Total Effective Dose Research Articles

Evaluation of Radioactivity Contents and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk Due to Ingestion from Natural Radionuclides in Maize Samples from Some Selected Maize Farms in Ekiti State, Nigeria

The study was carried out to evaluate the radioactivity concentrations of 40K, 232Th and 238U in five maize samples collected from maize farms within Ekiti State, Nigeria. The activity concentration measurements were determined using n – type co-axial HPGe detectors for the state. The activity concentrations were found to vary from 994.67 – 2457.01 Bq Kg-1 for 40K, 32.84 – 91.88 Bq kg-1 for 232Th and 43.21 – 97.77 Bq kg-1 for 238U respectively. The annual effective dose to individuals from the consumption of the Maize was estimated on the basis of the measured radionuclides content in the food crop which ranged between 0.41 and 1.51 m Svy-1 respectively. The value1.04 m Svy-1 were obtained for the state as the mean total annual effective dose. The mean excess life time cancer risk was also calculated to be 2.06x10-9 . The value was compared with the internationally acceptable limits and found to be far less to the maximum permissible dose of 1.0 x10-3 recommended for the public by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Hence, the maize was found to be safe for human consumption.

Evaluating internal exposure due to intake of 131I at a nuclear medicine centre of Dhaka using bioassay methods

Handling of radioisotopes may cause external and internal contamination to occupational workers while using radiation for medical purposes. This research aims to monitor the internal hazard of occupational workers who handle 131I. Two methods are used: in vivo or direct method and in vitro or indirect method. The in vivo or direct method was performed by assessing thyroid intake with a thyroid uptake monitoring machine. The in vitro or indirect method was performed by assessing urine samples with the help of a gamma-ray spectroscopy practice using a High-Purity Germanium (HPGe) Detector. In this study, fifty-nine thyroid counts and fifty-nine urine samples were collected from seven occupational workers who were in charge of 131I at the National Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (NINMAS), Dhaka. The result showed that the average annual effective dose of seven workforces from thyroid counts were 0.0208 mSv/y, 0.0180 mSv/y, 0.0135 mSv/y, 0.0169 m Sv/y, 0.0072 mSv/y, 0.0181 mSv/y, 0.0164 mSv/y and in urine samples 0.0832 mSv/y, 0.0770 mSv/y, 0.0732 mSv/y, 0.0693 mSv/y, 0.0715 mSv/y, 0.0662 mSv/y, 0.0708 mSv/y.The total annual effective dose (in vivo and in vitro method) was found among seven workers in average 0.1039 mSv/y, 0.0950 mSv/y, 0.0868 mSv/y, 0.0862 mSv/y, 0.0787 mSv/y, 0.0843 mSv/y, 0.0872 mSv/y. Following the rules of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), the annual limit of effective dose for occupational exposure is 20 mSv per year and the finding values from this research work are lesser than this safety boundary.

Age-dependent annual effective dose and radiological health risk from salt and soil collected from Padag, Chaghi, Balochistan, Pakistan

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the annual effective dose for different age groups and health hazards associated with natural radioactivity in salt and soil collected from Padag, Chaghi, Balochistan. All samples were analysed by using high-purity germanium (HPGe) and sodium iodide (NaI) detectors. The average values of concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in salt samples were found to be 10.49, 9.6 and 169.65 Bq.kg−1, respectively, using HPGe detector, while in case of NaI detector, these values were found to be 10.48, 9.89 and 161.73 Bq.kg−1, respectively. Similarly, the average values of concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in soil were found to be 24.59, 24.89 and 391.72 Bq.kg−1, respectively, using HPGe detector, while in case of NaI detector, these values were found to be 24.46, 24.71 and 358.31 Bq.kg−1, respectively. Significant correlations were found between the results obtained from HPGe and NaI detectors. The values of total annual effective dose due to ingestion of salt were found to be 2.46 × 10−5, 2.45 × 10−5, 3.55 × 10−5 and 1.13 × 10−5 μSv.y−1 using HPGe detector and 2.43 × 10−5, 2.44 × 10−5, 3.55 × 10−5 and 1.13 × 10−5 μSv.y−1 using NaI detector for the age groups (2–7 years), (7–12 years), (12–17 years) and (≥17 years), respectively. The highest value of annual effective dose was found in the age group 12–17 years and minimum was found in the age group ≥ 17 years. However, all values were found to be below the recommended value of 0.29 mSv. Total average radiological risk due to ingestion of salt for all age groups was found to be lower than the reported value.

Indoor radon and thoron levels in some residences of Sri Renga Narayana Puram Village, Tirunelveli, India, using solid-state nuclear track detectors

The indoor radon and thoron measurements were carried out at Sri Renga Narayana Puram village, Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu, which is located nearer to the Nuclear Power Plant, Kudankulam. The survey was performed using a single-entry pin-hole dosimeter with a solid-state nuclear track detector for a period of 90 days. In the present study, the radon and thoron levels have been measured initially for 10 residences using LR-115 Type II films as a detector. The dose assessment due to radon and thoron is calculated. The effective dose of radon and thoron in the corresponding residences has been found to vary from 0.516 to 0.660 mSvy−1 and 0.010 to 0.144 mSvy−1. The total effective dose due to radon and thoron has been calculated which found to vary from 0.545 to 0.791 mSvy−1 with an average value of 0.655 mSvy−1.

Radon activity concentrations and radiological exposure assessment in drinking water in Prizren region – Kosovo

ABSTRACT Our aim was to highlight the activity concentrations of radon in four types of water used for drinking: bottled water, tap water, spring water and well water in the region of Kosovo (Prizren and Suhareka). Radon concentrations were measured using Alpha GUARD PQ2000 PRO. The measurements show that arithmetic means ± standard deviations of radon (Rn-222) concentration were as follows: 1.5 ± 0.4 Bq/L in bottled water, 2.8 ± 0.6 Bq/L in tap water, 10.2 ± 1.3 Bq/L in well water and 10.3 ± 1.4 Bq/L in spring water. The average radon (Rn-222) concentrations were found to be 1.5 ± 0.4 Bq/L in bottled water, 2.8 ± 0.6 Bq/L in tap water, 10.2 ± 1.3 Bq/L in well water, and 10.3 ± 1.4 Bq/L in spring water, respectively. The total annual effective dose for bottled water was AEDT: 7.9 ± 2.1 µSv per year, for well water is AEDT: 52.6 ± 6.9 µSv per year, spring water was AEDT: 52.9 ± 7.1 µSv per year and tap water is AEDT: 14.1 ± 4.0 µSv per year. Upon analysing these results, it is evident that the radon concentrations in the water sources studied fall within safe levels for drinking, reassuring the overall safety of the water in terms of radon contamination.

Risk assessment from radon in domestic water for the Greek population.

This study focused on assessing the risk from the exposure to radon contained in domestic water for a significant part (~20%) of the Greek population. Also, the variation of radon in domestic water was monitored from 2017 to 2023 in certain villages that showed relatively high radon levels and relied on boreholes for their water supply. The radon in domestic water activity concentrations measured in the investigated Greek places ranged from lower than the minimum detection limit (2BqL-1) levels up to 187BqL-1 with an average value of 9.1BqL-1. Overall, higher radon in domestic water activity concentrations were observed in places supplied from boreholes located inside granitic and metamorphic rock areas. Only one out of the 487 examined places, which accounts for 0.015% of the examined Greek population, showed an average radon-in-water activity concentration higher than the parametric value of 100BqL-1 adopted by Greece following the EURATOM Directive (2013/51/EURATOM). Therefore, radon-in-water does not pose a health concern (risk) for the investigated Greek population. The total (inhalation and ingestion) annual effective doses to adults, corresponding to the measured radon-in-water activity concentrations, ranged from nearly 0 to 1.20mSv y-1 with an average value of 0.059mSv y-1, while for children, they ranged from almost 0 to 1.26mSv y-1 with an average value of 0.061mSv y-1. Regarding the variation of radon in domestic water monitoring, places supplied with water from one borehole showed no significant fluctuations from their average radon-in-water activity concentration, with standard deviations of ~20% at a coverage factor of k=1. Even though some places supplied from three to four boreholes showed no significant fluctuations (standard deviation <= 30% at k=1) from their average radon level, special attention is needed for places supplied from many boreholes when one measurement over the year is to be performed for the annual effective dose assessment. This is because the prevailing during-year borehole combination may not exist on the measurement day, resulting in an underestimated or overestimated dose assessment. Radon removal from domestic water supplies in the Arnea village (due to elevated radon-in-water activity concentrations) did not affect the inhalation risk for the residents of an examined house in Arnea. However, radon removal from the water supply was essential to reduce the ingestion risk for the house occupants. There is a possibility of radiation overexposure (>20mSv y-1) for the workers in a thermal spa on Ikaria Island, and further investigation needs to be conducted with extended measurement periods.

Measurement of radium and radon gas in bottled mineral waters.

In this study, the radon gas and radium concentration in the bottled mineral water samples was measured. A total of sixty samples were collected from bottled mineral water sold in the markets in Kahramanmaraş. DURRIDGE Rad7 electronic radon detector was used for measurements. Radon and radium activity amounts range from 33.50 ± 1.30mBq/L to 51.70 ± 2.20mBq/L, and 2.92 ± 0.15mBq/L to 4.51 ± 0.26mBq/L, respectively. Average radon and radium active amounts are 41.67 ± 1.54mBq/L and 3.63 ± 0.18mBq/L, respectively. Total annual effective dose values were calculated for these mineral waters according to three different scenarios. In the first of these, it was assumed that natural mineral water was consumed annually instead of 730 L of drinking water (S1). In the second case, 150 L which was the annual average amount of natural mineral water consumed in European Union member countries was used for the annual average amount of natural mineral water consumed by adults (S2). Finally, the annual average amount of natural mineral water consumed in Turkey, 14 L, was used for adults (S3). For scenarios (S1, S2, S3), the total (ingestion + inhalation) annual average dose values ranged from 6.83E-04mSv/y to 1.05E-03mSv/y, 1.40E-04mSv/y to 2.17E-04, and 1.32E-05mSv/y to 2.03E-05mSv/y, their average values were 8.49E-04mSv/y, 1.75E-04mSv/y, and 1.64E-05mSv/y, respectively. The total effective dose values calculated within the scope of the current study were below the limit value announced by WHO.

Evaluation of radiological health risk due to ingestion and inhalation of radon in commercial packaged fruit juices consumed in Turkey

ABSTRACT Fruit juices (FJs) are among the most popular beverages frequently preferred by consumers, believing FJs contain the nutritional values, minerals, phytochemicals, vitamins, and antioxidants necessary for a healthy life. However, FJs may contain natural radionuclides such as radon (222Rn), which originates from the fruit and water utilized in their production, at levels that may pose a health risk to people. Inhalation and ingestion of 222Rn gas increases the risk of lung and stomach cancer. In this study, commercially packaged FJs from the seventeen most popular brands consumed in Turkey were analyzed for physicochemical properties and 222Rn activity concentrations to evaluate the radiological health risk. The values of pH, brix and 222Rn activity concentrations in FJ samples varied from 2.68 to 4.28, 2.50 to 14.30%, 9.6 ± 1.1 to 25.2 ± 2.5 mBq/L, respectively. The radiological health risk caused by internal exposure was evaluated for children and adults by estimating the ingestion and inhalation annual effective dose. The average values of the total annual effective dose for children and adults were found as 0.039 µSv and 0.056 µSv, respectively, which are much lower than the recommended dose of 100 µSv for drinking water.

Estimation of radioactivity in soil and drinking water samples from Northern Gulbarga District of Karnataka.

The gamma activity of the radionuclides238U, 232Th and 40K were measured in surface soil samples collected from 40 villages of Aland, Afzalpur, Ganaghapur and Kamalapur talukas of Northern Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The gamma activity of natural radionuclides were measured using 4" × 4" NaI (Tl) scintillation detector, the spectrum was analysed using a PC based 1k MCA (winTMCA 32 scinti SPEC) and the 222Rn activity concentrations in drinking water were determined by the Emanometry method. The activity of 238U, 232Th and 40K was found to be in the range from 14.3±0.3 to 64.5±6.1, 15.4±0.2 to 95.0±4.1 and 21±06 to 323±09 Bqkg-1, respectively. Outdoor AED from 0.023 to 0.07 mSvy-1 and all the radiological hazards indices were well within the safe limit. The 222Rn activity in ground water is found to vary from 1.11 to 66.6 Bql-1. The total annual effective doses due to 222Rn inhalation and ingestion range from 3.02 to 181.81μSvy-1, respectively, with an average value of 77.18μSvy-1.

Analysis of radon concentrations in drinking water in coastal regions of Karnataka, South India.

The measurements of radon activity in water samples from several parts of Karnataka were studied. Drinking water quality is a routine tool in health and environmental research. Radon exposure puts the entire public at risk for radiological damage through inhalation and ingestion. Radon concentrations were measured using the emanometry technique. Estimated 222Rn activity concentration in water has been found to vary from 2.05 to 28.02Bql-1 with an average value of 7.38Bql-1. For all samples under study, the total average annual effective doses are much less than the safe limit of 100μSv y-1.

Radiological risk estimation from the terrestrial gamma dose rate in the seismically active Kopili Fault Zone, India

ABSTRACT Anomalies in terrestrial gamma radiation have been reported in regions of seismic activity. The Kopili Fault in India is well-known for being extremely seismically active. Several mild to moderate-magnitude earthquakes with epicentres along the Kopili Fault Zone have recently been recorded. This necessitates a measurement of variations in gamma radiation and its associated radiological risks to the population in the region in relation to seismic activities. In this work, a portable gamma survey metre was used to measure terrestrial gamma radiations in the earthquake-prone Dhekiajuli area of Sonitpur district, India, which is located in the Kopili Fault Zone. Indoor and outdoor gamma dose rates were found to be 99.4 ± 5.1–195.9 ± 5.1 nGy h−1 (geometric mean: 159.0 ± 8.8 nGy h−1) and 99.4 ± 5.1–198.8 ± 5.1 nGy h−1 (geometric mean: 132 ± 6.5 nGy h−1), respectively. The estimated total annual effective dose equivalents (geometric mean: 0.94 ± 0.05 mSv y−1) were found to be higher than the recommended global average of 0.48 mSv y−1. The excess lifetime cancer risk was also estimated by considering the life span of an individual as 70 years, which ranged from 2.4 × 10−3 to 4.8 × 10−3.

Evaluation of total effective dose and excess lifetime cancer risk associated with tin mining activities in Nigeria using generic and resrad simulation methods

Soil excavation in search of mineral ores serves as one of means of livelihood to many families in Nigeria. Even though the process was found to be associated with many concerns pertaining to radiological health, which many of the mining workers and dwellers around the sites are unaware of. In an effort to bridges this gap and provide a handful of information, the activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th from typically well-known tin mining areas in Nigeria were evaluated using the higher purity germanium detector. The state-of-the-art software RESRAD-ONSITE and generic approaches were employed to evaluate the dose and cancer risk attributable to radiation exposure due to the measured radionuclides in soil. Depending on the thickness of contamination, the results obtained show dose and cancer risk value greater than the acceptable limit of 1 mSv/yr for members of the public as set by the Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, and the International Committee on Radiological Protection's cancer risk threshold of 4.3 × 10−3. Therefore, sustainable mining practices should be implemented across the tin mining areas in Nigeria to avert the perceived radiation related effects.

Assessment of 222Radon Concentration and Annual Effective Dose in Drinking Water in Bardarash, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

The study aims to determine the concentration of radon to assess the radioactive risk in groundwater in Bardarash, Kurdistan region, Iraq, which relies on groundwater as its primary source of water. Fifty samples were collected from wells for water use and were evaluated with RAD7-active Durridge Electronic Detector. Radon concentrations ranged from 0.93±0.43 Bq/l to 11.39±1.86 Bq/l, with a mean of 7.22 Bq/l and a standard deviation of 2.5. The results were used to estimate the annual effective doses of three categories. The annual effective doses of ingestion of groundwater ranged from 14.26 to 174.61 μSv/y with an average value of 110.73 μSv/y, 19.02 to 232.81 μSv/y with an average value of 147.67 μSv/y, and 4.41 to 54.05 μSv/y with an average value of 34.27 μSv/y, for infants, children, and adults, respectively. Furthermore, the annual effective dosage obtained in inhalation ranged from 2.34 to 28.70 μSv/y, with an average of 18.20 μSv/y. The total annual effective dose ranged from 16.60 to 203.31 μSv/y with an average value of 128.93 μSv/y, 21.35 to 261.51 μSv/y with an average value of 165.84 μSv/y, and 6.76 to 82.75 μSv/y with an average value of 52.48 μSv/y for infants, children, and adults, respectively. The majority of the samples had radon concentrations and effective dosages that were less than the maximum permissible limit of 11.1 Bq/l. This indicates that the majority of the samples are drinkable and safe to consume.

Effects of Natural Radioactivity of Some Chemical and Organic Fertilizers on Gonads in Iraqi Kufa Markets

This study assessed the hazard indicators of common chemical and organic fertilizers widely available in the markets of Najaf Governorate, Iraq. The concentrations of natural radionuclides were measured in thirteen types of fertilizers by Gamma spectrum using NaI(Tl) (3*3) detector. The average radioactivity of the nuclides 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K was (48.91, 37.04, and 702.4675) Bq.kg-1, respectively, for (Di-Aluminum Phosphate) the chemical fertilizers of the type (DAP) and the (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) chemical fertilizers of the type (NPK) the average radioactivity of the nuclides 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were (35.78, 42.356 and 1519.653) Bq.kg-1, respectively, while the average radioactivity of the organic fertilizers (Orga.) were 55.153, 23.148 and 1451.258 for the three studied nuclei. As for the average values for radium equivalent were 155.967, 213.363, and 200.0023 (Bq.kg-1) for (DAP), (NPK) and organic fertilizers, respectively. The values of the external severity index (Hex), gamma radiation hazard index (Iγ), and representative alpha index (Iα) were within the permissible limits determined by the UNCEAR 2000. The highest value of total annual effective dose equivalent(TAED) was 1.468 mSv.y-1, the lowest value was 0.302 mSv.y-1, and the mean values were 0.722 mSv.y-1. In contrast, the highest value for annual gonadal dose equivalent(AGED) was 1392.527 μSv.y-1, the lowest value was 275.361 μSv.y-1, and the average values for all models were 672.135 μSv.y-1. The Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR), the highest value was 4.039 × 10-3, the lowest value was 0.833× 10-3, and the average value was 1.988× 10-3 for all fertilizers. The Pearson correlation between radioactive variables and cluster analysis was recognized for the three types of fertilizer samples despite it not being widely accepted. The study can be considered preliminary data for subsequent studies.

Радиационно-гигиеническая оценка воздействия негативных природных факторов, а также последствий деятельности ОАО «Гидрометаллургический завод» на население города Лермонтов

The article presents the results of a radiation-hygienic assessment of the contribution to the total effective radiation dose to the population of the radon-hazardous territory (town of Lermontov, Stavropol Region) of the aerosol-unattached fraction of the radon and thoron decay progeny after inhalation of them. Research on this topic was carried out in the Russian Federation for the first time. The article also assesses the possible contribution of the source of anthropogenic radioactive contamination of the surrounding area – the tailings storage facility of JSC «Hydrometallurgical Plant»

222Rn in selected waters sources from Quang Nam - Da Nang region - Central part of Vietnam

This paper presents the radon concentrations of forty-eight samples collected from lakes, streams and rivers as surface water, from dug well as ground water and from boreholes and thermal waters as underground waters in the Da Nang – Quang Nam, central part of Vietnam. The measured radon concentrations varied from 0.265 (in lake water) to 107 Bq L−1 (in underground water) with the following trend from the lowest to the highest: 222Rn in lakes<222Rn in rivers<222Rn in stream<222Rn in dug wells<222Rn in thermal waters<222Rn in drilled wells. Overall, the average 222Rn concentration in groundwater is twelve times higher than that in the surface water.Assuming that each person drinks 2.10−3 m3 d−1 and uses six cubic meters for washing purposes per month, the estimated total annual effective dose due to ingestion and inhalation of radon from the studied water samples ranges from 1.3 to 541 μSv y−1 for adults; from 1.2 to 479 μSv y−1 for children; and from 2.1 to 838 μSv y−1 for infants.

Evaluation of the Radon Levels in the Groundwater Wells of Qatar: Radiological Risk Assessment

The objective of this work is to give a holistic overview of the groundwater quality in Qatar in terms of its radon levels and provide a radiological risk assessment of elevated radon levels on human health. This study covered the analysis of groundwater collected from various locations throughout Qatar and maps using ArcGIS followed by a radiological risk assessment of radon in Qatar. There is no extensive study reported to investigate radon activity levels in groundwater across Qatar and their health effects. The radon level measurements of the Qatari groundwater ranged between 2.7 ± 0.2 and 60.7 ± 13.4 Bq/L with a mean value of 20.6 Bq/L, which is greater than the US EPA’s maximum contamination level (11 Bq/L). About 65% of the studied samples exceeded the US EPA’s MCL guidelines. The mean total annual effective dose due to radon inhalation and ingestion was 0.056 mSv/y, which is below the WHO reference level of 0.1 mSv/y. The radon radiological risk study through inhalation and ingestion clearly revealed that the contribution of the inhalation dose was higher than the ingestion dose.

Consequence assessment of hypothetical urban radiological dispersal device incident in Korea

Radiological Dispersal Devices (RDDs) are designed to disperse radioactive material over a wide area, leading to significant consequences to the environment and public health. This paper discusses the radiological effects of a potential RDD detonation containing 137Cs and 241Am in the commercial area of Busan, South Korea. The assessment, conducted with HotSpot Health Physics and RESRAD-RDD codes, found that summer had the most significant impact, with a maximum total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) of 280 mSv at 100 m and this decreased to 1 mSv at 4.5 km from the detonation point within the time interval of 35 min.

Spatial distribution of radon concentration and risk evaluation through consumption of groundwater in the District of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir

Radon (222Rn) is naturally readily water-soluble, posing a cancer risk to the exposed community. Human exposure in the community may occur via 222Rn intake in drinking water. Groundwater is used for drinking and other domestic purposes in the region. Higher concentrations of 222Rn in groundwater have been reported near Kotli district, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir. This investigation aimed to measure 222Rn concentrations in groundwater and evaluate the associated risk assessment for children and adults in the Kotli district. 222Rn concentrations were measured in randomly collected groundwater samples of Kotli (n = 25) and Sehnsa (n = 15) towns in the Kotli district using the portable Radon Detector (RAD7, Durridge Company, United States of America). Among the studied areas, the Sehnsa showed a higher average 222Rn concentration (7.6 ± 0.2 Bq/L) in groundwater compared to Kotli (6.0 ± 1.9 Bq/L). The average concentrations of 222Rn were found within the recommended limit (11.1 Bq/L) of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), except for 10% of sampling sites. 222Rn concentrations were used for the calculation of total effective dose for ingestion and inhalation pathways (EwTotal) values for infants (24.5 ± 7.5 and 30.7 ± 0.9 μSv/a), children (18.1 ± 5.5 and 23.5 ± 0.7 μSv/a), and adults (18.1 ± 5.5 and 22.7 ± 0.3 μSv/a) in the Kotli and Sehnsa, respectively. This study noted that EwTotal and estimated lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) values were found within the World Health Organization (WHO) and European Commission (EU) acceptable limits (<100 μ Sv/a and 0.1 × 10−3).

Age-dependent Radiological Risk Assessment of Radon (222Rn) in Samples of Commercial Bottled Water from Benin City, Nigeria

Radon inhalation as well as ingestion through the use of water has a high potential of causing serious harm to sensitive cells and organs of the body when absorbed into the bloodstream. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the radiological health damage caused by radon in drinking bottled water available in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Radon concentration was measured using a RAD7 electronic radon detector. The mean activity concentration radon is 137.18 ± 0.25 mBq/L. This mean value is slightly higher than 0.1 Bq/L recommended by the Standard Organisation of Nigeria but lower than the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 11.1 Bq/L set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and 100 Bq/L set by the World Health Organisation (WHO) for consumption of radon in drinking water. The mean total annual effective dose is 1.07±1.91 (\(\mu\)Sv/y) for infants, 0.61±1.09 (\(\mu\)Sv/y) for children, and 0.70±1.24 (\(\mu\)Sv/y) for adults. The computed annual effective dose to the public by inhalation and ingestion radon through the use of bottled water in the study areas are lower than the 0.1 mSv/y limit recommended by WHO. The estimated average for the age group excess lifetime cancer risk are 3.21 ± 5.71, 1.836 ± 3.26, 2.086 ± 3.71 (x 10-6) for infants, children and adults respectively. These values are below the world average permissible levels. Hence, consumption of the water examined poses no serious health risk to consumers.