Permanent dental crown dimensions are largely unknown for living and prehistoric populations ofSouth Asia. This paper describes permanent tooth crown measurements and indicesfor the Late Chalcolithic skeletal series from Inamgaon (1700-700 B.C.) in western India. These data are compared with tooth size datafor prehistoric populations in India and both living and prehistoric populations outside the South Asian subcontinent. In summed cross-sectional area, the Inamgaon (1,218 mm2) permanent teeth are most similar to prehistoric skeletal series from Mahurjhari, India, Non Nok Tha, Thailand, and Bellan Bandi Palassa, Sri Lanka. The Inamgaon total crown area is only 3.1% smaller than the figure reportedfor early Neolithic skeletonsfrom Mehrgarh, Pakistan, indicating the relatively large size of the Inamgaon dentition. Large tooth size at Inamgaon is interpreted as a biological adaptation to coarse dietary items, basic food preparation methods, and a mixed economy that included hunting wild game and collecting wildfruit. Dental indices of significance are perhaps better interpreted as indicators of masticatory stress and differential dental reduction. Maxillary and mandibular third molars show minimal reduction in crown size, but mandibular second molar teeth are distinctly reduced in size. The Incisor Breadth Index may indicate mixed genetic ancestry of the Inamgaon people or similar dietary stresses in genetically different populations. THIS REPORT IS A DESCRIPTIVE AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS of the permanent teeth from Inamgaon, a prehistoric farming village in western Maharashtra (Figure 1). It consists of three parts: (1) documentation of dental crown dimensions and indices, (2) comparative analysis of tooth crown size, and (3) a discussion of dental indices and ethnic affiliation. This analysis of the permanent teeth from Inamgaon interprets variations in tooth size and dental indices within the context of evolutionary biology. Valuable insights regarding the biological adaptations and genetic affinities of the people of Inamgaon can be derived from the dentition when studied from an evolutionary perspective.