Total Carbohydrate Intake Research Articles

Development of a national database for dietary glycemic index and load for nutritional epidemiologic studies in the United States

BackgroundThe quality of carbohydrate intake, as measured by the glycemic index (GI), has not been evaluated nationally over the past 2 decades in the United States. ObjectivesWe aimed to develop a comprehensive and nationally representative dietary GI and glycemic load (GL) database from 1999 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and to examine GI and GL time trends and subpopulation differences. MethodsWe used an artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled model to match GI values from 2 GI databases to food codes from United States Department of Agriculture, which were manually validated. We examined nationally representative distributions of dietary GI and GL from 1999 to 2018 using the multistage, clustered sampling design of NHANES. ResultsAssigned GI values covered 99.9% of total carbohydrate intake. The initial AI accuracy was 75.0%, with 31.3% retained after manual curation guided by substantive domain expertise. A total of 7976 unique food codes were matched to GI values, of which soft drinks and white bread were top contributors to dietary GI and GL. Of the 49,205 NHANES adult participants, the mean dietary GI was 55.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 55.5, 55.8) and energy-adjusted dietary GL was 133.0 (95% CI: 132.3, 133.8). From 1999 to 2018, dietary GI and GL decreased by 4.6% and 13.8%, respectively. Dietary GL was higher among females (134.6; 95% CI: 133.8, 135.5) than among males (131.3; 95% CI: 130.3, 132.3), those with ≤high school degree (137.7; 95% CI: 136.8, 138.7) than among those with ≥college degree (126.5; 95% CI: 125.3, 127.7), and those living under the poverty level (140.9; 95% CI: 139.6, 142.1) than among those above the poverty level. Differences in race were observed (Black adults, 139.4; 95% CI: 138.2, 140.7; White adults, 131.6; 95% CI: 130.5, 132.6). ConclusionsThe national GI and GL database facilitates large-scale and high-quality surveillance or cohort studies of diet and health outcomes in the United States.

Dietary Intake and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Results in Women with Gestational Diabetes

Background/Objective: Diet is a risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). There are few studies on women’s diet and glucose tolerance test (GTT) results during pregnancy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between one’s previous diet and the number of abnormal values on the diagnostic GTT in women with GDM. We hypothesized that there would be an inverse relation between antioxidant micronutrient consumption and the number of abnormal GTT values. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 60 women diagnosed with GDM (2-h, 75 g-GTT), divided in two groups as follows: 1 abnormal glucose value and 2–3 abnormal values. Shortly after the diagnosis, participants answered a validated food frequency questionnaire to assess their food consumption in the last 6 months. The Mann–Whitney test was used to compare the dietary intake of the participants in the two groups. Results: The participant characteristics were similar. The median intake of total calories, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins did not differ significantly between groups. Participants with 1 abnormal GTT value had significantly higher intakes of fiber (11.9 vs. 11.0 g/day p = 0.049), vitamin D (40.6 vs. 40.4 mcg/day p = 0.049), and vitamin C (180.0 vs. 151.0 mg/day p = 0.008) than those with 2–3 abnormal values. Conclusions: Our results suggest a possible association between the consumption of fiber and antioxidant micronutrients and the number of abnormal GTT values.

The Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Nitrogen Balance at Six months Post-surgery.

Obesity, defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health, rose from 8.6 to 10.5% in Singapore's residents. Bariatric surgery, the primary treatment for severe obesity, induces fat and muscle loss. Adequate protein intake is vital for preventing muscle loss. This study examines nitrogen balance in individuals with obesity pre- and post-surgery. Sixteen participants with severe obesity (BMI ≥ 32.5kg/m2) undergoing bariatric surgery (14 sleeve gastrectomy, 2 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass) and 20 normal-weight controls (BMI < 25kg/m2) were recruited. Nitrogen balance, calculated from dietary protein intake and urine nitrogen excretion, was assessed. Participants with obesity were re-evaluated 6months post-surgery. Data were analyzed using parametric methods. At baseline, controls had a BMI of 20.8 ± 2.1kg/m2; those with obesity had 40.9 ± 7.3. Daily calorie and protein intake for participants with obesity were not statistically significantly different from controls (calorie intake at 1467 ± 430 vs. 1462 ± 391kcal, p = 0.9701, protein intake 74.2 ± 28.7 vs. 64.6 ± 18.3g, p = 0.2289). Post-surgery, BMI, fat-free mass, fat mass, total energy intake, carbohydrate, and protein intake decreased significantly (p < 0.01). Protein oxidation and urine nitrogen excretion did not change after bariatric surgery. However, nitrogen balance significantly reduced from 2.62 ± 5.07 to - 1.69 ± 5.07g/day (p = 0.025). Dietary protein intake is inadequate in individuals with obesity at 6months post-bariatric surgery and contributes to a state of negative nitrogen balance.

Dietary fibre intake, adiposity, and metabolic disease risk in Pacific and New Zealand European women

The aim of this study was to explore associations between habitual dietary fibre intake, adiposity, and biomarkers of metabolic health in Pacific and New Zealand European women who are known to have different metabolic disease risks. Pacific (n = 126) and New Zealand European (NZ European; n = 161) women (18-45years) were recruited to the PROMISE cross-sectional study(1) based on normal (18-24.9kg/m2) and obese BMI (≥30kg/m2). Body fat percentage (BF%), measured using whole body DXA, was used to stratify participants into low (&lt;35%) or high (≥35%) BF% groups. Habitual dietary intake was calculated using the National Cancer Institute method, involving a 5-day-food-record and a semi-quantitative FFQ. Fasting blood was analysed for glucose, insulin, and lipid profile. NZ European women in the low- and high-BF% groups were older, less socioeconomically deprived, and consumed more dietary fibre (median 23.7g/day [25-75-percentile, 20.1, 29.9]; 20.9 [19.4, 24.9]) than Pacific women (18.8 [15.6, 22.1]; 17.8 [15.0, 20.8]; both p&lt;0.001), respectively. Pacific women consumed a higher proportion of their total fibre intake from discretionary fast foods, in contrast NZ European women consumed more dietary fibre from wholegrains. Regression analysis controlling for ethnicity, age, socioeconomic deprivation, energy intake, protein, total carbohydrate, and fat intake showed significant inverse associations between higher dietary fibre intake and BF% and visceral fat% (β = −0.47, 95% CI = −0.62, −0.31, p&lt;0.001; β = −0.61, [−0.82, −0.40], p&lt;0.001, respectively) among both Pacific and NZ European women. LDL-C (β = −0.04, [−0.06, −0.01]) was inversely associated with fibre intake following further adjustment for BF%-groups in NZ European women. Despite differences in intake, dietary fibre was inversely associated with adiposity and metabolic disease risk in both Pacific and NZ European women. However younger woman living in areas of higher socio-economic deprivation who consumed a higher proportion of total dietary fibre intake from discretionary fast foods were more likely to have low dietary fibre intakes than older, wealthier women. These women were also more likely to be Pacific women. Increasing habitual dietary fibre intake could help to reduce adiposity and metabolic disease risk; so implementing policies that make health-promoting high fibre foods more affordable, ensuring households have sufficient income to purchase nutritious food and limiting the amount of unhealthy food marketing that low income communities are exposed to should be public health priorities.

Full-fat corn germ improves the performance and milk fat yield of Girolando cows fed sugarcane bagasse and cactus cladodes as forage sources.

We investigated the effects of replacing ground corn with full-fat corn germ (FFCG) on milk production, milk composition, and nutrient use in cows fed sugarcane bagasse and cactus cladodes. Ten multiparous Girolando cows (average body weight 500 ± 66kg, 90 ± 15 days in milk) were distributed in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin Square and assigned to five dietary treatments containing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% of full-fat corn germ in substitution to ground corn. Full-fat corn germ increased fat-corrected milk yield by 2.2kg/day and the synthesis of fat, lactose, and total solids in milk by 94.4, 60.0, and 201.10g/day, respectively (p < 0.05). Cows fed corn germ quadratically increased (p < 0.05) dry matter intake by 1.01kg/day, with the intake of crude protein and total digestible nutrients following the same pattern. Conversely, the substitution of corn for full-fat corn germ linearly reduced (p < 0.05) the total non-fiber carbohydrate intake from 5.79 to 4.40kg/d. Except for ether extract and non-fiber carbohydrates, full-fat corn germ did not alter (p > 0.05) nutrient digestibility. Cows fed corn germ excreted less (p < 0.05) urea-N in milk and urine N. These results demonstrate that full-fat corn germ can partially replace ground corn to enhance the milk production efficiency of crossbred cows fed cactus cladodes and sugarcane bagasse. Furthermore, including sugarcane bagasse in FFCG-supplemented diets prevents milk fat depression in cows fed cactus cladodes.

Nutritional strategies, performance, digestibility, and carcass traits of Santa Ines and Rabo Largo breeds in a tropical climate.

The aim of this study was to compare the performance, intake, digestibility, ruminal parameters, carcass traits, and the yield of commercial cuts of Santa Ines (SI) and Rabo Largo (RL) breeds fed diets with high or low roughage-to-concentrate ratio (R:C) under a tropical climate. Twenty lambs from each breed were individually housed in covered pens and fed the experimental diets for 58days. The diets were formulated to meet the growth requirements of lambs with a roughage-to-concentrate ratio of 70:30 and 30:70. Significant interactions of breed × diet for nutrient intake were observed (P < 0.05), with SI lambs fed low R:C diet showing higher intake of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and total carbohydrates compared to RL lambs fed the same diet. SI lambs fed high R:C diet had higher intake of neutral detergent fiber than RL lambs (P < 0.05). SI lambs displayed better average daily gain and feed efficiency, regardless of diet (P < 0.05). Carcass traits and gastrointestinal components were influenced by breed and diet (P < 0.05). SI lambs fed low R:C diet showed higher subcutaneous fat thickness and better carcass finishing compared to RL lambs (P < 0.05). SI breed lambs exhibited better growth performance, carcass traits, and gastrointestinal characteristics, even when fed diets with a high roughage-to-concentrate ratio.

Consumption of foods and beverages rich in added sugar associated with incident metabolic syndrome: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study.

Numerous studies report positive associations between total carbohydrate (CHO) intake and incident metabolic syndrome (MetS), but few differentiate quality or type of CHO relative to MetS. We examined source of CHO intake, including added sugar (AS), AS-rich CHO foods, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) associated with incident MetS in adults enrolled in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Among 3154 Black American and White American women and men aged 18-30 years at baseline, dietary intake was assessed by diet history three times over 20 years. Sources of AS-rich CHO foods and beverages include sugar-rich refined grain products, candy, sugar products, and SSBs. Incident MetS was created according to standard criteria. Time-dependent Cox proportional hazards regression analysis evaluated the associations of incident MetS across quintiles of cumulative intakes of AS-rich CHO foods and beverages, AS, and SSBs adjusted for potential confounding factors over 30 years of follow-up. The associations of AS-rich CHO foods and beverages, AS, and SSB intakes with incident MetS were consistent. Compared with the lowest intake, the greatest intakes of AS-rich CHOs, AS, and SSBs were associated with 59% (Ptrend < 0.001), 44% (Ptrend = 0.01), and 34% (Ptrend = 0.03) higher risk of developing MetS, respectively. As expected, diet quality was lower across increasing quintiles of AS-rich CHO foods and beverages, AS, and SSBs (all Ptrend < 0.001). Our study findings are consistent with an elevated risk of developing MetS with greater consumption of AS, AS-rich CHO foods, and SSBs, which support consuming fewer AS-rich CHO foods and SSBs.

Effects of D-tagatose, Stevia and Sucrose on pH and oral bacterial activity in dentistry students. A randomized controlled trial

stevia and D-tagatose have shown a reduction in total calorie and carbohydrate intake as a substitute for sucrose, demonstrating a stabilizing effect on pH and bacterial proliferation. to evaluate the effect of D-tagatose, stevia and sucrose on salivary pH and bacterial activity in odontology students. a controlled study of parallel and randomized groups with a single blind, whose sample considered three groups subjected to a mouthwash of D-tagatose (n = 10), stevia (n = 10) and sucrose (n = 10). These solutions were administered over 1 minute in a single 6.4 % concentrated dose. Data collection and analysis considered the recording of salivary pH 5 min before exposure to the sweetener, immediately after expulsion of the mouthwash and 15 min later, 30 min, 45 min and 48 hours. The counting of the final number of colony-forming units per mL (CFU/mL) was counted using the salivary samples obtained immediately after exposure of the sweetener together with the sample obtained 30 minutes later, with the cultures performed on agar plates. D-tagatose, stevia and sucrose presented significant differences in total CFU/mL at 30 minutes (p < 0.001), while salivary pH showed significant differences at 48 hours after administration (p < 0.001). D-tagatose, stevia and sucrose present significant differences in total CFU/mL and salivary pH, these findings being a possible indication of a partial inhibitory effect on bacterial metabolism.

Association between dietary carbohydrates intake, diabetes, obesity and breast cancer incidence among Sudanese women at the national cancer institute, Gezira State, Sudan (2021-2022)

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of cancer and the main cause of death among women in Sudan. BC incidence rates is increasing in Sudan as estimate by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in Wad Madani. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between high carbohydrate intake, diabetes obesity and risk of breast cancer. It was a cross-sectional study conducted in the NCI in Wad Madani, Gezira state in Sudan, during the period of 2021-2022, among 100 Sudanese women (ages: 20-75 years) who were confirmed to have BC. Data was collected by questionnaire consisted of questions about food intake and questions about BC risk factors. Physical measurements (height, weight and waist circumference) were taken. Laboratory tests (blood glucose) were done. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS version 22. The results showed that carbohydrate intake was positively associated with the risk of BC (p&lt;0.05), and this association was higher in premenopausal women. Among carbohydrate components, the highest association were observed with sucrose and starch. BMI, waist circumference and diabetes mellitus were positively associated with the risk of BC. There was no association between age and BC (p&gt;0.05). There was a very well correlation between consuming more than 30 grams per day of sugar (sucrose) and BC (r&gt;0.50) while total sugar intake and carbohydrate intake had the lower correlation (0.433, 0.269), respectively (r&lt;0.50). It was concluded that increased intake of foods rich in carbohydrates, especially sucrose and starch was directly associated with the risk of BC and its advanced stage in premenopausal Sudanese women. On the other hand, an increase in both waist circumference, body mass index and diabetes were positively associated with increased risk of BC.

Characteristics of the gut microbiome of Swiss elite athletes with a spinal cord injury: An exploratory study

Objectives To illustrate and explore associations between the gut microbiome and spinal cord injury (SCI) characteristics, physical training, dietary intake, body composition, and blood biomarkers of elite Swiss athletes. Design and setting Baseline data analysis of athletes with SCI who participated in a pilot trial (NCT04659408) in the Swiss Paraplegic Center, Nottwil, Switzerland. Participants Elite athletes, five males, and six females, with SCI who competed internationally. Outcome measures We conducted a differential abundance analysis and measured the alpha and beta diversity of the gut microbiome. Results The athletes’ median age was 34.5 years. Six had traumatic SCI and five had a spina bifida. The athletes competed in para-cycling (5), wheelchair athletics (3), and wheelchair tennis (3). A higher duration of training per week was positively associated with Akkermansia and Akkermansiaceae but negatively associated with Prevotellaceae. Muribaculaceae was negatively associated with the average number of trainings per week. Waist circumference is negatively associated with Butyricimonas. Significant differences in the alpha diversity were found with sex, gastrointestinal quality of life index (GIQLI) scores, total caloric intake, total fat intake, total carbohydrate intake, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Beta diversity differences were found with impairment of the sympathetic nervous system of the gut at the genus level and HbA1c at the family level. Conclusions This study provides insight into the gut microbiome of athletes with SCI. Our results were similar to those found in athletes without SCI. Further replication is needed to confirm the relationships of organisms observed in the gut of athletes with SCI.

Nutrition Knowledge and Diet in Female College Students in Turkey: Youth Education in Nutrition Initiative/Nutrition Education Works (YENI/NEW)—A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study

Healthy dietary patterns can play a major role in preventing chronic diseases. Improving nutrition-related knowledge in young individuals is considered a promising approach to adopting healthy dietary behaviors, thus improving outcomes later in life. However, healthy eating habits in college students may prove challenging to acquire and maintain. This cross-sectional pilot study aimed to investigate the relationship between nutrition knowledge and its effect on dietary factors, body weight, and body composition in female college students in Turkey. Second- and third-year female college nutrition students (NS), (n = 85) and corresponding non-nutrition/non-health sciences students (NNS) (n = 80), aged 20–22 years old, were evaluated using a validated nutrition knowledge questionnaire, 24 h recalls, anthropometry, and body composition analysis using bioelectrical impedance during the 2015–2016 academic year. The findings revealed that nutrition knowledge was positively associated with increased intake of water, fruits and vegetables, grains, and fiber, whereas total carbohydrate intake exhibited an inverse relationship with nutrition knowledge. Moreover, protein and lipid intake, while not significant, appeared to show higher and lower values, respectively, for the NS participants compared to NNS, revealing a healthier trend for more nutrition-knowledgeable students, which was similar to the finding of a marginally better body composition profile in nutrition-knowledgeable students. As young adulthood is critical for the development of dietary habits, demonstrating the effectiveness of nutrition education is important as a potential tool for public health in terms of improving the risk of chronic diseases.

Evaluation and Comparison of Daily Total Energy Intake and Macronutrient Proportion Consumption Between Poor vs Good Glycemic Control Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A cross-sectional study at Family Medicine OPD, Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, Thailand

OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare daily total energy intake and macronutrient proportion consumption between poor and good glycemic control type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2021 to March 2022 at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital. Patient data was collected using a questionnaire. Dietary intake data was collected using 24-hour dietary recall and was analyzed by a dietitian. Factors and their association with poor glycemic control were analyzed. RESULTS Of the 127 participants, 40.16% had poor glycemic control. The mean HbA1c level in the poor and the good glycemic control group was 7.67±0.61% and 6.39±0.44% respectively (p &lt; 0.001). Among all patients, the mean total energy intake was 1,640.21±495.92 kcal/day, with mean proportions of 51.25% for carbohydrate, 16.56% for protein, and 32.12% for fat. There were no significant differences between the poor and good glycemic control groups in total energy intake (1702.63±503.48 kcal/day vs. 1598.32±489.65 kcal/day, p = 0.247), carbohydrate intake (222.78±89.98 g/day vs. 203.72±79.36 g/day, p = 0.211), protein intake (70.12±21.50 g/day vs. 65.44±21.38 g/day, p = 0.230), or fat intake (58.94±19.26 g/day vs. 57.86±24.33 g/day, p = 0.790). CONCLUSIONS The poor glycemic control group was more likely to consume more total energy and a higher proportion of carbohydrate and fat, which suggests that proper individualized dietary energy intake and diet proportions may enhance nutritional status and glycemic control. KEYWORDS DM, nutrition, diet, calories, glycemic control, consumption

Association of a Combination of Sarcopenia and Type 2 Diabetes with Blood Parameters, Nutrient Intake, and Physical Activity: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

This study aimed to investigate the association of sarcopenia and type 2 diabetes (T2D) with blood parameters, nutrient intake, and physical activity in older Korean adults. We divided 2952 participants into four groups: sarcopenic diabetes (SD), sarcopenia alone (S), diabetes alone (D), and non-sarcopenia and non-diabetes (NSND). Sarcopenia was defined by the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index, and T2D by fasting glucose levels or ongoing treatment. Blood samples were collected after an 8-h fast. Nutrient intake was assessed using a 24-h recall; physical activity was evaluated using a questionnaire. Compared with those in the other groups, the men in the S and SD groups showed significantly lower hemoglobin and hematocrit levels; vitamin D levels in men and parathyroid hormone levels in women were significantly lower in the SD group. Total energy, protein, and carbohydrate intakes were significantly lower in the SD and S groups than those in the D and NSND groups. Physical inactivity was significantly more common in the SD group (men: odds ratio, 1.61; women: odds ratio, 2.37) than in the NSND group. A combination of sarcopenia and diabetes as well as sarcopenia alone was associated with low levels of blood parameters, poor nutrient intake, and low physical activity.

The association between glycemic index, glycemic load and total carbohydrate intake and risk of premature coronary artery disease: Iran Premature Coronary Artery Disease Study (IPAD) - A Case-Control Study

Background and aimsThe association between glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), total carbohydrate intake, and risk of cardiovascular diseases has been controversial. Premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) is characterized by the age of onset lower than 55 and 65 respectively in men and women. The aim of the current study is to investigate the relationship between GI, GL and carbohydrate levels and the risk of PCAD in Iran. Methods and resultsIn total, 419 healthy people and 553 patients struggling with PCAD have participated in this case-control study. Dietary GI and GL were calculated using a validated food frequency questionnaire at the baseline. Crude and multivariable logistic regression were used to assess the relationship between GI, GL, and total carbohydrate intake and risk of PCAD. The mean age of participants was 51.13 ± 6.90 and 46 % of them were women. A significant direct relationship was observed between higher carbohydrate intake (OR: 1.74, 95%CI: 1.27–2.38) and GL levels (OR: 1.56, 95 % CI:1.14–2.14) and risk of PCAD. These associations were not significant after adjusting for potential variables. No significant association has been observed between GI and odds of PCAD even after controlling for all covariates. ConclusionWe found no significant association between GI, GL, and total carbohydrate intake and risk of premature coronary heart disease. Further observational and clinical trials are required to assess this relationship.

Carbohydrates – a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023

Background: Dietary carbohydrates are a major source of energy in the Nordic and Baltic countries. The health effects of different types of carbohydrates vary and there is a need to update the evidence regarding specific carbohydrates and their effects on health-related outcomes.&#x0D; Objective: The aim of this scoping review was to describe the evidence for the role of total carbohydrates (fiber excluded), glycemic index (GI) or glycemic load (GL) and added or free sugars for health-related outcomes as a basis for setting and updating dietary reference values for the Nordic Nutrition Recommendation (NNR) 2023.&#x0D; Method: We included evidence from several qualified systematic reviews (the World Cancer Research Fund, the European Food Safety Authority, the World Health Organization, the United States Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, the United Kingdom Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition) identified by the NNR project in line with the protocol description.&#x0D; Results: There is limited evidence that total carbohydrate intake (fiber excluded) outside of the current recommended range of 45–60% of energy is associated with health-related outcomes. There were no consistent benefits on clinical outcomes when changing the GI of a diet. High intake of dietary sugars is well known to be associated with dental caries. There was evidence from randomized control trials on surrogate disease endpoints, for a positive and causal relationship between the intake of added and free sugars and risk of some chronic metabolic diseases with moderate level of certainty for obesity and dyslipidaemia. The level of certainty was high for an association between high intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of several chronic metabolic diseases.&#x0D; Conclusion: While there is limited evidence that total carbohydrates and GI and GL of the diet are related to health outcomes, the evidence suggests that high intakes of added and free sugars are related to detrimental health effects. In addition, with increasing intake of added and free sugars, there is less room for healthy foods and micronutrients, which is especially important for those with low energy intake, such as children.

Inadequate intake of energy and nutrients: A comparative cross-sectional study between sport and nonsport science university students of southern Ethiopia.

This study aimed to investigate and compare the energy and selected nutrient intakes of sport science and nonsport science university students of Southern Ethiopia. Multiple-day dietary data were collected from 166 university students (76 sport science and 90 nonsport sciences). Average daily energy and nutrient intake, and inadequate intakes were calculated using NutriSurvey (NS). There were significant differences (p < .05) in the median intakes of energy, total carbohydrate, and vitamin B1 between female students from the sport science and nonsport science groups, but only the median intake of iron was significantly different (p < .05) between the male sport and nonsport science student groups. The prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamin B1 was significantly (p < .05) higher in the male and female from the nonsport science groups compared to the male and female student groups in the sport science, respectively, whereas the prevalence of inadequate iron intake by the male sport science students' group was significantly (p < .05) higher compared to their counterparts. Similarly, the prevalence of inadequate energy among the females from the sport science group was significantly (p < .05) higher compared to the female students from the nonsport science department group. The prevalence of inadequate intake of dietary energy and the majority of the nutrients (protein, fat, vitamin A, B1, B2, and magnesium) were high (>50%) in selected university students. The energy and majority of nutrient intakes by the students in the selected universities of southern Ethiopia were suboptimal. Therefore, activities that will improve the dietary intake of university students should include weekly meal plan revision considering their average recommended nutrient intake (RNI).

Longitudinal associations of macronutrient and micronutrient intake with plasma kynurenines in colorectal cancer survivors up to 12 months posttreatment

BackgroundThe tryptophan-kynurenine pathway is increasingly recognized to play a role in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) after cancer. Because tryptophan is an essential amino acid, and vitamins and minerals act as enzymatic cofactors in the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway, a link between diet and kynurenines is plausible. ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the longitudinal associations of macronutrient and micronutrient intake with metabolites of the kynurenine pathway in colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors up to 12 mo posttreatment. MethodsIn a prospective cohort of stage I–III CRC survivors (n = 247), repeated measurements were performed at 6 wk, 6 mo, and 12 mo posttreatment. Macronutrient and micronutrient intake was measured by 7-d dietary records. Plasma concentrations of tryptophan and kynurenines were analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS). Longitudinal associations were analyzed using linear mixed models adjusted for sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle factors. ResultsAfter adjustment for multiple testing, higher total protein intake was positively associated with kynurenic acid (KA) (β as standard deviation [SD] change in KA concentration per 1 SD increase in total protein intake: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.20), xanthurenic acid (XA) (standardized β: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.33), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (HAA) (standardized β: 0.15; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.27) concentrations, and the kynurenic acid-to-quinolinic acid ratio (KA/QA) (standardized β: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.02,0.22). In contrast, higher total carbohydrate intake was associated with lower XA concentrations (standardized β: −0.18; 95% CI: −0.30, −0.07), a lower KA/QA (standardized β: −0.23; 95% CI: −0.34, −0.13), and a higher kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio (KTR) (standardized β: 0.20; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.30). Higher fiber intake was associated with a higher KA/QA (standardized β: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.21) and a lower KTR (standardized β: −0.12; 95% CI: −0.20, −0.03). Higher total fat intake was also associated with higher tryptophan (Trp) concentrations (standardized β: 0.18; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.30) and a lower KTR (standardized β: −0.13; 95% CI: −0.22, −0.03). For micronutrients, positive associations were observed for zinc with XA (standardized β: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.21) and 3-hydroxykynurenine (HK) (standardized β: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.20) concentrations and for magnesium with KA/QA (standardized β: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.36). ConclusionsOur findings show that intake of several macronutrients and micronutrients is associated with some metabolites of the kynurenine pathway in CRC survivors up to 12 mo posttreatment. These results may be relevant for enhancing HRQoL after cancer through potential diet-induced changes in kynurenines. Further studies are necessary to confirm our findings.

Effects of reducing free sugars on 24-hour glucose profiles and glycemic variability in subjects without diabetes.

The Western diet, especially beverages and high processed food products, is high in sugars which are associated with the development of obesity and diabetes. The reduction of refined carbohydrates including free and added sugars improves glycemic control in individuals with diabetes, but the data regarding effects in subjects without diabetes are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of reducing free sugar intake on 24-h glucose profiles and glycemic variability using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). In the randomized controlled study, 21 normal weight and overweight/obese subjects (BMI 18-40 kg/m2) without diabetes were assigned to a 4-week reduced-sugar (RS) diet or control diet after a 2-week baseline phase. During the baseline phase, all participants were advised not to change their habitual diet. During the intervention phase, RS participants were asked to avoid added sugar and white flour products, whereas participants of the control group were requested to proceed their habitual diet. Anthropometric parameters and HbA1c were assessed before and at the end of the intervention phase. Interstitial glucose was measured using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and the food intake was documented by dietary records for 14 consecutive days during the baseline phase and for the first 14 consecutive days during the intervention phase. Mean 24-h glucose as well as intra- and inter-day indices of glucose variability, i.e., standard deviation (SD) around the sensor glucose level, coefficient of variation in percent (CV), mean amplitude of glucose excursions (MAGE), continuous overlapping net glycemic action (CONGA), and mean absolute glucose (MAG), were calculated for the baseline and intervention phases. During the intervention, the RS group decreased the daily intake of sugar (i.e., -22.4 ± 20.2 g, -3.28 ± 3.61 EN %), total carbohydrates (-6.22 ± 6.92 EN %), and total energy intake (-216 ± 108 kcal) and increased the protein intake (+2.51 ± 1.56 EN %) compared to the baseline values, whereby this intervention-induced dietary changes differed from the control group. The RS group slightly reduced body weight (-1.58 ± 1.33 kg), BMI, total fat, and visceral fat content and increased muscle mass compared to the baseline phase, but these intervention-induced changes showed no differences in comparison with the control group. The RS diet affected neither the 24-h mean glucose levels nor intra- and inter-day indices of glucose variability, HbA1c, or diurnal glucose pattern in the within- and between-group comparisons. The dietary reduction of free sugars decreases body weight and body fat which may be associated with reduced total energy intake but does not affect the daily mean glucose and glycemic variability in individuals without diabetes. German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS); identifier: DRKS00026699.

Individual- and supply-level macronutrient intakes are well correlated over a 50-year period (1961–2011) in 18 countries in Asia, North America, and Europe

Reliable information on dietary trends is essential. We compared individual-level dietary estimates for total energy, carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake over time with national supply data from the Global Expanded Nutrient Supply Model (186 paired estimates from 1961 to 2011, 18 countries). We hypothesized that supply data would overestimate individual measures and that the two measures would be weakly correlated. Individual- and supply-level estimates were compared using Spearman correlation coefficients and linear mixed-effect models were used to estimate the differences between measures. Overall, the correlations between individual- and supply-level measures were moderate for energy (rs = 0.34) and carbohydrate (rs = 0.39), strong for fat (rs = 0.85), and protein (rs = 0.69). Trends in total energy measured by individual-level surveys and total energy supply were positively correlated in 38.9% of countries, whereas trends in macronutrients aligned between estimates in most countries. Supply-level dietary data overestimated individual-level intakes, especially in higher income countries in Europe and in the United States. In the United States, supply-level data exceeded individual-level estimates by 26.3% to 29.9% for energy, carbohydrate, and fat, whereas protein estimates were similar between measures. In Europe, supply-level estimates overestimated individual-level intake by 19.9% for energy, 17.0% for carbohydrate, 13.7% for fat, and 7.7% for protein, whereas estimates for energy and macronutrients were similar in Asia. In Asia and lower income countries, our findings generally support the use of supply-level data in the absence of individual-level data, though this finding may be related to smaller sample size and differences in underlying national statistics that inform supply data.

Comparisons of Different Carbohydrate Quality Indices for Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study.

Carbohydrate quality might be more important than quantity to reduce type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. Various metrics of carbohydrate quality exist; however, their associations with T2D have only been studied to a limited extent. Consequently, the aim was to investigate the association between four different pre-defined carbohydrate quality indices, with various amounts of fiber (≥1 g) and free sugar (<1 or <2 g) per 10 g of carbohydrates, and T2D risk among 26,622 individuals without diabetes from the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort. Dietary data were collected through a food diary, diet frequency questionnaire, and interview. After a mean follow-up of 18 years, 4046 cases were identified through registers. After adjusting for potential confounders, no statistically significant associations were found for any of the indices. When excluding individuals with past dietary changes and potential misreporting of energy (36% of the population), lower risk was found for the following intake ratios: 10:1:2 carbohydrate:fiber:free sugar (HR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.70-0.97), and 10:1&1:2 carbohydrate:fiber and fiber:free sugar, respectively (HR = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.72-0.97). Our findings indicate that adherence to a diet with high amounts of fiber and moderate amounts of free sugar in relation to total carbohydrate intake may be associated with a lower risk of T2D.