Total Tramadol Consumption Research Articles

Ultrasound-guided bilateral Erector Spinae Plane Block (ESPB) for postoperative analgesia in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized controlled trial

Background Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a commonly performed procedure with significant postoperative pain, leading to potential complications such as delayed recovery and opioid-related side effects. Regional anesthesia, particularly the Erector Spinae Plane Block (ESPB), has shown promise in improving postoperative analgesia. This study investigates the effectiveness of ultrasound-guided bilateral ESPB for pain management in LC, compared to standard multimodal analgesia. Materials and methods This double-blind randomized controlled trial included 48 patients undergoing LC at a tertiary hospital between June 2022 and June 2023. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups: 24 received ultrasound-guided bilateral ESPB with 0.25% ropivacaine, and 24 received standard multimodal analgesia. Statistical analysis was conducted using t-tests, ANOVA, and chi-square tests, with a p-value of less than 0.05 considered significant. Results The ESPB group experienced significantly prolonged analgesia, with a mean time to rescue analgesia of 11.2 hours compared to 0.5 hours in the control group (p < 0.001). Pain scores were consistently lower in the ESPB group for the first 6 hours postoperatively. Additionally, total tramadol consumption in the ESPB group was significantly reduced (172.92 mg vs. 245.83 mg, p < 0.001). Patient satisfaction was higher in the ESPB group. Conclusion Ultrasound-guided bilateral ESPB significantly enhances postoperative pain management in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy, reducing both pain intensity and opioid consumption. It represents a safer alternative to opioid-based analgesia, improving recovery and patient outcomes.

Efficacy of Preoperative Pericapsular Nerve Group Block in Patients with Hip Fracture and its Effect on the Success of Spinal Anaesthesia: A Retrospective Study.

We intended to research the efficacy of pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block performed with preoperative ultrasonography (USG) in patients who underwent hip fracture repair under spinal anaesthesia and whether it affects the success of spinal anaesthesia. The files of 100 patients were analysed, and 60 patients were enrolled in the study. The patients were assigned into two groups: Group P (n = 30) consisted of patients who underwent USG-guided PENG block before the start of surgery and the control group (Group C; n = 30) consisted of patients in whom tramadol infusion was initiated. All patients received 10 mg IV bolus tramadol as rescue analgesia when numeric rating scale (NRS)>3. From the files of the patients, before PENG block application, after PENG block application, during positioning before spinal anaesthesia, the NRS values at the time of the patient's discharge from the operating room and at 2nd, 4th, 12th and 24th hour NRS values, spinal anaesthesia duration and number of attempts, and perioperative total tramadol consumption were obtained. In group P, NRS values were found to be significantly lower after PENG block application, during positioning before spinal anaesthesia, and at the postoperative discharge, 2nd, 4th, 12th and 24th hours. In addition, group P had a lower duration of spinal anaesthesia, a lower number of spinal anaesthesia attempts and a lower total perioperative tramadol consumption. The results demonstrated that preoperative PENG block facilitated positioning for spinal anaesthesia, shortened the application time, increased the first-attempt success rate, decreased pain scores, and reduced the need for postoperative opioids.

Effects of Intraoperative Lignocaine Infusion on Heamodynamics and Postoperative Analgesic Requirement after Day Case Laparoscopic Surgery

Background:Intravenous lignocaine is an amide local anaesthetic known for its analgesic, anti-hyperalgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-arrhythmic properties. During perioperative period of laparoscopic surgeries haemodynamic alteration occurs due to laryngoscopy, intubation, and surgical excision, gas insufflation during pneumoperitoneum, inadequate analgesia and inadequate depth of anaesthesia. Intravenous lignocaine is often administered to suppress the haemodynamic response and as an analgesic agent. We aimed to evaluate the effect of intravenous infusion of lignocaine on haemodynamic response and post-operative analgesic requirement. Objectives:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of intravenous infusion of lignocaine on haemodynamic and postoperative analgesic requirements after laparoscopic day case surgeries. Material and method:Four hundred Sixty (460) patients were selected who’s were going to be operated for laparoscopic surgeries (Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy, laparoscopic Hernioplasty, laparoscopic appendicectomy, Diagnostic laparoscopy due to infertility) were grouped into exposed (Group L) who were received lignocaine infusion @1mg/kg/hr and controlled (Group C) who were received placebo. Systematic random sampling was employed. Results:Demographic characteristics were comparable between the groups p>0.05. In lignocaine group intraoperative mean systolic blood pressure, mean diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure and mean heart rate were significantly lower than control group (p<0.05). Twenty four hour mean VAS score (0 – 10 cm) at immediate recovery, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 12th and 24th hour were lower in lignocaine group (p<0.05). The mean time of first analgesic requirement were longer (120 minutes) in lignocaine group compared to 40 minutes in control group (p<0.001) and the mean total tramadol consumption is less in lignocaine group (p<0.001). Conclusion:Intra operative lignocaine infusion causes more haemodynamic stability and decreases postoperative pain score, required longer time for first analgesic requirement and reduced total analgesic consumption in laparoscopic surgeries. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2024; 42: 312-320

Comparative efficacy of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block versus wound infiltration for postoperative analgesia in instrumented lumbar spinal surgeries

ObjectiveThis study compared the efficacy of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block (ESPB) and wound infiltration (WI) for postoperative analgesia in patients who underwent lumbar spinal surgery with instrumentation.MethodsIn this randomized controlled trial, 80 patients were divided into two groups: ESPB (n = 40) and WI (n = 40). Postoperative pain intensity was assessed via the visual analog scale (VAS) at multiple time points within 24 h. Additionally, opioid consumption, time to first rescue analgesia, incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), and patient satisfaction were evaluated.ResultsBoth ESPB and WI provided effective postoperative pain management, with no significant differences in VAS scores. However, the ESPB group demonstrated a significantly longer duration of analgesia, a shorter time to first rescue analgesia, and lower total tramadol consumption (50 ± 60 mg vs. 100 ± 75 mg; p = 0.010) than did the WI group. Furthermore, a trend toward reduced PONV incidence was observed in the ESPB group, likely due to its opioid-sparing effect.ConclusionWhile both ESPB and WI provided effective postoperative pain management, ESPB demonstrated a distinct advantage by offering a longer duration of analgesia and significantly reducing opioid consumption. These findings suggest that ESPB is more effective than WI for postoperative analgesia in lumbar spinal surgeries, providing prolonged pain relief and improving patient outcomes. Further studies are warranted to explore its long-term benefits and cost-effectiveness.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.govPRS: NCT06567964 Date: 08/21/2024 Retrospectively registered.

Efficacy of ultrasound-guided bilateral rectus sheath block vs. local anesthetic infiltration in gynecologic oncology patients undergoing midline laparotomy: a triple-blinded randomized controlled trial.

Postoperative pain is a serious problem in gynecological oncology patients. Rectus sheath block (RSB) is increasingly utilized as a part of multimodal analgesia. The purpose of this three blinded, randomized-controlled trial is to compare the analgesic efficacy of ultrasound-guided (US-guided) bilateral rectus sheath block (BRSB) and local anesthetic wound infiltration (LAWI) application in patients undergoing midline laparotomy for gynecologic cancer. This prospective, single-center, three-blinded, randomized clinical trial enrolled a total of 60 patients who underwent surgery through a midline laparotomy. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups and were administered either LAWI or BRSB with 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine just after the end of surgery. Both groups were compared for Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) pain scores, time to first analgesic requirement, total tramadol consumption. Fifty-five patients (BRSB=28, LAWI=27) completed the study. The BRSB group had significantly lower NRS scores at 2, 6, 12, and 24th hours (P<0.001). The median (interquartile range, IQR) NRS scores for BRSB group were 3 (3-3) at 2nd hours, 3 (2-4) at 6th hours, 3 (2-4) at 12th hours and 3 (2-3) at 24th hours. For the LAWI group, the median (IQR) NRS scores were 4 (3-4) at 2nd hours, 4 (3-5) at 6th hours, 4 (3-4) at 12th hours and 4 (3-4) at 24th hours. The BRSB group had significantly less additional tramadol consumption than the LAWI group (P<0.001). The US-guided BRSB is a safe and feasible technique. This technique resulted in reduced postoperative pain scores, decreased tramadol usage, and prolonged pain relief compared to LAWI.

Ultrasound-Guided Serratus Posterior Superior Intercostal Plane Block in Modified Radical Mastectomy Surgeries: A Case Series.

Effective pain management is crucial for modified radical mastectomy (MRM) surgeries. The Serratus Posterior Superior Intercostal Plane Block (SPSIPB), introduced in 2023, shows promise for postoperative analgesia. This study was designed to demonstrate the analgesic efficacy of the SPSIPB in MRM surgeries. SPSIPB was administered to 7 patients who underwent MRM for postoperative analgesia. NRS scores of patients were ≤4 and total tramadol consumption was 0 mg in 3 of 7 patients. In conclusion, SPSIPB appears to be an effective, safe, and easily applicable option for analgesia.

Evaluating the Analgesic Efficacy of Conventional versus Ultrasound-guided Bilateral Superficial Cervical Plexus Block in Thyroid Surgeries: A Randomized Controlled Trial

ABSTRACT Objectives: Thyroid surgery is a painful procedure for which bilateral superficial cervical plexus block (BSCPB) can be given to potentially reduce postoperative pain. Ultrasound guidance provides real-time visualization of anatomical structures, needle movement, and accurate deposition of local anesthetic in close proximity to nerves, thus making the procedure safer and more effective. Our aim was to compare the analgesic efficacy of ultrasound-guided versus the landmark technique of BSCPB in patients undergoing thyroid surgeries. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients (19–64 years) undergoing thyroid surgeries were divided into two groups – Group US (n = 30): patients undergoing ultrasound-guided BSCPB and Group LM (n = 30): patients undergoing landmark technique for BSCPB. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain score at 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h, total fentanyl requirement during the intraoperative period, time taken to first rescue analgesia demand, and total tramadol consumption during the first 24 h postoperatively were compared among the two groups. Results: In Group US, there was less intraoperative fentanyl requirement (102.07 ± 18.96 μg vs. 113.33 ± 22.65 μg in group LM, P - 0.037), lower VAS pain score at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 12 h (P = 0.03, &lt;0.001, 0.017, 0.046, and 0.048, respectively), longer time taken to first rescue analgesia demand (491.23 ± 123.43 min vs. 291.00 ± 119.77 min in LM group, P &lt; 0.001), and lesser total tramadol consumption during first 24 h postoperatively (51.67 ± 6.34 mg vs. 75.83 ± 24.11 mg in Group LM, P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: We conclude that ultrasound-guided BSCPB is more effective than landmark technique for reducing pain both intra and postoperatively in patients undergoing thyroid surgery.

A Randomized Double-Blinded Study To Compare the Efficacy of Propofol and Thiopentone To Prevent Succinylcholine-Induced Fasciculation and Myalgia in Gabapentin-Premedicated Patients.

Succinylcholine is the most used short-acting depolarizing muscle relaxant for rapid sequence induction. However, its use is associated with adverse effects, like fasciculations and myalgia.Thus, many pretreatment modalities were used to minimize or prevent these adverse effects. Our aim for this study was to compare the efficacy of propofol and thiopentone in preventing succinylcholine-induced fasciculation and myalgia in gabapentin-premedicated patients. Methods: Eighty patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I/II, either male or female, in the aged group of 18-60 years, and scheduled to undergo elective abdominal surgery under general anesthesia were randomly allocated into either the propofol (P) or thiopentone (T) group. Anesthesia was induced with IV fentanyl 2 µg/kg, IV succinylcholine 2 mg/kg, and either IV propofol (2 mg/kg) in group P or IV thiopentone (5 mg/kg) in group T.In both groups, oral gabapentin 600 mg was given two hours before the surgery. All patients were observed and graded for intraoperative fasciculations and myalgia during 24 postoperative hours by a blinded observer.Fasciculation grade, myalgia grade, total tramadol consumption, and demographic data were compared using a test of proportion and chi-squared test. Study results demonstrated that the use of propofol significantly decreases the severity of fasciculation at one, two, and three minutes (P < 0.001) and myalgia at two, six, and 12 hours (P < 0.001) more than thiopentone in gabapentin-premedicated patients. Tramadol consumption in both groups was insignificant (P = 0.658). Propofol (2 mg/kg) is more effective than thiopentone (5 mg/kg) in decreasing the severity of fasciculation and myalgia following succinylcholine administration in gabapentin-premedicated patients.

Investigation of the analgesic effects of rhomboid intercostal and pectoral nerve blocks in breast surgery.

The objective of this study was to examine the hypothesis that the opioid consumption of patients who receive a rhomboid intercostal block (RIB) or a pectoral nerve (PECS) block after unilateral modified radical mastectomy (MRM) surgery is less than that of patients who receive local anesthetic infiltration. Eighty-one female patients aged 18-70years who underwent unilateral MRM surgery with general anesthesia were randomly allocated to three groups. The first group received an RIB with 30ml of 0.25% bupivacaine on completion of the surgery, and the second received a PECS block with the same volume and concentration of local anesthetic. In the third (control) group, local infiltration was applied to the wound site with 30ml of 0.25% bupivacaine at the end of the surgery. The patients' total tramadol consumption, quality of recovery (QoR), postoperative pain scores, and sleep quality were evaluated in the first 24h postoperatively. Both the RIB (58.3 ± 22.8mg) and PECS (68.3 ± 21.2mg) groups had significantly lower tramadol consumption compared to the control group (92.5 ± 25.6mg) (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). Higher QoR scores were observed in the RIB and PECS groups than the control group at 6h post-surgery. The lowest pain values were observed in the RIB group. The sleep quality of the patients in the RIB and PECS groups was better than that of the control group (p < 0.001). Compared to local anesthetic infiltration, the RIB and PECS blocks applied as part of multimodal analgesia in MRM surgery reduced opioid consumption in the first 24h and improved the quality of recovery in the early period.

The effect of ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block on postoperative analgesia in robot assisted prostatectomy: A randomized controlled trial.

Postoperative pain continues to represent an important problem even after minimally invasive robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, which results in discomfort in the postoperative period and sometimes prolongs hospital stays. Regional anesthesia and analgesia techniques are used in addition to systemic analgesics with the multimodal approach in postoperative pain management. Ultrasound-guided fascial plane blocks are becoming increasingly important, especially in minimally invasive surgeries. Another important cause of discomfort is urinary catheter pain. The present randomized controlled study investigated the effect of rectus sheath block on postoperative pain and catheter-related bladder discomfort in robotic prostatectomy operations. This randomized controlled trial was conducted from March to August 2022. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Approval for the study was granted by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee. All individuals provided written informed consent, and adults with American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Condition classification I to III planned for robotic prostatectomy operations under general anesthesia were enrolled. Following computer-assisted randomization, patients were divided into 2 groups, and general anesthesia was induced in all cases. Rectus sheath block was performed under general anesthesia and at the end of the surgery. No fascial plane block was applied to the patients in the non-rectus sheath block (RSB) group.Postoperative pain and urinary catheter pain were assessed using a numerical rating scale. Fentanyl was planned as rescue analgesia in the recovery room. In case of numerical rating scale scores of 4 or more, patients were given 50 µg fentanyl IV, repeated if necessary. The total fentanyl dose administered was recorded in the recovery room. IV morphine patient-controlled analgesia was planned for all patients. All patients' pain (postoperative pain at surgical site and urethral catheter discomfort) scores and total morphine consumption in the recovery unit and during follow-ups on the ward (3, 6, 12, and 24 hours) in the postoperative period were recorded. Sixty-one patients were evaluated. Total tramadol consumption during follow-up on the ward was significantly higher in the non-RSB group. Fentanyl consumption in the postanesthesia care unit was significantly higher in the non-RSB group. Total morphine consumption was significantly lower in the RSB group at 0 to 12 hours and 12 to 24 hours. Total opioid consumption was 8.81 mg in the RSB group and 19.87 mg in the non-RSB group. A statistically significant decrease in urethral catheter pain was noted in the RSB group at all time points. RSB exhibits effective analgesia by significantly reducing postoperative opioid consumption in robotic prostatectomy operations.

Comparison of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block versus transmuscular quadratus lumborum block for postoperative analgesia after caesarean delivery: A prospective randomized non-inferiority clinical trial.

Regional techniques are a part of multimodal analgesia following cesarean delivery. Cesarean delivery warrants a regional technique, which can provide somatic and visceral analgesia-like quadratus lumborum block (QLB) and erector spinae plane block (ESPB). In this study, we investigated the non-inferiority of ESPB at T12 and transmuscular-QLB (TQLB) at L2-L3 for postoperative analgesia in cesarean delivery. In this prospective, randomized, non-inferiority trial, 124 patients undergoing cesarean delivery were enrolled to receive bilateral TQLB or ESPB with 20 mL of 0.25% ropivacaine on each side. All patients received prophylactic acetaminophen and ketorolac for 2 days. Our primary objective was to compare the total tramadol consumption in the first 48 h between the two groups. Secondary objectives were to compare cumulative tramadol consumption, postoperative Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) score at rest, and with movement at various time points, the time for first rescue analgesic requirement, development of complications related to the block, and patient satisfaction with analgesia between the two groups. The total tramadol consumption in 48 h (47.3 ± 34.9 mg in ESPB and 50.9 ± 38.7 mg in TQLB), duration of first rescue analgesic (22.8 ± 15.8 h in ESPB and 22.7 ± 15.6 h in TQLB), and patient satisfaction were similar between the two groups. Both groups had similar pain scores except at rest at 6 h and on movement at 4 h, 6 h, and 36 h, whereas the ESPB group had lower NRS scores (P < 0.05). The analgesic effect of bilateral ESPB at T12 was non-inferior to that of bilateral TQLB post-caesarean delivery.

The effect of an ultrasound-guided sacral erector spinae plane block on the postoperative pain of lumbar discectomy: a randomized controlled trial.

Pain management is essential after discectomy, the surgical treatment for lumbar disc herniation. This study evaluated the effect of sacral erector spinae plane block (SESPB) versus standard analgesic methods on postoperative analgesia and opioid consumption in lumbar discectomy operations. Over 18 years of age, ASA 1-3 group, 54 patients undergoing elective lumbar discectomy were included in the prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind, study. They were randomly divided into groups, SESPB and non-block (control). Both groups completed surgery under general anesthesia. At the end of the surgery, group SESPB received a bilateral 20 cc block with 0.25% bupivacaine at the level of the second sacral vertebra. Both groups received tramadol via a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) device. The primary outcome was total opioid consumption in the first 24 hours after surgery. Pain assessment by Visual Analog Scale (VAS), rescue analgesic requirements, time to first rescue analgesic requirement and adverse effects were recorded 24 hours postoperatively. Total tramadol consumption was 168.8±143 mg (P<0.04) higher in the control group. The first six-hour VAS scores and the number of rescue analgesic users were lower in the SESPB group (P<0.01). The first rescue analgesic use time was 440±140.3 minutes in SESPB group and 47.5±116.1 minutes in control group (P<0.01). Nausea-vomiting was more frequent in the control group (P<0.01) and patient satisfaction was higher in the SESPB group (P<0.01). In lumbar discectomy surgery, ultrasound-guided SESPB provided adequate analgesia by reducing opioid consumption and pain scores without complications.

Efficacy of Serratus Posterior Superior Intercostal Plane Block on Postoperative Pain and Total Analgesic Consumption in Patients Undergoing Reduction Mammoplasty Surgery: An Evidence Based Report.

Serratus posterior superior intercostal plane block (SPSIPB) is a novel technique that provides analgesia in shoulder, hemithorax and in the back of the neck. In this study, the efficacy of this block on postoperative pain and quality of recovery is reported in ten consecutive patients who had undergone reduction mammoplasty. Blocks were performed bilaterally with 30 ml 0.25 % bupivacaine for each side, at the end of surgery. Cumulative tramadol consumption and numerical rating scale (NRS) scores during rest (static) and coughing (dynamic) were assessed within the first postoperative 24 hours. Mean total tramadol consumption was 39 ±9.94 mg. NRS scores above 4 were observed in 5 patients in the dynamic NRS assessment at the postoperative 1st hour, while static and dynamic NRS scores were ≤4 at other durations. SPSIPB may play a part in postoperative multimodal analgesia following mammoplasty in the future and may reduce total analgesic consumption. Key Words: Serratus posterior superior intercostal plane block, Reduction mammoplasty, Breast surgery, Postoperative analgesia.

A novel comparison of erector spinae plane block and paravertebral block in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Erector spinae plane block is an updated method than paravertebral block, possessing a lower risk of complications. This study aimed to compare erector spinae plane and paravertebral blocks to safely reach the most efficacious analgesia procedure in laparoscopic cholecystectomy cases. The study included 90 cases, aged 18-70 years, classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists I-II, who underwent an laparoscopic cholecystectomy procedure. They were randomly separated into three groups, namely, Control, erector spinae plane, and paravertebral block. No block procedure was applied to Control, and a patient-controlled analgesia device was prepared containing tramadol at a 10 mg bolus dose and a 10-min locked period. The pain scores were recorded with a visual analog scale for 24 h postoperatively. The visual analog scale values at 1, 5, 10, 20, and 60 min at rest and 60 min coughing were found to be significantly higher in Control than in paravertebral block. A significant difference was revealed between Control vs. paravertebral block and paravertebral block vs. erector spinae plane in terms of total tramadol consumption (p=0.006). Total tramadol consumption in the first postoperative 24 h was significantly reduced in the paravertebral block compared with the Control and erector spinae plane groups. Sonography-guided-paravertebral block provides sufficient postoperative analgesia in laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery. Erector spinae plane seems to attenuate total tramadol consumption.

Dexmedetomidine vs Dexamethasone as an Adjuvant to Levobupivacaine in Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block for Postoperative Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Total Abdominal Hysterectomies.

In the postoperative period, open total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) surgeries induce considerable pain. Multimodal strategies are being used to alleviate pain. This study aimed to examine the efficacy and safety of dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to levobupivacaine in ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks for postoperative pain in TAH patients. A total of 72 patients with ASA grade I and grade II were randomly and equally assigned to two groups. After the completion of surgery with a subarachnoid block (SAB), patients in group 1 received a mixture of 20 mL of 0.25% levobupivacaine and 4 mg of dexamethasone on each side of the TAP block. Patients in group 2 received a mixture of 20 mL of 0.25% levobupivacaine and dexmedetomidine, with a total dose of 1 µg/kg body weight evenly distributed bilaterally in the TAP block. Patients were evaluated for pain using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), total tramadol consumption as rescue analgesia, time to first rescue analgesia, any adverse effects, and patient satisfaction. When comparing VAS scores for pain assessment, we observed that the mean VAS score was initially comparable between the two groups for the first hour. However, at 6, 9, and 12 h, VAS scores were significantly lower in group 2. The mean total tramadol consumption was higher in group 1 than in group 2 (213.33 ± 44.08 vs 161.11 ± 37.93 mg, P-value 0.027). The time to the first rescue analgesia after the TAP block in the postoperative period was significantly longer in group 2 (47.5 ± 62.76 vs 77.22 ± 56.14 min, P-value 0.002). No significant side effects were noted, and a greater proportion of patients in group 2 expressed satisfaction with their overall pain treatment. The addition of dexmedetomidine to levobupivacaine is superior to the addition of dexamethasone, as it prolongs the duration of the block in the dexmedetomidine group. However, the use of dexamethasone as an adjuvant is a good alternative option, particularly due to its lower cost and reduced incidence of adverse effects such as postoperative nausea and vomiting.

Efficacy of serratus posterior superior intercostal plane block (SPSIPB) on post-operative pain and total analgesic consumption in patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS): A double-blinded randomised controlled trial.

Serratus posterior superior intercostal plane block (SPSIPB) is a novel technique that can provide analgesia in the hemithorax, shoulder, and back of the neck. This study aimed to evaluate the post-operative analgesic effect of SPSIPB in patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). It is a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Twenty-four adult patients who underwent VATS via the uniportal technique were randomised into two groups: the SPSIPB group (n = 12) received SPSIPB along with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with tramadol, whereas the control group (n = 12) received only PCA with tramadol. At the end of the surgery, patients in the SPSIPB group received a unilateral SPSIPB under ultrasound guidance with the use of 30-mL bupivacaine 0.25%. The primary outcome was the numerical rating scale (NRS) scores of the patients. Secondary outcomes included the amount of tramadol and rescue analgesic (paracetamol) consumed by the patients, followed up for post-operative 24 hours. Categorical variables were compared using the Chi-Square Test. Mann-Whitney U Test was used to compare groups of variables that were not normally distributed. The SPSIPB group had lower NRS values during post-operative 24 hours (P < 0.001). Mean (standard deviation) total tramadol consumption was 58.33 (26.23) mg in the SPSIPB group and 144.17 (13.11) mg in the control group (P < 0.001). Rescue analgesic need was lower in the SPSIP group in the first 18 post-operative hours (P < 0.05). Serratus posterior superior intercostal plane block provides good analgesia in the thoracic region after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.

A randomized comparative study of transversus abdominis plane block (tap) with 0.25% bupivacaine and 0.375% ropivacaine in the duration of post-operative analgesia in upper abdominal laparoscopic surgeries

Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is a successful postoperative analgesia technique in laparoscopic surgeries. This study compared the analgesic efficacy of 0.25% bupivacaine and 0.375% Ropivacaine in TAP block as post-operative analgesia for upper abdomen laparoscopic surgeries.: This randomized, double-blinded comparative study was conducted at the Dr Jeyasekharan Medical Trust and Nursing Home for 18 months. Seventy-one consenting adult patients undergoing upper abdominal laparoscopic surgeries qualifying the inclusion criteria to undergo Bilateral Subcostal TAP Block were included. The patient was labelled group A or B according to a computer-generated randomization list. TAP block was administered using 30 ml (15 ml on each side) of 0.25% bupivacaine (A) or 0.375% ropivacaine (B). Similar premedication and induction were given to all patients. : Among 71 patients in group A, males were 5 (14.7%), and females were 29 (85.3%). In group B, males were 7 (18.9%), and female was 30 (81.1%). There is no significant difference in gender, age, and BMI between groups. The mean duration of analgesia with 0.375% ropivacaine (10.21±3.36 hrs.) was significantly higher than 0.25% bupivacaine (6.38±2.03 hrs.). In the first 24 hours postoperatively, the mean total tramadol consumption was 147.06±11.94 mg in group A and 117.57±31.11 mg in group B, which is statistically significant.: This study concludes that 0.375% 30ml ropivacaine given as a TAP block under ultrasound guidance significantly prolonged the post-operative analgesia duration compared to 0.25% 30ml bupivacaine.

Comparison of the Efficacy of Pregabalin and Gabapentin for Preemptive Analgesia in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Patients: A Randomised Double-Blind Study.

Introduction Preemptive analgesia is now an essential step of perioperative pain management. Pregabalin and gabapentin, which are drugs primarily used in the treatment of neuropathic pain, are now being contemplated for use as preemptive analgesics. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of gabapentin and pregabalin as preemptive analgesics. The primary objective of the study was to compare pregabalin and gabapentin versus placebo with regard to a visual analogue scale (VAS) score for postoperative pain for 24 hours, time to first rescue analgesia, and total analgesic consumption over 24 hours. The level of sedation with the help of a modified Ramsay sedation score was also compared. Methods This randomised, double-blind study was conducted on 90 patients aged 18-60 years of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I and II undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anaesthesia at a tertiary health care institute. The patients were randomly divided into three groups of 30 each, namely, Group A (gabapentin- oral two capsules of 300 mg gabapentin), Group B (pregabalin- oral two capsules of 150 mg pregabalin), and Group C (placebo - oral two capsules). The various parameters that were recorded in both groups included a VAS score for pain, total dose of tramadol consumed in 24 hours, modified Ramsay sedation scores in the immediate postoperative period, and adverse effects related to the study drugs (at zero and one hour and two, four, six, 12, and 24 hours). The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) (version 25; IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Armonk, NY) software. Results VAS scores were significantly lower in groups A and B when compared to Group C. However, the scores were comparable in Group A (gabapentin) and Group B (pregabalin). The difference in the mean time of rescue analgesia was statistically highly significant when Group A (gabapentin) was compared with Group C (placebo) (P value<0.001) and when Group B (pregabalin) was compared with Group C (placebo) (P value<0.001). Thus, gabapentin and pregabalin provide a longer postoperative pain-free period (382.6 min and 502.3 min, respectively) when compared to the placebo group (137.8 min). Moreover, the mean dose of tramadol consumption in 24 hours was significantly lower in pregabalin (170 mg) and gabapentin groups (176.7 mg) when compared to the placebo group (286.7 mg).However, there was no significant difference in the total tramadol consumption between the gabapentin and pregabalin groups. The level of sedation up to six hours postoperatively was higher in Group B (pregabalin) and Group A (gabapentin) patients compared to Group C (placebo). On comparing the mean Ramsay sedation scores of Group A (gabapentin) versus Group C (placebo) and Group B (pregabalin) versus Group C (placebo), it was found that there was a highly significant difference at zero and one-hour time intervals (P value<0.001 in both comparisons). Conclusion A single preoperative dose of pregabalin 300 mg or gabapentin 600 mg can be used for effective preemptive analgesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Efficacy of Intravenous Ibuprofen and Paracetamol on Postoperative Pain and Tramadol Consumption After Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Clinical Trial.

Efficient pain management following arthroscopic shoulder surgery plays a crucial role in decreasing pain intensity, tramadol consumption, and related side effects. This study primarily aimed to examine the analgesic impact of intravenous (IV) ibuprofen and paracetamol on postoperative pain intensity. In addition, as secondary objectives, the study assesses tramadol consumption, determine the global satisfaction score (GSS), analyze hemodynamic parameters, and investigate tramadol-related side effects. In this study, we enrolled sixty-four patients who were scheduled to undergo arthroscopic shoulder surgery and met the inclusion criteria of having American Society of Anesthesiologists scores between 1 and 3 and falling within the age range of 18 to 85 years. All participants were managed using IV patient-controlled analgesia. These patients were then randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to two groups: one receiving paracetamol (n=32), and the other receiving ibuprofen (n=32). Demographic information, visual analog scale (VAS) and GSS data, hemodynamics, tramadol consumption, and tramadol-related side effects were recorded. There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding demographics, hemodynamics, GSS scores, and tramadol side effects (respiratory depression, pruritus, urinary retention, and nausea and vomiting). VAS scores of the two groups were similar at postoperative 1st, 6th, and 12th hours. However, group ibuprofen significantly reduced the VAS scores at the postoperative 24th hour (p=0.039). On the other hand, the two groups showed no significant differences in GSS scores. Compared with total tramadol consumption during the postoperative 24-hour period, ibuprofen significantly reduced tramadol consumption (p=0.003). The findings of this study indicate a significant reduction in both pain intensity and tramadol consumption when IV ibuprofen was administered 24 hours following arthroscopic shoulder surgery, in comparison with the use of IV paracetamol.

Comparison between peripheral nerve stimulator-guided serratus anterior plane block versus transversus abdominis plane block for postoperative analgesia in laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anaesthesia: A double-blind randomised controlled trial.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is a widely accepted surgical procedure associated with postoperative pain. This study was done to compare peripheral nerve stimulator (PNS)-guided serratus anterior plane block (SAP) and transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block for postoperative analgesia for patients undergoing LC. Following approval from the ethical committee, 70 patients for LC were randomly assigned to Group S: SAP block and Group T: TAP block. The blocks were performed under PNS guidance, and 20 ml of 0.375% ropivacaine was administered. The severity of pain was measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS). The study's primary objective was the evaluation of the postoperative VAS score. The time of the first dose of rescue analgesia and total tramadol consumption for 24 h postoperatively were secondary objectives. All the statistical calculation was done using statistical analyses for Social Sciences for Windows version 23.0 (IBM Corp, NY, USA). Lower VAS score was seen in patients of TAP block at rest as well as movement at 6 h (P = 0.001), 12 h (P = 0.001) and 18 h (P = 0.001) postoperatively compared with SAP. The TAP group showed a significantly increased time of first rescue analgesic compared to the SAP group (7.97 ± 0.51 vs. 5.89 ± 1.45, P = 0.001). Tramadol usage was significantly higher in the SAP group than in the TAP group (128.9 ± 36.22 vs. 72.43 ± 44.80, P = 0.001). TAP block guided by the PNS improves postoperative pain with less tramadol consumption and during the postoperative period without significant complications.