Total Employment Level Research Articles

Performance Analysis of B2B and B2C Companies: A case study of Selected Balkan countries

The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare two different business models called business to business and business to consumer in Western Balkan countries and Bulgaria. The first, model - business to business (B2B) is defined as the transfer of goods and services between businesses or firms without interference of consumer. The second model, business to consumer (B2C) is customer oriented in which the goods and services are sold immediately to customers in the market. This study focuses on the performance of these two business models in regional countries which are: Albania, Bulgaria, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia. Our analysis intends to provide information regarding the countries’ development on different sectors within B2B and B2C models that are affected by specific indicators such as net salaries, total employment level, investment and exports, and research & innovation. Using statistical methods such as t-test, z-test, F-test or ANOVA and regression, the data were analyzed and the results were compared among the listed developing countries. Finally, this dissection represents the relationship between two independent variables, Net Salaries and Employment where specific dependent variables significantly contribute in North Macedonia and Serbia.

Performance analysis of B2B and B2C companies: A case study of selected Balkan countries

The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare two different business models called business to business and business to consumer in Western Balkan countries and Bulgaria. The first, model - business to business (B2B) is defined as the transfer of goods and services between businesses or firms without interference of consumer. The second model, business to consumer (B2C) is customer oriented in which the goods and services are sold immediately to customers in the market. This study focuses on the performance of these two business models in regional countries which are: Albania, Bulgaria, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia. Our analysis intends to provide information regarding the countries’ development on different sectors within B2B and B2C models that are affected by specific indicators such as net salaries, total employment level, investment and exports, and research & innovation. Using statistical methods such as t-test, z-test, F-test or ANOVA and regression, the data were analyzed and the results were compared among the listed developing countries. Finally, this dissection represents the relationship between two independent variables, Net Salaries and Employment where specific dependent variables significantly contribute in North Macedonia and Serbia.

Performance Analysis of B2B and B2C companies in Northern Macedonia and Serbia

The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare two different business models called business to business and business to consumer. The first model -business to business or B2B is defined as the transfer of goods and services between businesses or firms without the interference of consumers. The second model, business to consumer or B2C is customer-oriented in which the goods and services are sold immediately to customers in the market. This research focuses on the performance of these two business models in North Macedonia and Serbia. Our analysis tries to provide information regarding the countries’ development in different sectors within B2B and B2C models that are affected by specific indicators such as net salaries, total employment level, investment and exports, and research&innovation. Furthermore, besides the analysis of these indicators separately for each country, the paper will show the results and compare the performance differences among listed developing countries.

Effect of the economic situation on employment and its structure in the Central and Eastern European countries

Motivation: The Central and Eastern European countries suffered from a decrease in professional activity and increases in unemployment, income inequality, and underemployment. In most of the countries in the region, it was decided to increase labour market flexibility, adopting a Western European model of labour market functioning. The effects of deregulation (flexibility increase) for the labour market depend to a great extent on the economic situation. Aim: The paper attempts to answer the question of the degree to which changes in the employment level and structure can be explained by changes in the economic situation. The article verified two hypotheses: ‘the employment level reacts to changes in the economic situation; however, this reaction in the Central and Eastern European countries is more severe than the average reaction in the European Union’ (H1) and ‘changes in the economic situation determines to a very large extent the employment level in the groups experiencing discrimination (women, youngest and oldest people) more than for employees in general’ (H2). Results: In the majority of the examined countries, a statistically significant correlation occurs between changes in GDP and total employment level; but for all analysed countries as a whole, the influence of changes in GDP on the employment level is not greater than the European Union’s average. The data do not indicate discrimination against certain groups (women, young people, people in pre-retirement age), changes in the employment levels of the aforementioned groups are less dependent on the economic situation than the changes in total employment.

How many educated workers for your economy? European targets, optimal public spending, and labor market impact

This paper studies optimal taxation schemes for education in a search-matching model where the labor market is divided between a high-skill and a low-skill sector. Two public policy targets - maximizing the total employment level and optimizing the social surplus - are studied according to three different public taxation strategies. We calibrate our model using evidence from thirteen European countries, and compare our results with the target from the Europe 2020 Agenda for achievement in higher education. We show that, with current labor market characteristics, the target set by governments seems compatible with the social surplus maximization objective for some countries, while being too high for other countries. For all countries, maximizing employment would imply higher educational spending than that required for the social surplus to reach its maximum.

Measuring resilience to economic shocks: an application to Spain

In this paper, we evaluate Spanish regions’ resistance to the economic crisis under three main resilience notions: “adaptative,” “engineering” and “ecological.” “Adaptative” resilience is measured through a traditional shift-share approach applied to employment, whereas “engineering” and “ecological” resilience pay attention to growth path and total employment level, in the pre- and post-crisis period. The paper presents an application of the different notion of resilience to the case of Spanish provinces in the last years. We find that provinces with sectoral structure and location advantages, or those with locational advantages in the post-crisis period (according to the “adaptative” resilience measure), exhibit a significantly lower “drop” in growth (according to the “engineering” and “ecological” resilience measure). Furthermore, we conclude that the probability of presenting a better behavior (lower “drop” in growth than the average) increases for those regions specialized in the service sector before the crisis. As expected, the worse behavior has correspond to those regions specialized in the pre-crisis period in the construction sector.

MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS OF A VAT REDUCTION IN THE ITALIAN HOTELS & RESTAURANTS INDUSTRY

The paper tests the effects on the Italian economy of a fiscal measure aimed at lowering the VAT rate from 10% to 5% in the Italian ‘Hotels and Restaurants’ sector. The analysis focuses first on the impacts in terms of tourism consumption, investments of the sector and public budget. Thereafter, by means of a multiregional–multisectoral input–output model, the increase on the total employment levels by sector and by region has been estimated. Based on a tourism demand elasticity of –1.06 and a supply elasticity of 2.0, tourist nights would increase by a maximum of 3.15% and total tourism consumption by 4.4%, while gross fixed investments by the sector would increase by 2.17%. As for the budget constraint, we have calculated the final ‘cost’ of the fiscal measure for the Treasury. Concerning the macroeconomic effects in terms of employment, the fiscal measure would produce a total increase of almost 100,000 jobs (expressed in fulltime equivalents).

Assessing the value of forestry to the Irish economy — An input–output approach

Input–output analysis was used to evaluate the total economic impact (i.e. the sum of the direct, indirect and induced impacts) of the forestry and wood products sectors on the Irish economy. The total impact of the forestry sector on a number of regional economies was also examined, as were the short-term economic consequences of an afforestation scenario. Only economic activity associated with timber production was considered, and externalities associated with the sector were not accounted for. The results show that in 2003, forestry produced a direct output of €255.4 million. For every euro of output from forestry, a further €0.85 of economic activity was generated, yielding a total output of €472.4 million and total employment level of 7182. The wood products sector generated a total output of €1.6 billion and a total employment level of 12,246. These estimates of the economic impact of the forestry and wood products sectors cannot be added due to an overlap in indirect and induced impacts. The gross total value of an afforestation programme amounting to 15,000 ha per annum over 5 years was shown to be €475.0 million. Accounting for the fact that almost all land currently afforested is in agriculture, the net total value of this afforestation programme ranged from €157.8 million to €340.4 million, depending on the farming system being replaced and whether stacking of direct payments to farmers under the Single Payment Scheme applies to the land being planted.

Forecasting in the Labour Market

An assessment of future labour market outcomes is of considerable interest to policy makers and for those making operational decisions with respect to training. These could take the form of forecasts of employment by occupations and skill levels or needs at the national, sectoral or regional level. Often forecasts are make of the demand for labour, both additional and replacement demand, the latter often surpassing the former due to the present demographic composition of the labour force. In order to assess likely future shortages (or surplus) of labour, knowledge of the current supply (not always known with certainty as in the case of seasonal labour) and an understanding of future supply is required, all of which pose considerable challenges. In this paper, an overview of the forecasting needs of the Department of Labour, approaches and methodology likely to be applicable and the required level of accuracy and relevance of forecasts are discussed in relation to national, sectoral, regional and seasonal labour market outcomes. Some preliminary and provisional results are presented as an illustration of likely outcomes. In summary, the total employment level is expected to show and annual average growth of 1.8% from 2005 to 2010, following a higher annual average growth of 2.8% from 2001 to 2005. However, for the Primary and Manufacturing Sectors, the employment is likely to transform to a positive growth at an average rate of 1.0% and 0.3% respectively from 2005 to 2010 after having experienced a decline from 2001 to 2005. However, for the Private and Public sectors services, employment is expected o increase at an average rate of 1.7% and 2.8% respectively from 2005 to 2010 following a higher growth rate of 3.3% and 4.8% respectively from 2001 to 2005. The consequences of a number of variations in GDP growth and employment ratios by industry are explored in terms of occupational forecasts.

'5000 x 5000': Monopoly Unions, Entry Wages, and Sequential Wage Differentiation

This paper considers sequential wage differentiation in a monopoly union model of the labour market. In this model the union may set an entry wage in addition to a standard wage for those workers who do not find employment for the standard wage. The union sets the entry wage after the firm has decided about the level of employment for the standard wage. The paper shows how the possibility of wage differentiation influences the employment decision of the firm and the wages demanded by the union. If the union and the firm anticipate the possibility of setting an entry wage, the standard wage is higher and the employment level for the standard wage is lower than in the monopoly union model without wage differentiation. However, the total employment level increases with sequential wage differentiation, and both, the union and the firm, benefit from the possibility of wage differentiation.