreased by 40% and 50% respectively (40*55*75 mm, 189 g), compared to previously reported results, with total energy capacity increased by 110% (more than 60 min vs 25 min run time in the other battery). The second improvement includes the ILBM, which can control the performance detection for each unit cell and has a low temperature rise. The ILBM's unit cell energy detection was important because the low performance of one cell dropped to 50% of the total performance along with a 20% increase in surface temperature. All electronics for a transcutaneous energy transmission (TET), battery, and telemetry were finalized for hybridization and used for total artificial heat (TAH) implantation.