Total Production Cost Research Articles

Penerapan Metode Just In Time dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Efisiensi Biaya Produksi Optimal pada UD. Rambak Dudung di Desa Ambal Ambil

A trading business is a business that is engaged in buying and selling products. Trading businesses can engage in various types of products that are sold for consumer, business, or government purposes. One of them is UD. Rambak Dudung is trying to buy raw materials in large quantities to keep in store if the supply runs out and demand in the market increases. With the excess of raw materials, it can cause storage costs, which can reduce UD's profits. aforementioned. So this shows that the supply of raw materials is a fairly big problem. This study aims to determine the application of the Just in time method to UD. Rambak Dudung and knew the role of the Just in time method in improving production cost efficiency in UD. Rambak Dudung. The type of research used is a descriptive method with a quantitative approach. Data collection was carried out by interviews, internet searches and library studies. The data processed is the purchase and use of raw materials. The calculation technique used is to calculate the total production cost based on company policies, the EOQ method, and the JIT/EOQ method. Based on the results of the calculation, it was concluded that the inventory policy carried out by the company has not been maximally seen from the total production costs incurred of Rp.5,853,500,- compared to the JIT/EOQ method of Rp.2,588,436,- so that the total cost saved is Rp.3,265,064.

A Review of the Technological Aspects and Process Optimization of Bioethanol Production From Corn Stover Biomass: Pretreatment Process, Hydrolysis, Fermentation, Purification Process, and Future Perspective

ABSTRACTBioethanol, a sustainable energy solution derived from renewable biomass, has gained prominence, with corn stover emerging as a substantial biomass resource in Indonesia. Corn stover, a corn residue, is one of the top three agricultural wastes worldwide and is abundantly available. However, a significant portion of corn stover is burned in fields rather than utilized for bioethanol production, whereas it has potential as a bioethanol feedstock. As the world strives to realize sustainable and environmentally friendly energy security, bioethanol production from corn stover can be one of the solutions to be developed. Nonetheless, the current immaturity of bioethanol production technology is one of the causes of large‐scale production failure. The present paper comprehensively reviews the technological aspects and process optimization of bioethanol production using corn stover as a feedstock comprising pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and bioethanol purification processes. According to our critical review, ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) pretreatment is the most effective conventional pretreatment, with glucose yield up to 90%. Moreover, ultrasound appears to be the most viable option for nonconventional pretreatment of corn stover for producing bioethanol. However, combining ultrasound pretreatment and dilute aqueous ammonia produced 80.6% sugar output. Furthermore, enzymatic hydrolysis emerges as the most effective saccharification, yielding up to 81.39%. Moreover, the fermentation process of corn stover with the saccharification and co‐fermentation (SScF) method and the process optimization with response surface methodology (RSM) could produce bioethanol with a concentration of up to 59.8 g/L and 92.07% ethanol yield, respectively. This review also reveals that pervaporation for the purification process is the best choice for producing bioethanol with high purity up to > 99%. In addition, this method could reduce the energy used by 6.6% lower, 24.2% lower carbon footprint, and have the lowest total capital and production costs compared to conventional molecular sieves and extractive distillation. We believe this review article can provide a reference for selecting the best bioethanol production process from corn stover for further research.

Optimization of a Biomass-Based Power and Fresh Water-Generation System by Machine Learning Using Thermoeconomic Assessment

Biomass is a viable and accessible source of energy that can help address the problem of energy shortages in rural and remote areas. Another important issue for societies today is the lack of clean water, especially in places with high populations and low rainfall. To address both of these concerns, a sustainable biomass-fueled power cycle integrated with a double-stage reverse osmosis water-desalination unit has been designed. The double-stage reverse osmosis system is provided by the 20% of generated power from the bottoming cycles and this allocation can be altered based on the needs for freshwater or power. This system is assessed from energy, exergy, thermoeconomic, and environmental perspectives, and two distinct multi-objective optimization scenarios are applied featuring various objective functions. The considered parameters for this assessment are gas turbine inlet temperature, compressor’s pressure ratio, and cold end temperature differences in heat exchangers 2 and 3. In the first optimization scenario, considering the pollution index, the total unit cost of exergy products, and exergy efficiency as objective functions, the optimal values are, respectively, identified as 0.7644 kg/kWh, 32.7 USD/GJ, and 44%. Conversely, in the second optimization scenario, featuring the emission index, total unit cost of exergy products, and output net power as objective functions, the optimal values are 0.7684 kg/kWh, 27.82 USD/GJ, and 2615.9 kW.

Efficiency Assessment of the Production of Alternative Fuels of High Usable Quality within the Circular Economy: An Example from the Cement Sector

This article aims to present the mechanisms regulating the waste management system of one of the European countries that affect the cement industry. This publication analyses the possibility of using selected fractions of municipal and industrial waste as alternative fuels, including an analysis of ecological costs and benefits. The methodology includes the analysis of production data and the calculation of savings resulting from the use of alternative fuels. On this basis, ecological aspects were also indicated that should be taken into account when analyzing the profitability of the investment. Production data from an example Polish cement plant were used to analyze the research problem. Based on the guidelines of environmental standards and technical specifications, the parameters that PASr alternative fuels should meet were calculated in the company laboratory. This fuel type was then calculated in terms of emission intensity and production efficiency. The research results obtained in this paper study emphasize that the change in cement clinker production technology toward the use of waste raw materials and secondary fuels does not lead to an increase in heavy metal emissions to the extent that would justify qualifying cement as a material requiring systematic control of its harmful impacts on humans and the natural environment. The conclusions show that the use of alternative fuels reduces CO2 emissions and production costs, without negatively affecting the efficiency and production volume. The average energy requirement for the production of 1 ton of cement is approximately 3.3 GJ, which corresponds to 120 kg of coal with a calorific value of 27.5 MJ per kg. Energy costs account for 30–40% of the total cement production costs. Replacing alternative fuels with fossil fuels will help reduce energy costs, providing a competitive advantage for cement plants that use it as an energy source. The presented considerations can provide an answer to all interested parties, including representatives of the executive and legislative authorities, on what path the sector should follow to fit into the idea of sustainable building materials and the circular economy.

Effect of Solid-state Fermentation on Proximate Composition of Rice Bran Meal

Fish farming is often faced with high feed cost comprising approximately 60 to75% of total production costs; these causes decrease in profit margin for the fish farmers. An attempt to upsurge the profit is to minimize the cost of feed as minimal as possible. One way to do this is to explore local feed ingredients that could be used as an alternatives for fish feed. Consequently, farmers use locally available fish feed ingredients including agricultural by-products. These feed ingredients have led to increased pond productivity due to their nutrients constituent and bio-availability. This study evaluate the effect of solid state fermentation on proximate compositions of fermented rice bran meal. Rice bran was collected in three different containers, ground into powder, then sieved and fermented using solid state fermentation procedure. Each sample was solidly fermented at 10% moisture and keep in fermenter at ambient temperature for 24 hours (1 day), 96 hours (4 days), and 168 hours (7 days). Afterward, the fermented samples were oven dried for one hour at 100oC. The fermented samples were taken to the laboratory for proximate analysis. The results obtained from the study shows that, fermenting rice bran for seven days (168hrs) increases the crude protein from 10.53±1.27 to 15.07±1.43 and reduction in crude fibre from 10.74±062 to 7.87±1.71. This study revealed that, solid state fermentation of rice bran meal for one to seven days improved the crude protein and reduces crude fibre and the fermented bran meal can be incorporated as an essential part of the fish feed.

Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis at 10 A·cm-2 Over 800 Hours.

Anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE) is a potentially cost-effective technology for green hydrogen production. Although the normal current densities of AEMWEs are below 3 A·cm-2, operating them at higher current densities represents an efficient, but little-explored approach to decrease the total cost of hydrogen production. We show here that a benchmark AEMWE has an operational lifetime of only seconds at an ultrahigh current density of 10 A·cm-2. By using a more conductive and robust AEM, and judicious choices of ionomers, catalyst, and porous transport layer, we have developed AEMWEs that stably operate at 10 A·cm-2 with extended lifetimes. The optimized AEMWE has an operational lifetime of more than 800 hours, a 5-order magnetite improvement over the current benchmark. The cell voltage is only 2.3 V at 10 A·cm-2, comparable to those of the state-of-the-art devices operating at current densities lower than 3 A·cm-2. This work demonstrates the potential of ultrahigh current density AEMWEs.

Integrating environmental remediation with biodiesel production from toxic non-edible oil seeds (Croton bonplandianus) using a sustainable phyto-nano catalyst

In the current situation of the environmental uprising toxicology, rising global temperature, and energy-depleting urges to explore and discover more renewable and greener ecological-benefiting energy resources. Biobased renewable fuels generated by using waste products can help in waste management, climate change mitigation, and a low-carbon future. The main objective of this research is to produce environment-friendly and cost-effective biofuel. The potentiality of the novel, toxic, waste, and inedible feedstock Croton bonplandianus was evaluated for biodiesel synthesis through transesterification utilizing a Phyto-nano catalyst of potassium oxide prepared by Croton bonplandianus floral stalk's aqueous extract focusing on waste management. Phyto-nano catalyst characterization was done through innovative tools such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Zeta Potential (ZP), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS). The characterization results revealed that the potassium oxide phyto-nanocatalyst possesses an average nanoparticle size of 44.5 nm. This size is optimal for enhanced catalytic activity, indicating significant potential for efficient catalysis. The highest yield (94 %) of biodiesel was secured at optimized reaction conditions of catalyst quantity (0.50 wt%), reaction time (180 min), methanol: oil ratio (9:1), and reaction thermal point (70 °C). Transformation of triglycerides to methyl esters was confirmed by GC/MS, NMR, and FTIR techniques. A total of 21 methyl esters were observed in Croton bonplandianus biodiesel confirmed via GC/MS results. Evaluation of fuel properties was done and matched with international fuel standards. The conclusive remarks for the conducted research are that Croton bonplandianus has a high potential for biodiesel production by applying Phyto-nanocatalysts of potassium oxide while dealing with hazardous environmental conditions and waste management. Phyto nanocatalyst of potassium oxide can be reused and gives the same yield after several cycles of reusability, this reusability of heterogenous Phyto nanocatalyst can reduce to total cost of biodiesel production and can contribute towards circular economy.

Multi-objective optimization of a solar-biomass multi-generation system with dual-stage desalination for brine minimization

A hybrid solar-biomass multi-generation system feeding an off-grid community is proposed in this study. An organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) generates electricity by harnessing the thermal energy supplied by the hybrid heat generation system. Part of the produced electricity is utilized to meet the community's electricity needs, while another fraction powers a brackish water reverse osmosis unit (RO). The waste heat from the ORC is recovered to produce domestic hot water and to drive a membrane distillation (MD) unit for RO brine minimization. A multi-objective optimization of the proposed system is conducted using the NSGA-II algorithm and TOPSIS decision-making tool considering plant's overall energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, and the total exergoeconomic cost of the useful products as objective functions. The study's results indicate that the overall optimal solution is achieved using R1336mzz(Z), with corresponding energy efficiency, exergy efficiency and hourly exergoeconomic cost of 45.31%, 5.39%, and 87.68 €/h, respectively. Moreover, the unitary costs associated with the useful products are 0.207 €/kWh, 0.029 €/kWh, 0.683 €/m3, and 3.36 €/m3 for the produced electricity, domestic hot water, RO permeate and MD distillate, respectively. In terms of sustainability, the system is not only renewable-driven but also achieves a 21% reduction in brine discharge through heat recovery at the ORC condenser compared to single-stage RO desalination. Additionally, using R1336mzz(Z) with its low global warming potential of 2 significantly lowers CO2 equivalent emissions compared to R245-fa. Lastly, sensitivity analysis indicates that hybridization ratios of up to 80% can result in a 10.6% reduction in CO2 emissions originating from biomass combustion compared to biomass-only solutions.

Substrate functionalization by cold plasma treatments as an alternative process to the cultivation of microalgae in biofilm: Application to Botryococcus

Microalgae are renowned for their diverse production of molecules, including biofuels. However, biotechnological processes aiming at producing these biomolecules have yet to achieve economic sustainability due to the high costs associated with downstream processing, which can make up to 80 % of the total production costs. Since microalgae immobilized on a flat surface are characterized by a higher productivity and an easier harvesting than bulk culture systems, flat cultures may present better economic viability. Nevertheless, immobilizing filamentous or colonial microalgae on a flat surface is challenging due to their inherent 3D development. In this study, we explored the effectiveness of a plasma-modified polyethylene terephthalate flat surface for improving the immobilization of the green freshwater colonial microalga Botryococcus protuberans, a promising taxon for biofuel production. Plasma treatments were found to alter the wettability and surface energy of polyethylene terephthalate substrates. Botryococcus adhesion was enhanced significantly on O2 plasma-modified substrates compared to untreated substrates. The adhesion was strong enough to prevent colony development in the water column while allowing the development of a biofilm over one month, with minimal impact on their physiology.

Sustainability analysis of apple orchards: Integrating environmental and economic perspectives

The agricultural sector faces numerous challenges today, including the protection of biodiversity and the mitigation of environmental impact. Addressing these challenges require ensuring the stability of farmers' income, thus facilitating effective land management.The present study aims to evaluate the environmental and economic sustainability of apple orchards under two distinct systems (integrated versus organic) and a scab-resistant variety. The Life Cycle Assessment method (LCA) was employed to evaluate environmental impact, while financial and economic aspects were analysed using metrics such as Net Present Value (NPV), Equivalent Annual Value (EAV), Benefit-Cost Ratio (B/C) and Discounted Payback Period (DPP).Results analysis reveals that both inorganic fertilisation and pesticides usage have the greatest impacts in both integrated cultivation and scab-resistant orchards. In organic orchards, diesel usage emerges as a primary factor due to the substitution of chemical interventions with mechanical methods. For the same reason, labour constitutes 45 % of the organic production costs. Despite the lower environmental impact, organic treatments still contribute 22 % of the total production cost. Regarding the investment evaluation, the scab-resistant variety offers marginally lower costs than conventional varieties due to the reduction of required treatments; however, organic farming shows superior economic performance despite higher production costs, mainly attributed to higher market prices. This highlights the influence of market dynamics on business decisions in the apple sector, where farmers often have no direct control.

Economic Analyses of a New Power and Cooling System at Low Temperature Applications

Recent research suggests that the implementation of more efficient combined cooling and power systems, which enable the cogeneration of electricity and cooling, can enhance the efficiency of hybrid plants. The present investigation is motivated by finding that, in the literature review on combined power and cooling systems, there is very limited information on the coupling of the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and the ejector refrigeration cycle (ERC) with low sink temperatures. A suggested approach to do this involves using hot exhaust gas and waste heat engines to power an ORC hybrid system. To enhance the ORC–ERC system's performance, three heater configurations use waste heat from the ORC turbine exhaust, ejector, and engine waste heat to heat the working fluid. Renewable energy sources are the primary focus of most current research initiatives. The present research focuses on unique ORC and ERC systems, considered as combined power and cooling systems, with the goal of improving exergy performance at low temperatures. The suggested ORC–ERC can generate energy destruction of 69.85 kW at a source temperature of 155 °C, with an exergetic efficiency of 76.9% at the turbine. Setting the entrainment ratio at 0.5 results in a total sum unit cost of products (SUCP) of 465 $/kW‐h for the ORC–ERC. Furthermore, the 37.83% exergy destruction ratio introduces heat exchanger 2 (HE2) as the primary cause of the suggested ORC–ERC's irreversibility. A detailed parametric study reveals that altering the hot source temperature and entrainment ratio improves the system's SUCP. The current examination at high sink temperatures may be expanded to an advanced exergoenvironmental investigation.

Comparative Analysis of the use of Band Heaters and Infrared Heaters to Save Energy on Injection Molding Machines Type Borche Bi 320T

This study aims to compare the energy efficiency between the use of a heater band and an infrared heater on an injection molding machine type borche bi 320T. The injection molding machine is one of the main pieces of equipment in the manufacturing process of plastic products and plays an important role in shaping various consumer and industrial products. One of the critical aspects of the operation of injection molding machines is the significant energy consumption, especially related to heating. This study was conducted by measuring the energy consumption of both types of heaters under the same operational conditions. The results showed that the energy consumption of using a band heater was 46.9 kW, while the infrared heater was 38.9 kW, significantly more energy efficient by 17.1% compared to the band heater. Although the initial installation cost of the infrared heater is 87% higher than that of the band heater, the energy savings generated from the infrared heater can reduce operating costs by approximately $39 million per year. Higher energy efficiency means lower electricity costs and, thus, more efficient total production costs. The use of infrared heaters also has a positive impact on the environment. Reduced energy consumption means reduced greenhouse gas emissions from power generation. Therefore, besides the economic benefits, the use of infrared heaters is also in line with sustainability and environmentally friendly practices.

Hydrogen production from non-potable water resources: A techno-economic investment and operation planning approach

The production of hydrogen through water electrolysis facilitates large-scale energy storage, provides ancillary services, and supports the decarbonization of industries with hard-to-reduce emissions. As renewable energy adoption expands, the demand for these applications is increasing. However, water electrolysis currently faces challenges in cost competitiveness compared to other hydrogen production methods. Additionally, its reliance on potable water sources places additional strain on freshwater reserves. This study addresses these issues by exploring the economically optimal investment and operational strategy for hydrogen production using non-potable water sources. The goal is to maximize net profit through mathematical optimization, utilizing three advanced electrolysis technologies: alkaline electrolysis, proton exchange membrane electrolysis, and solid oxide electrolysis. The study examines three non-potable water sources: seawater, urban wastewater effluent, and rainwater. The model takes into account electricity market values from day-ahead and balancing markets, as well as the market values for hydrogen, oxygen, freshwater, and mixed solid salt. Two scenarios are analysed, reflecting varying levels of uncertainty in electricity price forecasts. Each scenario includes nine case studies, representing various combinations of water sources and electrolysis technologies. The results indicate that alkaline electrolysis and proton exchange membrane electrolysis are financially viable technologies, with potential annual net profits of up to 6.4 and 6.2 million euros, respectively. In contrast, solid oxide electrolysis incurs a negative net profit across all scenarios and is not economically viable under the given conditions. The main revenue sources are hydrogen sales and combined up-balancing and down-balancing services in electricity markets. Participation in the balancing market constitutes a significant portion (35 to 61%) of the total revenue in all cases with positive net profits, making it critical for economic viability. Rainwater is identified as the most cost-effective water source for hydrogen production. However, the costs associated with water treatment and brine management are minimal, contributing only 0.7 to 3.7% to the total cost of hydrogen production. Thus, differences in net profit are primarily attributed to the type of electrolysis technology used.

Analisis Penetapan Harga Jual Produk dan Volume Penjualan: Studi Kasus pada Rumah Makan Raja Ayam Kota Gorontalo

This research aims to determine the selling price of products at the Raja Ayam Restaurant in Gorontalo City and to determine the sales volume of products at the Raja Ayam Restaurant in Gorontalo City. The research method uses a survey method. The primary data source in this research is the owner of Raja Ayam Restaurant, Gorontalo City. The data obtained will be presented in tabular form and analyzed descriptively. The results of the research show that the product selling price at the Raja Ayam Restaurant in Gorontalo City is determined by calculating all costs which consist of fixed costs and variable costs. Raja Ayam Restaurant in Gorontalo City uses a selling price method that involves a mark-up of 30% of the total production costs. Thus, the selling price of the product is calculated by adding 30% of the total production costs. This strategy provides clarity in determining prices and includes the desired profit elements. In the main menu of Rumah Makan Raja Ayam, the price of each package or size of chicken is determined by applying a certain mark-up above the purchase price. By using the Mark-Up Pricing Method, these prices cover the profits desired by business actors and provide an overview of the pricing strategy used in the Raja Ayam business in Gorontalo City. The average sales volume of Rumah Makan Raja Ayam reaches around 1,229 packages of chicken every month, with sales of around 40 packages per day. The net income earned every month reaches Rp. Rp. 29,388,093.18, and daily net income is Rp. 979,603.11. Stable sales volume and good income reflect the positive performance and operational success of Rumah Makan Raja Ayam in Gorontalo City.

Economic Analysis of Broiler Poultry Production in Uttar Pradesh

Poultry farming is an important income-generating activity for farmers. The present study looked into the costs and returns of broiler poultry farming in the Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh. Primary data collected from 60 broiler units in the district was used for analysis. The overall average cost of production was around `138.46 per bird and `111.41 per kg live weight. The cost of production was highest for small farms and lowest for large farms. Chick and feed costs together accounted for more than 75 per cent of the total cost of production. The net return realized per kilogramme of broiler chicken was `11.34, 15.05, and 17.14 in small, medium, and large farms, respectively, with an overall average of `13.27. The overall average value of NPK content of poultry faecal matter produced in the farms in a year was `12241.88. Only a few (11.67 per cent) farmers were using poultry waste for compost making. Many (41.67 per cent) of them were disposing of it as waste. The study stressed the need for interventions to reduce chick and feed costs, training on scientific poultry farming, and proper management of poultry waste. Keywords: Broiler poultry, costs, returns, waste disposal. JEL Codes: D20, Q10, Q12.

Assessing the thermoeconomic performance of a solar-powered trigeneration system with an upgraded transcritical carbon dioxide unit

With the intervention of the industry in every aspect of human lifestyle on the one hand, and the prompt reduction in fossil fuel and their harms to the environment, including global warming, on the flip side, the importance of renewable sources of energy has been revealed more than ever. The presented study attempted to investigate a new configuration for a trigeneration configuration based on a solar renewable source. The proposed system comprises a parabolic trough solar collector segment to drive a transcritical carbon dioxide power and refrigeration subsystem, a dual-pressure organic Rankine cycle, and a thermal vapor compression process combined with a multi-effect desalination unit. The suggested configuration is carefully inspected from thermodynamic and economic perspectives, encompassing an analysis of a certain condition and a detailed parametric evaluation. Four decision parameters are employed for the parametric evaluation, in conjunction with two scenarios from a multi-objective particle swarm optimization combined with a linear programming method for multidimensional preference analysis as a decision-maker. The examination outputs bring out a net output power of 12.147 MW, a 7.707 MW cooling load, a 4.448 kg/s freshwater, and energetic and exergetic efficiencies of 15.286 % and 10.192 %, respectively. Moreover, examining the system's performance from an economic perspective reveals a total product cost rate of 954.249 $/h, leading to a 4.694-year payback period. This study optimizes energy usage and minimizes waste, offering industrial applications such as reducing fossil fuel dependence and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. It supports sustainable development and facilitates the global transition to cleaner energy sources.

Minimizing brine waste in thermal power plants: A techno-economic evaluation of secondary RO and closed circuit RO systems

Thermal power plants situated in water-scarce regions encounter a critical challenge: balancing high water demand with environmental sustainability. Although efforts have been concentrated on optimizing cooling systems, the aspect of minimizing wastewater within water treatment units (WTUs) has been overlooked. This study conducted a techno-economic analysis comparing two brine treatment options for WTUs, secondary reverse osmosis (RO) and closed-circuit RO (CCRO), using a power plant in northwestern Iran as a case study. Both systems demonstrated notable water conservation benefits. CCRO achieved a 10 % higher recovery rate but necessitated 12 % more antiscalant. The secondary RO system consumed 56 % more energy than CCRO (1.68 vs. 1.078 kWh per m3) and emitted 20.5 % more greenhouse gases. Despite CCRO having a 35 % higher initial cost, its superior recovery rate resulted in a comparable total product cost of permeate water (approximately $0.55 per m3). This attributed to CCRO's reduced energy consumption (56 % less) and operational costs (20 % less), which offset its higher capital expenses. The study also emphasized the significance of a system's lifespan and interest rates as the most critical factors influencing total product cost. Operational costs, including labor, antiscalant, and electricity, also played a role, albeit to a lesser extent. These findings indicate that CCRO technology presents a promising environmentally sustainable solution for power plants aiming to reduce wastewater generation and enhance water management strategies.

Practical Osmotic Agent for High-Degree Pharmaceutical Pre-Concentration by Organic Solvent Forward Osmosis.

Pre-concentration can reduce the total production costs in the pharmaceutical industry. Organic solvent forward osmosis (OSFO) is a suitable pre-concentration method because of its nonthermal nature, low capital cost, and potential for achieving high-degree concentrations. In a previous study, we first demonstrated a high-degree OSFO concentration. Sucrose octaacetate (SoA) in MeOH was concentrated to 52 wt% using polyethylene glycol (PEG)-400 as the osmotic agent, but the concentrated solution had a concentration of 17% PEG-400 because of the reverse solute flux. This result does not meet the typical purity standards required for pharmaceutical production, indicating the need to determine a suitable osmotic agent that can be used for practical purposes. This study proposes a practical osmotic agent for OSFO pre-concentration. First, osmotic agents were screened from a practical perspective. Polypropylene glycol (PPG)-400 was selected, owing to its low toxicity, good solubility, and low viscosity. Subsequently, the OSFO concentration was demonstrated using PPG-400 as the osmotic agent. SoA in MeOH was concentrated from 9.4 wt% to 48 wt%. The final feed solution contained only 0.04 wt% PPG-400. This result is the first demonstration of successful pharmaceutical pre-concentration using OSFO that satisfies the typical purity requirement in pharmaceutical production.

Sustainable Hybrid Manufacturing and Refurbishing Systems with Substitution

This study considers the planning decisions in a production facility that receives returned products as a contribution to sustainability through the reduction in waste from used products. It involves three processes: the refurbishing and disassembly of returned items and the manufacturing of new items. The process is driven by the demands of new items and collected secondhand items. In this study, we consider a downward substitution, in which new items could be used to meet the demand for secondhand items. The objective is to determine the best production planning schedule to satisfy all demands while minimizing the total costs of production and inventory. We propose and analyze different configurations distinguished by their level of integration and whether they allow substitution. Integration is mainly achieved through the sharing of the inventory of returns between the refurbishing line and the disassembly line, which responsible for feeding the manufacturing process with “as good as new” parts. The best configuration is identified based on the total cost and environmental impact. Four heuristics based on combining relax-and-fix and fix-and-optimize approaches are proposed. Numerical experiments have shown that the heuristics are very efficient, achieving gaps of less than 1% from the optimum in short CPU times for most instances. Numerical experiments have also shown that integration through the sharing of returns inventories leads to considerable cost and environmental benefits.

Features of the application of geoinformation systems to increase the yield of agricultural land

The main problems in the effective use of land resources as an important factor of the country's development and population's food security are considered. The study was conducted in the northern region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The object of the study was grain-growing farms in the Akmola region. The study concluded that satellite imagery and unmanned aerial vehicles should be used to monitor crops and assess yields in the Akmola region. These technologies allow for more efficient land management, prompt response to problems and informed decision-making. The experience of GIS application in the United States consists in the formation of database systems for all soil types that are of economic importance. There are 4 national soil databases, as well as several automated soil databases containing data on more than 13,400 soil varieties. The country's Soil Conservation Service has created soil geographic databases, including a geographic database on soil surveys, state soil associations, and major land resource areas. The economic efficiency of land conservation measures will be determined by the amount of net income, taking into account the prevented environmental damage in value form, using the efficiency coefficient of environmental costs relative to the total production and environmental costs. The acreage area in the Akmola region on average for 2018–2023 amounted to 26,264.32 thousand hectares, the average actual crop yield was 12.5 centner/ha. Based on the given system of formulas, the estimated crop yield on non-eroded soils (Yn) is 13.5 centner/ha, and the crop shortfall (V) due to land erosion is 871.88 thousand centners of grain, which is 69,750 thousand tenge at an average grain price of 80,000 tenge/t