Total Confinement Research Articles

Study on the length of smoke overflow from tunnel fire under the combination of longitudinal ventilation and centralized smoke exhaust mode

By combining longitudinal ventilation and centralized smoke exhaust, the smoke exhaust mode can simultaneously control the length of upstream smoke back-layering and the length of downstream smoke overflow from the exhaust outlet to facilitate two-way rescue and evacuation of tunnel fires, but the current research focuses on the upstream smoke back-layering length, and lacks the research on the downstream overflow length of the exhaust outlet. In this paper, the longitudinal velocity and single-point centralized smoke exhaust mode smoke overflow length of the exhaust outlet are investigated, and through theoretical analysis, a prediction model for smoke overflow length is proposed by considering the longitudinal velocity, the heat release rate of the fire source, the exhaust velocity, and the distance of the fire source from the exhaust outlet, etc. The results show that the smoke exhaust velocity and the fire source distance from the smoke vent decreases can effectively increase the smoke exhaust efficiency, but will reduce the inhibition effect on the length of smoke overflow, and the increase in longitudinal velocity will lead to a reduction in the smoke exhaust efficiency and an increase in the length of smoke overflow. When the longitudinal velocity is below 0.2 m/s, the ratio of confinement velocity to total confinement velocity is approximately 0.65, and the critical confinement smoke overflow length is around 4H. Both of these values remain largely unaffected by the heat release rate of the fire source. When the longitudinal velocity is greater than 0.2 m/s, with the longitudinal velocity increases the ratio of the confinement velocity to the total confinement velocity and the critical confinement smoke overflow length increases, and when the longitudinal velocity increases to 0.4 m/s, the critical confinemen smoke overflow length increases to 6H. The laws and values obtained from the experiments can provide reference for practical engineering. The results of the prediction model were compared and analyzed with the existing models and experimental results to verify the reliability of the model, which can be applied to a wide range of smoke vent layouts with different combinations of longitudinal ventilation and smoke exhaust velocity, and has wide applicability.

Metabolic adaptation to lactation of dairy cows in two contrasting facilities involving partial confinement plus grazing or total confinement

Context The increasing intensification of pasture-based systems has subjected the cows to different productive environments, which could affect physiological responses and, consequently, their productive performance. Aims The aim was to determine the effect of contrasting housing facilities (outdoor soil-bedded vs compost-bedded pack barn) used in partial confinement in pasture-based systems, on the metabolic adaptation during early lactation and its impact on productive and reproductive performance of autumn- and spring-calving dairy cows, having as a positive control a zero-grazing confined system in compost barn. Methods Multiparous Holstein dairy cows that calved in autumn (n = 36) and spring (n = 48) were distributed in the following three treatments from calving to 90 days in milk (DIM): outdoor soil-bedded–grazing (OD-GRZ), compost barn–grazing (CB-GRZ), compost barn–total mixed ration (CB-TMR). Milk production, total milksolids (TMS), body condition score, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), cholesterol, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and the proportion of cows with corpus luteum were determined in repeated measurements. Key results In both calving seasons, milk production and TMS yields did not differ between OD-GRZ and CB-GRZ, but were greater in CB-TMR (P < 0.0001). In autumn, NEFA and BHB were not affected by treatments, but cholesterol increased faster in CB-TMR (P = 0.0500). In spring, NEFA and cholesterol concentrations were not affected by treatment, but BHB remained greater in OD-GRZ until 90 DIM than in the other treatments. IGF-1 and insulin did not differ between treatments in autumn, but in spring, IGF-1 was greater in CB-TMR (P < 0.0001). The proportion of cows with corpus luteum was not different between pasture-based treatments, but both were greater than CB-TMR up to 40 DIM in autumn (P = 0.0489) and during the entire study in spring CB-TMR (P = 0.0285). Conclusions Although no differences were found among housing facilities in partial confinement, except that in spring OD-GRZ cows had greater BHB concentrations, confined cows prioritised milk production instead of reproductive function, despite presenting better energy indicators than did pasture-based cows. Implications Outdoor housing combined with grazing can increase the risk of greater BHB concentrations, indicative of subclinical ketosis, under heat-stress conditions, when compared with indoor housing. Confined cows increased milk production but had a delay in the resumption of ovarian cyclicity, even having a better energy status than pasture-based cows.

Behavior, Intake, Digestion and Milk Yield of Early Lactation Holstein Dairy Cows with Two Levels of Environmental Exposure and Feeding Strategy.

Eighty-four autumn (ACS, n = 45)- and spring (SCS, n = 39)-calved multiparous early lactation Holstein cows were assigned to groups of either: (a) grazing + mixed ration (MR) during partial confinement in outdoor soil-bedded pens with shade (OD-GRZ); (b) grazing + MR during partial confinement in a compost-bedded pack barn with cooling (CB-GRZ); or (c) total confinement fed a totally mixed ration (CB-TMR) in a compost-bedded pack barn. Data were analyzed using the SAS MIXED procedure with significance at p ≤ 0.05. In both seasons, despite behavioral differences (p < 0.05) between the OD-GRZ and CB-GRZ groups (i.e., standing, first grazing meal length, bite rate), the milk and component yields, DM intake, microbial CP output (MCP) and NE efficiency were unaffected by the housing conditions, possibly due to mild weather conditions. The milk yield was substantially higher in the CB-TMR group versus the OD-TMR and CB-TMR groups (p < 0.01) in both ACS (~35%) and SCS (~20%) despite there being no intake differences, without any impact on milk component levels. In ACS, this was associated with a higher MCP, likely due to the higher nutritional value of TMR compared to pasture, which was not the case in SCS. In conclusion, the OD-GRZ group achieved the same milk production as the CB-GRZ group through behavior adaptation, under mild weather conditions, in both calving seasons. The CB-TMR group outperformed the grazing systems in both calving seasons, regardless of the MCP.

Comparative analysis of high index core micro structured optical fibers (HIMSOF) and hollow core band gap fibers (HCBGF) performance efficiency in fiber communication system

Abstract This paper has clarified comparative analysis of high index core micro structured optical fibers (HIMSOF) and hollow core band gap fibers (HCBGF) performance efficiency in the fiber communication system. Total fiber dispersion is clarified versus distance between holes in µm at the employment of 850 nm, 1,300 nm and 1,550 nm wavelength transmission. Besides, the total fiber dispersion is also demonstrated against the hole diameter in µm at the employment of 850 nm, 1,300 nm and 1,550 nm wavelength transmission. The total fiber confinement loss is studied and illustrated against the distance between holes in µm at the employment of various wavelength band transmission. Total fiber losses are demonstrated in relation to the distance between holes in µm at the employment of 850 nm, 1,300 nm and 1,550 nm wavelength transmission.

Stepwise ordering under nano-scale confinement in thin silica films

The phase transition from an amorphous 2D structure to a crystalline 3D structure under confinement is a fascinating and challenging problem in materials science and condensed matter physics. This work reports the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray reflectivity (XRR), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) studies on pristine silica thin films. Silica was deposited on pristine Al (001) substrate (Alfa-Aesar) from tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) precursor and thin films were spin-coated at different spinning frequencies under ambient conditions. The samples are highly porous and in-plane porosity varies from 30% to 60% as analyzed from both the FESEM and XRR and with increasing spinning frequency pores become more ordered. XRR shows that the samples are composed of two layers, a thick layer of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) as buffer layer and a layer of SiO2 on the top of the film. XRR shows sharp ordering rather than any layering. The film thickness varies from 90[Formula: see text]Å to 200[Formula: see text]Å and it shows a linear decay in the thickness of silica layer. In between 1000 and 1500[Formula: see text]rpm, XRR shows a sharp drop in the thickness of silica layer where thickness of this layer falls below the unit-cell dimension indicating higher-ordered crystallization under strained condition. XRD shows that there are no crystalline peaks coming from silica at lower rpm except the peaks of Al coming from the substrate. At 1000, 1200 and 1500[Formula: see text]rpm there is peak corresponding to the quartz, highly crystalline phase of SiO2 and where the substrate is slightly modified Al2O3. Reflection from (101) plane is prominent in all the films and it gives indication of formation 3D crystalline phase. Whereas FTIR shows that the Si–O stretching modes exhibit sharper and more defined reflectance peak compared to the broad bands observed in the samples in lower rpm. Observations suggest a clear indication of progressive ordering under confinement. To one extent, the results of XRR and FESEM will suggest the mechanism of transition from 2D amorphous to 3D crystalline phase under geometrical confinement effect and total confinement effect arising from thinning of the films with the increasing rpm, interfacial effect and on the other hand XRD and FTIR results will explain high ordering under confinement without any layering.

Ambient formation of high pressure Ag2Si2O5 and non-stoichiometric Ag0.3Al0.7 alloy under confinement

We report results of Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays (EDAX), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray Reflectivity (XRR), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and residual stress measurement studies of Ag-silica composite films on Al(001) co-deposited from precursors and spin-coated at different frequencies under ambient conditions. FESEM and EDAX show Ag nanoparticle formation, and XRD, XPS, and XRR show Ag0.3Al0.7 alloy and Ag-rich silicate Ag2Si2O5 formation in all samples. The alloy is non-stoichiometric and non-equilibrium, while the silicate forms at high oxygen pressure. XRR shows the presence of three layers, nanoparticles on top, silicate in the middle, and alloy at the bottom, on an Ag-doped Al substrate. Film thickness decreases exponentially with frequency. Individual layers increase in crystal domain size with a frequency of 3000 rpm when the silicate layer thins below unit cell thickness and the growth has a two-dimensional preference. Our results suggest total confinement by film thinning and local confinement from the Ag nanolayer. Residual stress measurements on the films deposited at 500 and 5000 rpms show a gradual increase in the tensile stress. The increase in spinning frequency reveals the formation of high pressure ambience.

Sputtering yield reduction for nano-columnar W surfaces under D ion irradiation

This study investigates the sputtering properties of nano-columnar tungsten surfaces under 2 keV D2+ irradiation. It was conducted both by performing experiments in a highly sensitive quartz crystal microbalance setup as well as by numerical methods using two simulation codes called SPRAY and SDTrimSP-3D. A key question was whether the strong sputtering yield reduction observed in previous studies under 2 keV Ar+ irradiation is maintained when using a much lighter ion species like deuterium. For the latter, a substantially larger projected range in the material has to be expected. Therefore, a total confinement of the ion-solid interaction within the W nano-columns cannot be assumed a priori. However, both the experiments and the numerical simulations showed in good agreement that the geometrically induced sputtering yield reduction is still observed to the same extent despite the increased range of ions in the material. Thus, a potential application of such nano-columnar tungsten surfaces as plasma facing components in future nuclear fusion devices is not affected.

Evaluation of multifactorial digestive disorders in a dairy herd at different stages of lactation.

The manager of a large dairy herd (total confinement, total mixed ration feeding, 10130 kg milk sold per cow and year) requested a workup of a digestive disorder problem that had been ongoing for several years. The cows were at all stages of lactation, and the incidence proportion (events/100 cows at risk) of digestive disorders was approximately 5 to 10%. The clinical picture included an abnormal demeanor of varying severity and signs that differed among the cows. The latter included decreased milk production and physical activity, low body condition score, abnormal rumen motility and stratification, small intestinal dilatation, diarrhea, undigested fiber particles in the feces, fever and abdominal pain.The following approach was used to investigate the digestive disorder problem:1. The herd was assessed for production levels, housing requirements, feeding protocols and animal health management. The latter comprised evaluation of different animal scores, metabolic profile analysis, diagnosis of disease, culling records and slaughter data. The results revealed risk factors concerning the feeding and animal health monitoring, (e. g. in dry matter intake and silage quality management, disease detection and diagnosis in fresh cows). The assessment also identified a high occurrence of digestive disorders of unknown origin.2. Fifteen cows that represented the ongoing digestive disorder problem were selected to undergo clinical examination, hematological analysis, urinalysis, and ultrasonography of the ventral abdomen. The clinical examinations revealed different digestive disorders, which were mainly inflammatory in nature, in all the cows. Eight cows had localized reticuloperitonitis and 13 had left displaced abomasum with different degrees of displacement and adhesions between the abomasum and reticulum attributable to reticuloperitonitis.Our results revealed a multifactorial problem caused by several risk factors relating to animal health and feeding management protocols that resulted in different types of digestive disorders. The wires from damaged tires used to hold the pit silo tarps in place were identified as a possible traumatic cause of the reticuloperitonitis. Treatment, prevention and follow-up of the different conditions were discussed.

120 Metabolic adaptation to lactation and resumption of ovarian cyclicity of dairy cows in contrasting facilities in half-time confinement plus grazing or total confinement

120 Metabolic adaptation to lactation and resumption of ovarian cyclicity of dairy cows in contrasting facilities in half-time confinement plus grazing or total confinement

Performance of Autumn and Spring Calving Holstein Dairy Cows with Different Levels of Environmental Exposure and Feeding Strategies

Environmental exposure during confinement and feeding strategy affects cow behavior, nutrient utilization, and performance. Milk production and composition, body condition score, non-esterified fatty acids, and beta-hydroxybutyrate were determined during a full lactation in cows submitted to (a) grazing + partial confinement in outdoor soil-bedded pens with shade structures (OD-GRZ); (b) grazing + partial confinement in a compost-bedded pack barn with cooling capacity (CB-GRZ); or (c) total confinement (same facilities as CB-GRZ) and fed TMR ad libitum (CB-TMR). Autumn (ACS) and spring (SCS) calving season cows were used for each treatment, except for CB-TMR (only SCS). In ACS, treatments did not differ in any variable, possibly due to mild weather. In SCS, milk production was higher in CB-TMR than CB-GRZ, which in turn produced more milk than OD-GRZ. Differences coincided with heat waves and/or heavy rains (similar grazing conditions and mixed ration DM intake). Milk fat, protein and lactose yield, protein content, and BCS were higher in CB-TMR, without differences between CB-GRZ and OD-GRZ. Cows in OD-GRZ had impaired energy metabolism. Under moderately unfavorable environmental conditions (ACS), when well-managed, OD-GRZ systems could equate to the productive response of CB-GRZ. However, in worse climatic conditions (SCS), performance could be compromised, especially when compared to TMR systems.

Integrated vector management program in the framework of the COVID-19 pandemic in Medellin, Colombia

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic pressured health care systems to remain alert and active in their vector-borne disease control and prevention programs, leading to changes in vector control strategies in urban areas affected by dengue, Zika and chikungunya. Objective: To describe the adaptations made to the vector control and surveillance program in Medellín during the COVID-19 health emergency. Materials and methods: Once the health emergency started, biosecurity protocols were developed. Entomological surveillance was strengthened from the institutional environment instead of homes. Data was collected in Medellín from 2018 to 2021 during the vector control and surveillance program activities, which included epidemiological and entomovirological surveillance, entomological index survey, ovitrap monitoring, community mobilization, search and elimination of mosquito breading sites, and chemical control. These actions were adapted and/or increased to promote self-care among communities in total and partial confinement, and to develop prevention and control measures. Results: Mosquito monitoring was increased by 40% using ovitraps, entomological virological surveillance showed an increase in 2020 of 34,4% compared to 2019 and virtual media was used to keep and improve contact with the community. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on arbovirus prevention and control programs. The city of Medellín quickly adapted its entomo-virological surveillance activities, control measures, and the contact with the community during the pandemic, which allow the Integrated Vector Management program to remain active in the city.

Impact of Confinement on the Reduction of Pollution and Particulate Matter Concentrations. Reflections for Public Transport Policies

Different initiatives have been implemented to improve air quality in large cities, such as encouraging travel by sustainable modes of transport, promoting electro-mobility, or the car-free day. However, to date, we have not found statistics that indicate to what extent the concentration levels of particulate matter PM2.5, PM10 and nitrogen oxides (NOx) pollutants decrease as a result of public policy. We used official data from the Chilean Government’s national air quality information system (SINCA) for the Santiago metropolitan region and estimated the impact of the confinement by COVID-19 on the ambient concentration average values of NOx gases and particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10, which are the main air pollutants produced by the transport sector after CO2. We found that in general there are significant differences between the average levels of gas emissions for 2020 compared to 2019. In particular, we found that, for the months of total confinement May-July, the monthly average levels decreased between 7% and 19% for particulate matter PM2.5, between 18% and 50% for PM10 and between 34% and 48% for NOx. With the return to the new normality, these improvements in ambient concentration levels may be affected by the increase in private transport trips, due to the reluctance of citizens to return to mass public transport. Our results, therefore, represent the maximum impact that can be expected in reducing ambient concentration levels in the city of Santiago of Chile when a mobility reduction of gasoline vehicles is implemented. The reduction of PM2.5, PM10 and NOx was no more than 7%, 18% and 34%, respectively. The average concentration of PM2.5 decreased by 7–19% compared to previous years. The average concentration of PM10 decreased by 18% and 50% compared to previous years. Concentrating commuting on public transport would help reduce levels of PM10 and PM2.5.

Heritability and genetics correlations for body weight in escargots

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for body weight at 60 (P60), 90 (P90), and 120 (P120) days of age in escargots of the subspecies Cornu aspersum maximum, evaluating the influence of fixed and covariable effects on these traits. The data used were collected from escargots kept in a total confinement system. The significant fixed effects and covariates for these traits were tested in a general linear model by the F-test, considering a level of significance of 5%. Both the fixed effects of box and birth year and the quadratic effect of age of weighing as a covariate were significant (p &lt; 0.05) for P60, P90, and P120. The Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) methodology was used to estimate (co)variance components and genetic parameters. High heritability for P60, P90, and P120 (0.38, 0.55 and 0.78, respectively) and high genetic correlations (0.58 to 0.77) among the traits were observed. The genetic parameters can be used as a basis for studies and practical applications to increase zootechnical indexes in this population.

Effect of the confinement type on the mechanical performance of glass waste concrete: Experimental and numerical modeling

Disposing glass into open spaces and landfills is among the most serious environmental threats, as well as a source of potential health risks around the world. Therefore, in the construction sector, recovering discarded glass as a building material is gaining popularity since it reduces greenhouse gas-footprint and associated environmental problems. Our paper investigates experimental and numerical modeling of the uni-axial compression behavior at 28 days of concrete cylinders containing colored waste glass (WG) and confined by a polypropylene textile. In doing so, an experimental protocol was performed by partial substitution in concrete to reduce the cement and sand levels of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%. The best-performing variant is confined with textile sourced from the salvage sector too though. In this section, we studied the experimental and numerical behavior taking into account the type of confinement such as total confinement (TCC), partial confinement concrete circular (PCCC), and partial confinement concrete helical (PCCH). The obtained results in terms of stress evolution are presented and discussed, indeed, they represent a promising revelation regarding the improvement in terms of rigidity. The confrontation of the experimental and numerical results shows a satisfactory agreement.

Characterisation of dairy female calf management practices in southern Chile

The objective of this study was to characterise husbandry and technical-productive practices at the calf rearing stage in dairy farms in Los Lagos Region, southern Chile. A face-to-face survey was applied to 22 dairy farms in Los Lagos Region in 2017. All farms performed artificial calf rearing under either of two systems: total barn confinement (48%) or a mixed system that considers the first stage with confinement and the second stage in open-air paddocks (52%). More than half (52%) of the farms supplied fresh colostrum to the calf from its dam and the rest of the farms used bottle or oesophageal tube. Only 30% of the farms evaluated colostrum quality using colostrometer (densimeter) or refractometer. After the colostrum supply, milk replacers, waste milk, or a mixture of both were used for calf feeding. Most of the farms (66.7%) did not have automated milk-feeding systems and used bottles (88.9%) and buckets (11.1%) instead. On average, calves were handled by 1.5 caretakers (SD: 0.63) of which 63.4% (SD: 40.2) were men. The average age for caretakers was 43.9 years (SD: 12.7), with 23.8% being less than 35 years old. Overall, results from this study can be used to identify key managements that could improve calves’ rearing productive traits.

Seismic investigation of reinforced concrete columns with different transverse reinforcements

In this study, cyclic lateral load tests of eight large diameter circular reinforced concrete column specimens are conducted to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of both single-cross and double-cross lap-spliced crossties on confining reinforced concrete columns. The tests involve four series of specimens—R, S33, S17, and D33 with the same total confinement force of the circular ties and crossties. The confinement forces of the single-cross and double-cross lap-spliced crossties are respectively calculated by multiplying the cross-sectional area of one and two crossties with the nominal yield strength. Firstly, the results reveal a small, nonsignificant correlation between seismic performance and lateral force direction. Therefore, assigning a direction to single-cross or double-cross lap-spliced crossties is unnecessary. Additionally, circular ties outperformed single-cross and double-cross lap-spliced crossties in terms of the confinement effect when the total confinement force is identical. Thirdly, single-cross crossties demonstrate higher confinement effects than double-cross crossties do, and the calculated reduction in the crossties’ circular tie equivalent confinement force is correlated with the crossties’ configuration pattern and confinement force ratio. Finally, RC circular columns with single-cross and double-cross crossties below 33% of confinement force percentage exhibit acceptable seismic performance, values shown later. These findings merit further research and clarification.

Quantum dots / TiO2 hybrid photonic crystal: Fabrication and application for highly sensitive and visible region-responsive biosensor

In this work, by combining a photonic crystal (PhC) and highly luminescent material, we developed an extremely sensitive PhC sensor that allows detection by single wavelength fluorescence intensity change in the visible wavelength region. We fabricated a titanium dioxide (TiO2) PhC containing quantum dots (QDs) inside the PhC structure and confirmed that the fluorescence intensity of the QDs was enhanced. Fluorescence enhancement occurs because of the total reflection and light confinement of the QD fluorescence inside the TiO2 PhC structure. The response to changes in the surrounding refractive index and protein adsorption was confirmed. Furthermore, for biosensing applications, troponin T (TnT), an acute myocardial marker, was determined using an antigen-antibody reaction. It was found that a TnT level of 100 fg/mL, which is considerably less than the cutoff value of 100 pg/mL, was successfully detected. The lower limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 58.2 fg/mL, which is 1/40 of that of the conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method (LOD: 2 pg/mL). It was demonstrated that the present TiO2 PhC-containing QDs can be used as a sensor device for the highly sensitive detection and determination of disease biomarkers.

Active Energy‐Efficient Terahertz Metasurfaces Based on Enhanced In‐Plane Electric Field Density

AbstractSubwavelength confinement of electromagnetic modes in periodic structures is essential to tailor light−matter interaction in space and time. Metamaterials with strong electromagnetic field confinement can be extremely sensitive to surface conditions, thereby enhancing the metadevice response for low‐energy electrical, thermal, and optical stimuli. It is important to note that the total field confinement matters, but the contribution of in‐plane electric field density is critical to efficiently harness and manipulate light via active metasurfaces. The authors experimentally demonstrate a new planar metal–semiconductor hybrid terahertz (THz) metasurface design that shows highly sensitive active THz amplitude modulation towards optical illumination. In the proposed design, in‐plane electric field density has been enhanced by 350% to lower the optical pump fluence requirement for energy‐efficient, active modulation of resonances compared to the conventional inductive‐capacitive resonant metamaterials. Such metasurfaces with large in‐plane electric field density can find many applications in developing ultrasensitive sensors and active THz electrical and optical modulators operational at extremely low energies.

Computational study of runaway electrons in MST tokamak discharges with applied resonant magnetic perturbation

A numerical study of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and tracer-particle evolution investigates the effects of resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) on the confinement of runaway electrons (REs) in tokamak discharges conducted in the Madison Symmetric Torus. In computational results of applying RMPs having a broad toroidal spectrum but a single poloidal harmonic, m = 1 RMP does not suppress REs, whereas m = 3 RMP achieves significant deconfinement but not the complete suppression obtained in the experiment [Munaretto et al., Nuclear Fusion 60, 046024 (2020)]. MHD simulations with the NIMROD code produce sawtooth oscillations, and the associated magnetic reconnection can affect the trajectory of REs starting in the core region. Simulations with m = 3 RMP produce chaotic magnetic topology over the outer region, but the m = 1 RMP produces negligible changes in field topology, relative to applying no RMP. Using snapshots of the MHD simulation fields, full-orbit relativistic electron test particle computations with KORC show ≈50% loss from the m = 3 RMP compared to the 10%–15% loss from the m = 1 RMP. Test particle computations of the m = 3 RMP in the time-evolving MHD simulation fields show correlation between MHD activity and late-time particle losses, but total electron confinement is similar to computations using magnetic-field snapshots.

Adoption Level of Scientific Poultry Rearing in Ri-Bhoi District of Meghalaya

To study the relationship between socio economic status and adoption level of scientifi c poultry rearing in Meghalaya exploratory research was conducted in Bhoirymbong and Umsning block, where a total of 100 farmers has been considered for the study. A pre-tested interview schedule was developed and data were collected through interview technique. The results showed that the relationship of adoption level by the poultry farmers with their socio-economic status, correlation coeffi cients were calculated which indicated that in the pooled sample adoption level exhibited positively and highly signifi cant relationship with education (r=0.333**, P&lt;0.01) and extension contact (r=0.258**, P&lt;0.01) whereas mass media exposure (r=0.224*, P&lt;0.05) and farm size (r=0.202*, P&lt;0.05) exhibited positively signifi cant relationship with adoption level. Annual income from other source (r = -0.409**, P&lt;0.01) showed negatively and highly signifi cant relationship with adoption level. Family size (r = -0.218*, P&lt;0.05) exhibited negatively signifi cant relationship with adoption level. Majority (94.00 %) of the respondents adopted intensive system with total confi nement in the poultry shed followed by (6.00 %) semi-intensive system.