Total Economic Value Research Articles

Cost Benefit Analysis to select clean energy solutions in dairy farm milk collection posts in Azores.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the possibility of implementation of alternative renewable energy micro-generation installations in dairy farm milk collection posts, from the technical, economical and environmental perspectives. This work was performed through a dairy farm milk collection post energy audit, to perform energy profile characterization and demand requirements. Following that, a study of the weather conditions was done and the obtained data (through CLIMAAT and MacSIMAR projects) [11] was introduced in a renewable energy solutions calculator (HOMER). Moreover, a system design from the available portfolio of micro-generation devices was defined and a cost benefit analysis of the selected alternatives was done. In the end a comparison of the current implemented solution with alternative designs was performed. Results show that from the analyzed solutions for this case, the set of PV (20Kw) and Wind (3KW) with no batteries is the best one, since it presents the least cost of energy, the smallest initial capital and the highest Net Present Cost. The sensitivity analysis derive that wind micro-turbines should be installed except if the solar radiation is on its maximum value and that in no case the use of batteries is an advantage for the system operation. For systems requiring a certain degree of energy (in this case with an average of 350 kW/day), the implementation of micro generation systems, like the ones evaluated, will never be economically viable in terms of Total Economic Value, even with generous feed-in tariff schemes. It is preferable that the grid operator makes investments in renewable energy production. To improve the system energy performance, the options should be focused on energy efficiency measures.

Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Its Association with Socioeconomic Factors in the Wof-Washa Natural State Forest, North Shewa Zone, Ethiopia.

The Wof-Washa Natural State Forest (WWNSF) in Ethiopia harbors remarkable biodiversity but faces threats from local communities, climate change, and a lack of awareness regarding its preservation. Although numerous studies exist, the economic value of the forest's ecosystem services (FESs) has been largely overlooked. Thus, the purposes of this study were to identify FESs, estimate their total economic value, and assess challenges with possible strategies for sustainable forest management. The research employed Google Earth to estimate forest area and socioeconomic surveys with field visits to gather data from 368 participants for analyzing the FESs, monetary values, and challenges with possible strategies. Analyses included descriptive statistics, total economic valuation (TEV), and an ordinary least squares regression model. The study revealed that the WWNSF provides crucial provisioning services (timber, honey, water, and firewood), regulating services (soil erosion control and climate change mitigation), and supporting services (soil formation and nutrient cycling). The forest's annual contribution to sampled households averaged $1152.30, with regulating and cultural services valued at $14,112 and $622.00, respectively. The study also revealed that male-headed households, larger families, and those having limited farmland and off-farm income depended more heavily on the forest. Therefore, farmland scarcity, settlements, and tree harvesting for firewood, timber, and agricultural tools, as well as the lack of employment opportunities, were the main challenges encountered in the study area. This suggests that despite degradation and reduction in size due to human pressures, the WWNSF remains a significant source of socioeconomic and ecological benefits, supporting local livelihoods and biodiversity. To ensure the forest's restoration, prioritizing community participation, promoting family planning, providing alternative income opportunities especially for youth, and balancing resource use with conservation efforts are possible strategies that should be taken into account.

Economic Valuation of Mangrove Forest Ecosystem in Zamboanga City, Philippines

Mangrove forests are considered one of the most productive and biologically diverse ecosystems in the world. The purpose of conducting this economic valuation study of the mangrove forest ecosystem is to ensure the effective use of mangrove resources by raising the public and decision-maker's awareness of the potential use and benefits of mangroves to the community and the environment. This study assessed the total economic value of the mangrove forest ecosystem in Zamboanga City, Philippines by taking into account the direct use values of mangroves (for example; shrimp value, crab value, and mollusks value), indirect use values of mangroves (for example, the fish value obtained from the nursery and breeding grounds potential of mangroves, coastal protection value of mangroves which include sediment trap for erosion prevention and mangrove protection from strong waves and flooding, and sequestering carbon in the atmosphere), and the people’s willingness-to-pay and willingness-to-work for the option value of the mangrove forest (for example; future potential direct use and indirect use of mangroves). A research survey was conducted to the mangrove beneficiaries (for example, fisherman, crab and shrimp seeker, shellfish/mollusks picker) of Barangay Mampang, and Barangay Talon-Talon, Zamboanga City. Data was collected in April 2022. The market price method was used to calculate the direct use value of mangroves. Replacement cost and Benefit transfer methods were used to assess the indirect use value of mangroves. While the Contingent valuation method was used to determine the option value of mangroves by assessing the willingness-to-pay and willingness-to-work of the respondents for the mangrove conservation and protection program. The total economic value of mangroves in Barangay Mampang and Barangay Talon-Talon, Zamboanga City amounts to 1,559,918.88 United States Dollars/year. The direct use value of mangroves reached 661,703.47 United States Dollars/year from the operational costs and market prices of the various fishery resources provided by the mangrove forest. While the Indirect use value of mangroves reached 881,524.30 United States Dollars/year obtained from the potential of mangroves to provide nursery, feeding, and breeding grounds for fish, protect the coast from flooding and storm surges, and sequester carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The average willingness-to-pay of the respondents for the mangrove conservation and protection program is 8.16 United States Dollars/household/year. Their mean willingness-to-work is 6 labor days/month, equivalent to 184.86 United States Dollars/year in monetary terms at the local wage rate. The total option value of mangroves obtained by adding the amount willing-to-pay and amount willing-to-work of the respondents reached 22,296.11 United States Dollars/year. Mangrove Forest benefits the coastal communities by providing nursery, feeding, and breeding grounds for fishery resources, protecting coastal communities from strong waves, and flooding, and sequestering carbon in the atmosphere. To sustainably maintain the provision of goods and services provided by the mangroves, participation in cash or in kind of the beneficiaries are essential as part of the mangrove conservation initiatives in Zamboanga City. The researchers of the study recommend the policymakers, and the local government unit of Zamboanga to use this economic valuation study as a reference in implementing mangrove conservation programs and developing policies concerning the effective use and management of mangrove resources.

ESTIMATING THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF FAMILY CAREGIVING AT A NATIONAL AND STATE LEVEL

Abstract The 2023 update to the Valuing the Invaluable series estimates the economic value of unpaid, family caregiving in America at $600 billion in 2021. This is the latest estimate in almost 20 years of work tracking the economic value of family caregiving in the U.S. The Valuing the Invaluable series of reports uses a meta-analysis approach drawing on various surveys of family caregivers to produce estimates at the state and national levels of the numbers of caregivers, the hours of care they provided, the average economic value of that care per hour, and the total economic value of all caregiving provided in that year. This presentation will detail the methodology for this meta-analysis, the 2021 national estimate of the economic value of caregiving, and variation in state-level estimates of the economic value of caregiving. While this estimated economic value of caregiving seeks to be comprehensive, it does not account for opportunity costs tied to forgoing work or scaling back work because of caregiving, out-of-pocket costs of caregivers, or foregone retirement savings of caregivers. These limitations will be discussed and the direction they offer for future work understanding the full value of unpaid caregiving contributions to the LTSS system and the state and federal budgets.

Quantifying circularity factor of waste: Assessing the circular economy potential of industrial zones

This study offers essential metrics for informed decision-making in the context of transforming traditional industrial estates into circular economies. The study conducts a systematic analysis of an existing industrial zone, demonstrating its potential transition towards a circular approach while assessing its economic viability and avenues for enhancement. The paper unfolds as follows: It initially presents a comprehensive methodology for quantifying the economic value added through recycling within the industrial zone. Subsequently, it introduces a method to compute the economic value associated with the remaining waste generated within the industrial zone. The paper then proposes a novel approach for determining the circularity factor of an industrial zone, effectively quantifying the degree of circularity achieved within the zone. Finally, it integrates circular economic principles and outlines a framework to assess the circularity value across the entire manufacturing process, reducing waste and reintegrating it into the material supply chain. The study provides a robust methodology for calculating circular value addition within an industrial zone. Furthermore, these metrics are applied to Biyagama Export Processing Zone (BEPZ), in Sri Lanka as part of the study's empirical analysis. The circularity factor of the zone was 0.4, and it clearly identifies that the total economic value addition of the zone can be maximized through the practice of a circular economy.

Nilai Ekonomi Objek Taman Wisata Sungai Mudal Menggunakan Metode Individual Travel Cost Method

The Sungai Mudal Tourism Park is situated in Banyunganti Hamlet, Jatimulyo Village, Girimulyo District, Kulon Progo Regency. This destination showcases ecotourism, emphasizing the natural beauty of the Menoreh mountains and water-based activities as its primary attractions. This study aims to analyze tourist characteristics and determine the potential economic value of Mudal River's natural allure. The potential economic value is calculated via consumer surplus using the Individual Travel Cost Method (ITCM). Tourist characteristics, including age, gender, occupation, income, and distance, are analyzed based on primary data gathered through interviews, observations, and questionnaires, supplemented by secondary data from literature. The findings reveal that Mudal River Tourism Park mostly attracts male visitors (50,9%), drawn to its adventurous offerings. The majority are students aged 15-25 with income levels mostly below Rp1.000.000. Most visitors reside within a distance of 0-50 km, primarily originating from Yogyakarta City. The calculated economic potential value of Sungai Mudal Tourism Park reaches IDR Rp 23.257.628.649,27 per year, averaging IDR 346.634,25 per individual annually in consumer surplus. However, the actual economic value recorded in 2022 stands at IDR 7.052.230.000 which represents 30% of the total potential economic value. This indicates that tourists visiting Sungai Mudal Tourism Park obtain environmental service benefits surpassing the incurred costs. Yet, this potential economic value is non-monetary. Effective management strategies for Sungai Mudal Tourism Park are necessary to enhance the actual economic value of tourism.

How valuable are the ecosystem services of local animal breeds? The case of Kalaritiko sheep in Greece

The loss of local sheep breeds (LSB) and Animal Genetic Resources in general threatens the nutrition and livelihood security of the present and future generations. Market forces and new production patterns are the main factors that have led to the underestimation of the Total Economic Value (TEV) (i.e. the aggregated use and non-use values) of LSB and, consequently, to their substitution by high-yielding imported ones. The objective of this study is to estimate the TEV of the Kalaritiko sheep (KaS) using the Ecosystem Services (ES) framework. For this purpose, a choice experiment was implemented analyzing the societal preferences of Attica Region dwellers regarding the most important ES stemming from the traditional, pasture-based production system (PPs) of KaS. Our results show that important use and non-use values are relevant to KaS PPs. The findings of this study call for the establishment of an incentive mechanism, where reformed agri-environmental policies can work synergistically with new marketing strategies, contributing to the valorization and protection of KaS and so its traditional PPs.

ANALISIS EVALUASI EKONOMI SUMBER DAYA ALAM DAN LINGKUNGAN DI KABUPATEN KONAWE SELATAN

The condition of natural resources of forests and agricultural land, especially in South Konawe Regency, is currently quite a concern. South Konawe Regency has a forest area with a total area of 475,953 hectares, consisting of natural reserve forests, protected forests, production forests, limited production forests, other use areas, water bodies, community plantation forests, urban forests, mangrove forests and conservation forests. Among the total current forest area, there are 31,874 hectares of critical land and 6,606 hectares of very critical land. The aim of the research is to inventory the potential and management problems as well as the economic value of natural forest and agricultural land resources in South Konawe Regency. The research approach uses 5 (five) approach models, namely the political approach, the technocratic approach, the integrated top-down policy bottom-up planning approach, the participatory approach, and the regional finance approach. The type of research used in this research is qualitative research with a case study method. Research data needs were collected using questionnaires and field surveys. The data analysis methods used include Natural Resource Potential Analysis, Identification of natural resources in forests and agricultural land, as well as total economic analysis or total economic value (TEV) obtained from the sum of values based on use and values based on indirect use. The research results show that the potential forest resources of South Konawe Regency with samples from Wolasi, Laeya, and Tinanggea subdistricts are divided into 4 forest area function classes, namely protected forests, permanent production forests, limited production forests, and national parks. Protected forests covering an area of 11,273.58 ha, limited production forests covering an area of 2,860.99 ha, permanent production forests covering an area of 14,931.17 ha, and national parks covering an area of 9,246.96 ha. Meanwhile, the agricultural potential of South Konawe Regency from the research sample consists of mixed dry land farming covering an area of 14,787.73 ha, dry land farming covering an area of 1,684.39 ha, rice fields covering an area of 17,014.23 ha, and plantations covering an area of 553.44 ha. The economic value of South Konawe district's forest resources is IDR 64,152,630,168.15 per year, while the economic value of agricultural land resources is IDR 9,342,541,716/year.

Economic Valuation of Mangrove Forest Ecosystem in Waidoba Island, South Kayoa District, South Halmahera Regency

Mangrove Forest ecosystems have distinctive characteristics and forms and have functions and benefits as development resources both as economic resources and ecological resources that have long been felt by the Indonesian people, especially for the people who live around that area. This research aims to identify the types of utilization of mangrove forest ecosystems and to analyze the total economic value of mangrove forest ecosystems in the area of Waidoba Island, South Kayoa District, South Halmahera Regency. The sampling method in this study used a purposive sampling method. Based on the results identification of the benefits and functions of the mangrove forest ecosystem in Waidoba Island area, Kayoa Selatan District, that there were (4) four types of mangrove forest ecosystem benefits, namely (1) direct benefits (2) indirect benefits, (3) optional benefits and (4) benefits of existence. While the results of costs and benefits of the total economic value of mangrove forest ecosystem in Waidoba Island area of South Kayoa District were obtained Rp. Rp.170.520.720.104/year or Rp.418.014.659,-/ha/year. This total economic value was the benefit value of mangrove forest ecosystem that utilized by the community covering an area of 407.93 Ha.

Insect pollinators can unlock an annual monetary value of more than US $100 million from crop production in Rwanda

Insect pollinators provide a natural ecosystem service to more than 80% of known flowering plants, many of which are part of our diet. However, their importance in Africa and an agriculture-dependent country like Rwanda has yet to receive attention. This encumbers policy formulation and investments in insect pollinators as a strategic agronomic input. Meanwhile, Rwanda cultivates crops that can benefit significantly from insect pollinators for superior agronomic outputs. To uncover this, we characterized the dependence of the crop production subsector on insect pollinators. Using the bioeconomic approach, we assessed the total economic value and the value due to insect pollinators of crops cultivated in Rwanda. We also evaluated the crop's production value per ton and whether production would meet consumption demands in the complete absence of insect pollinators. Using 71 representative crops currently grown in Rwanda, we found a direct dependency of 62% on insect pollinators. Of 32 representative crops used for economic valuation in two years (2014 and 2020), their total monetary value is estimated at $2.551 billion to $2.788 billion. Direct insect pollinator-dependent crops accounted for 20% (2014) to 18% (2020) of this value, with the share attributed to insect pollinators above $100 million. The sector's vulnerability to insect pollinators decreased from 7.3% in 2014 to 4.3% in 2020. The mean production value per ton of the direct insect pollinator-dependent crops was found to be higher in 2014 before declining in 2020. Using 21 representative crops from 2014 to 2020, we found that many direct insect pollinator-dependent crops will struggle to meet consumption demands in the complete absence of all suitable insect pollinators. Finally, we propose interventions and future research that could be undertaken. These insights are a critical first step to propel the government to act on insect pollination to support its food security agenda.

Mass development of aquatic plants: Effects of contrasting management scenarios on a suite of ecosystem services

Abstract Dense beds of aquatic plants are often perceived as nuisance and therefore mechanically removed, often at substantial cost. Such removal, however, may affect a range of ecosystem functions and consequently also the ecosystem services that benefit society. We studied five cases: River Otra (Norway), River Spree (Germany), Lake Kemnade (Germany), Lake Grand‐Lieu (France) and Hartbeespoort Dam (South Africa). In all, nuisance aquatic plant growth is managed, but dominant species, geographic setting and major societal uses are different. We quantified 12 final ecosystem services as flows per area and year in biophysical and monetary terms. Quantified services were food and fodder production, commercial fisheries, hunting and gathering wild products, hydropower production, drinking and irrigation water production, flood prevention, carbon sequestration, active and passive recreation and biodiversity conservation (nonuse). These services were related to aquatic plant cover via a range of ecosystem functions, and the effects were estimated of three plant removal regimes on the relative importance of the quantified ecosystem services and on the total sum of the monetary estimates (total economic value, TEV). The three removal regimes were ‘maximum removal’, ‘current practice’ and ‘do nothing’. In all five cases, TEV was dominated by different forms of recreation. TEV was highest for Lake Kemnade, where visitor densities were highest. TEV was most sensitive to the different management regimes in Lake Kemnade, because a threshold in aesthetic appreciation was passed in the ‘do‐nothing’ regime, and in Hartbeespoort Dam, because of the effect on boating and angling. In the other cases, the different removal regimes had little effect on the estimated TEV. Synthesis and applications. Since recreation dominated the estimated societal benefits in the studied ecosystems, also where provision of hydropower, drinking water or irrigation water were relevant, effects on recreation should be a core consideration in the management of nuisance aquatic plants. Furthermore, aquatic plant management strategies will benefit from taking into account the differences in perceived nuisance among different categories of recreative users before engaging in costly removal.

Evaluating the impact of novel oncology drug coverage through patient assistance programs in British Columbia (BC), Canada.

13 Background: Despite a universal public healthcare system, Canadian oncology patients often enroll in patient assistance programs (PAPs) through drug manufacturers to access oncology drugs that are awaiting funding decisions by national and provincial regulatory bodies. Our multicenter study evaluated the pharmacoeconomic and clinical impact of PAPs for cancer patients in BC. Methods: Eligible patients were diagnosed with cancer and enrolled in a PAP for an oncology drug between January 1, 2016 - December 31, 2019 in 3 BC centres. Charts were reviewed for treatment details and survival data. We referenced median overall survival (mOS) or median progression-free survival (mPFS) data from phase III trials. mPFS data was used if mOS was unavailable or not statistically significant. For each drug indication, the hazard ratio from trial data was multiplied by the mOS or mPFS of our cohort to estimate the mOS or mPFS if the drug was not received. Life-years gained (LYG) was defined as the difference between the actual mOS or mPFS in our cohort and the estimated mOS or mPFS if the drug was not received. Mean OS was used if median OS was not reached by the cut-off date January 1, 2021. Quality-adjusted life years (QALY) and cost per drug were obtained from the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH). QALY gained per drug was calculated as QALY multiplied by LYG. Assuming $100,000 Canadian dollars (CAD) for 1 QALY gained (based on prior studies), the economic value of QALY gained was calculated as $100,000 CAD multiplied by QALY gained per drug. Results: Our cohort consisted of 1025 patients that accessed 40 oncology drugs via PAP. By the cut-off date, 290 patients continued on treatment while 735 had stopped, most often due to disease progression (69%) or toxicity (14%). 74 patients then accessed another drug in their second exposure to PAP, and 5 patients accessed drugs in their third exposure to PAP. Median time from Health Canada approval to public funding was 2.04 years (IQR 1.53 – 2.34). QALY gained per drug ranged from 0.007-2.997 years for OS and 0.001-1.339 years for PFS. This translated to a total of 268.3 QALY gained in OS and 117.6 QALY gained in PFS. In the first exposure group, total economic value gained from PAP was $26,788,512 for those with OS benefits, $11,763,571 for those with PFS benefits, and total drug costs were $94,150,774. In the second exposure group, total economic value gained was $566,253 for those with OS benefits, $947,134 for those with PFS benefits, and total costs were $4,917,017. In the third exposure group, $44,754 total economic value was gained and total costs were $931,207. Conclusions: Nearly $100 million CAD of non-public funding was required to bridge gaps between regulatory approval and public funding. The economic value and QALY gained from PAPs are substantial. Future studies should focus on strategies to optimize the funding process for novel cancer therapies.

Assessing the economic and environmental effects of plastic bag management in Thailand: Bangkok and Phuket provinces

Poorly managed plastic waste ends largely in the environment. For example, visible plastic waste causes pollution in the ocean, and Thailand is ranked sixth in the world for plastic waste generation in the ocean. This study was conducted to monitor and assess plastic waste management following the launch of the ‘Thailand Roadmap on Plastic Waste Management (2018–2030)’. The CIPPI model and an impact assessment were used for this purpose. Seventy-three individuals from Thailand's central and local governments were selected to study the plastic bag roadmap. Further, 2378 Thai people and foreign tourists were surveyed about their plastic bag-using behaviours, and thirteen stakeholders were selected for interviews. This study found that the input and output factors were moderate, equalling (x‾ = 2.67, SD = 1.24) and (x‾ = 3.07, SD = 1.20), respectively. Similarly, the process factors were low (x‾ = 2.17, SD 1.29). With respect to outcomes and effects, plastic bag use exhibited a decreasing trend, from 39,983 to 49,816 million bags (−67.03%–83.52%) with a total economic value of 5340–10,408 million baht/year. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions also decreased, at 63,173–78,809-million-kilogram CO2 eq/year. In conclusion, plastic waste management requires cooperation on the part of all sectors. However, it is important for the government to take responsibility for monitoring, assessing, and improving plans to promote consumption and production sustainability following Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production.

Potential Impacts of Mining to Resources along Carac-an Watershed, Eastern Mindanao, Philippines: Total Economic Value Estimate Runnint Title: Total Economic Value of Mining Impacts

Mining extracts minerals are important in the technological advancements of humanity. This leads to a progressive society, address relevant medical issues, food-security problems, and even creates various jobs. However, the externalities of mining activities like land-use changes are inevitable that could affect the resources and various users. Hence, this study was conducted to obtain an estimate of the total economic value of resources that are adversely impacted by mining activities, particularly the basic goods and services used by the people. Estimating the total economic value, includes computing the use and non-use values and the existence and bequest values. The study sites covered were within the Carac-an Watershed along the Municipalities of Cantilan, Madrid, and Carrascal. Primary and secondary data were obtained and used as basis in estimating the total economic value. Results showed that the total economic value of use and non-use goods and services along the Carac-an Watershed had amounted to PhP 4,569,224,709.00 per year. This can be considered as an environmental asset that would be lost as a consequence of mining operations. However, this economic value is too huge to be compromised by the externalities (e.g. pollution, deforestation, land use change and siltation) out of mining activities thereby putting the community and the environment at risk. While this finding was only based on estimated values, it is still imperative to revisit the implementation of mining operation. Further, relevant comprehensive study is recommended to fully capture the values of other resources not considered in this study.

Enhancing multifunctionality in European boreal forests: The potential role of Triad landscape functional zoning

Land-use policies aim at enhancing the sustainable use of natural resources. The Triad approach has been suggested to balance the social, ecological, and economic demands of forested landscapes. The core idea is to enhance multifunctionality at the landscape level by allocating landscape zones with specific management priorities, i.e., production (intensive management), multiple use (extensive management), and conservation (forest reserves). We tested the efficiency of the Triad approach and identified the respective proportion of above-mentioned zones needed to enhance multifunctionality in Finnish forest landscapes. Through a simulation and optimization framework, we explored a range of scenarios of the three zones and evaluated how changing their relative proportion (each ranging from 0 to 100%) impacted landscape multifunctionality, measured by various biodiversity and ecosystem service indicators. The results show that maximizing multifunctionality required around 20% forest area managed intensively, 50% extensively, and 30% allocated to forest reserves. In our case studies, such landscape zoning represented a good compromise between the studied multifunctionality components and maintained 61% of the maximum achievable net present value (i.e., total timber economic value). Allocating specific proportion of the landscape to a management zone had distinctive effects on the optimized economic or multifunctionality values. Net present value was only moderately impacted by shifting from intensive to extensive management, while multifunctionality benefited from less intensive and more diverse management regimes. This is the first study to apply Triad in a European boreal forest landscape, highlighting the usefulness of this approach. Our results show the potential of the Triad approach in promoting forest multifunctionality, as well as a strong trade-off between net present value and multifunctionality. We conclude that simply applying the Triad approach does not implicitly contribute to an overall increase in forest multifunctionality, as careful forest management planning still requires clear landscape objectives.

Nilai Ekonomi Ekosistem Laguna di Negeri Ihamahu, Pulau Saparua, Kabupaten Maluku Tengah

The existence of ecosystems in the water lagoon of Ihamahu Country has an important role for the people of Ihamahu Village. The study was conducted on July 17, 2020 with primary and secondary data collection. The sampling method used is purposive sampling a total of 10 people. The people of Iamahu Village always catch marine life in the Laguna ecosystem and its surroundings with used several fishing gear. Then, total economic value of Laguna ecosystem at Iamahu Village amount Rp 183.189.557 with used direct as Capture Fisheries and research activities amount Rp 45.620.000. Indirectly the benefits of coral reef ecosystems in Ihamahu waters for absorbs carbon content amount Rp 98.156.407. After that, option value amount Rp 471.150 an values that represent the usefulness of coral reef ecosystems (in laguna) at the future will be good directly or indirect, existence value through Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) amount Rp 34.380.000, and Inheritance Value Rp 4.562.000,-.

Economic Valuation of Sumber Semen Nature Tourism Park in Rembang Regency

The Sumber Semen Nature Tourism Park is the only conservation area in Rembang Regency. This area is designated as a protected area by two ministries mainly because this area is the largest water catchment area in Rembang Regency, which is part of the North Kendeng Karst Mountains. However, some people dos not realize the value of the Sumber Semen area resulting low management participation level. This study aims to identify the area potential, estimate the total economic value of the Sumber Semen area, and determine the level of community dependence. The exploration results showed that there were 124 species of flora, six species of birds, one species of mammal, two species of herpetofauna, and butterflies. Water is utilized for tourism activities, agricultural irrigation, and household necessities. The minimum estimated carbon stock is 468.31 tons/ha. The estimated total economic value is IDR 12,486,219,121/year. The highest economic value is obtained from agricultural activities and the fulfillment of household clean water. The analysis results of economic benefits in the income sharing from total income are included in the very low category (18%). Meanwhile, the income to household expenditures is included in the low category (25%).

Monetary Valuation of Ecosystem Services Provided by Protective Forest Plantations in the Agroforestry System in the South of the Volga Upland

The purpose of the study is an economic assessment of the effectiveness of agroforestry based on determining the value of ecosystem services of an afforested model land object and extrapolating the data obtained to the territory of the south of the Volga upland with identical natural and economic conditions to the model. The study presents a methodology for the economic assessment of ecosystem goods and services of forested agricultural landscapes based on the modern classification of ecosystem services: CICES. It is established that the economic value of the regional ecosystem product provided by forested lands in the dry steppe is USD 1323 per 1 ha of agroforest landscape per year (price for 2021 on average for 30 years). Of these, regulatory and maintenance services account for 52% of the total economic value, security services—45%, and cultural services—3%. The projected economic value of ecosystem services that will be provided by afforested lands in the south of the Volga upland, the price for 2025, taking into account inflation, is estimated at almost USD 20 million. This value is a sufficient justification for conducting forest reclamation works in the region and providing recommendations for their necessity for small enterprises and farms.

Fisheries Enhancement after Hydrological Intervention in Chilika Lagoon and Strategies for Responsible Management

Chilika lagoon situated in the state of Orissa on the east coast of India is a hotspot of aquatic biodiversity including fish germplasms. Fishery yield from the lagoon contributes 71% to the total economic valuation of the ecosystem. The ecosystem suffered rapid degradation during the last few decades due to anthropogenic pressure and natural changes. Fish yield from mid-eighties onwards until hydrological intervention made by Chilika Development Authority during September, 2000 showed declining trend, registering lowest ever landings of 1274 t during 1995-96 and 1746 t in 1999-2000, immediately before opening of the new lagoon mouth. The opening of artificial mouth by dredging the sand spit reduced the 1ength of outer channel by 18 km. The hydrological intervention has resulted in many positive impacts such as spectacular increase in fishery yield and biodiversity, improvement in overall salinity regime, natural eradication of freshwater weeds, flushing out of silt etc. Sudden increase in fishery yield during 2000-01 immediately after opening of the new mouth registered 185.42% increase over the pre-mouth base year (1999-2000) and an all time high yield of 11,988.88 t during 2001-02, showing 586.74% increase over the base year has been recorded whose economic valuation was estimated at Rs.571.6 million. The average fishery yield for three years (2000-01 to 2002-03), economic valuation of fish catch, fishery diversity, migratory fish component, commercial fish groups, average productivity, per capita income and catch per unit effort (CPUE) during the post-mouth period registered 432.06%, 621.47%, 19.85%, 7.20%, 42.86%, 482.59%, 373.15% and 432.27% increase, respectively over the base year, 1999-2000.

Economic valuation of seagrass ecosystem in Maribojoc Bay, Bohol, Philippines

Abstract. Mascari?as HJC, Otadoy JB. 2023. Economic valuation of seagrass ecosystem in Maribojoc Bay, Bohol, Philippines. Biodiversitas 24: 4427-4435. The seagrass ecosystem is one of the most productive and precious ecosystems. In the Philippines, however, more data on the economic valuation of all seagrass ecosystem services must be collected. The study estimated the total economic value of the seagrass ecosystem, including use and non-use values. Resource user groups include municipal ?shers, gleaners, and tourism business operators. The sample size was determined based on the total number of resource users in Maribojoc Bay, Bohol, Philippines and using a confidence coefficient of 95% (P = 0.05). The total economic value of the seagrass ecosystem in Maribojoc Bay is PhP 52.8 million (US$ 1.1 million). Direct use values, or market benefits, are PhP 35.4 million (US$ 708 thousand), accounting for 67% of the total economic value. Indirect and non-use values, are PhP 17.3 million (US$ 346 thousand), accounting for 33% of the total economic value. On a per hectare basis, the economic value of the seagrass ecosystem in Maribojoc Bay is PhP 46,722 (US$ 934). The results of this valuation can be an input in decision-making to manage and conserve the seagrass ecosystem as well as maintain the economic security of Maribojoc Bay. The findings of this study are valuable for developing a comprehensive information management and decision-support system for the management and protection of the seagrass ecosystem. However, more research is required to evaluate the range of ecosystem services provided by seagrass ecosystems across the country, focusing on qualitative value attributions linked to the social-ecological dynamics of seagrass systems.