Total Capital Cost Research Articles

Using biogas from municipal solid waste for energy production: Comparison between anaerobic digestion and sanitary landfilling

The objective of this work is to compare anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and sanitary landfilling for combined heat and power (CHP) production, using biogas. The comparison aims to select the most appropriate method using economic, environmental, technological and legal criteria. In the first scenario considered, the total amount of 50,000 Mg/y (SI unit Mg = metric ton = tonne) commingled MSW is disposed of in a sanitary landfill. In the second scenario, 40% of OFMSW from 50,000 Mg/y of commingled MSW is source-separated and subject to dry, thermophilic, anaerobic digestion. The remainder MSW and the digestate are disposed of in a sanitary landfill. A sensitivity analysis for 100,000 and 200,000 Mg MSW/y was also conducted. For both methods, the appropriate CHP engines were selected, the amounts of produced biogas, energy, GHGs, NOx to the atmosphere, leachate production and the total capital and operation costs were calculated. Regression equations for total cost, net present value and gate fee were developed and used for economic assessment. Based on energy, environmental and legal criteria, CHP production from anaerobic digestion is favored, compared to sanitary landfilling. Based on economic criteria, anaerobic digestion is selected for MSW productions exceeding 210,000 Mg/y and 150,000 Mg/y, for the cases the investment is implemented with own funds or draws 55% from public funds, respectively. For smaller MSW productions, sanitary landfilling is favored, respectively. Although the results are based on Greek economic conditions, the comparison methodology can be applied to other countries.

Optimal equipment arrangement of a total site for cogeneration of thermal and electrical energy by using exergoeconomic approach

The optimal equipment arrangement for a system for cogeneration of thermal and electrical energy for a total site is determined with exergoeconomic analysis. A steam power plant can operate concurrently in a dual-use mode producing steam and electricity. It is important to know the potential for cogeneration before designing and optimizing a central utility system in order to establish on site fuel demand targets. In the current study, two case studies with different backpressure steam turbines arrangement are considered and, if extra power generation is needed, designs with a system of condensing and gas turbines are examined. The minimum exergy destruction rate, maximum exergy efficiency, minimum total capital cost rate and minimum exergy destruction cost rate for these arrangements are investigated with exergoeconomic analysis. Finally, selected backpressure steam turbines arrangement in conjunction with the gas turbine system are introduced for finding the optimum arrangement of the cogeneration system in the total site with an exergoeconomic approach.

Accounting for the expenses of the stages of oil research and exploration and its role in improving revenues for crude oil companies

The research dealt with one of the important topics that received great attention in the field of accounting in general and in the field of accounting for oil costs in particular, which is the topic of methods for recording the expenses of the stages of oil research and exploration, at a time when contributions and research efforts were focused on searching for procedures and factors of success of these methods Which was often based on traditional discussions, by focusing on the differentiation between registration methods and the assumption of calculating costs and risks for each of them, despite the importance of such discussions in understanding how accountants work and the preference procedures in adopting each of these methods in oil companies as it is the best for the work of companies oil organizations. However, it does not express the specificity of each of these methods, and then reveals the foundations of their advantage based mainly on maximizing the revenues of the crude oil companies. Based on this, the research aims to measure the contribution of methods for recording the expenses of the stages of oil research and exploration in improving revenues for crude oil companies, within a framework that simulates the reality of local organizations on the one hand and embodies their available applicable accounting practices on the other hand. The research was conducted in the crude oil industry sector by adopting personal interviews and surveying the opinions of a sample of accountants in crude oil companies operating in the Erbil Governorate - Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The first axis included (15) questions that embodied the contents of the methods of recording the expenditures of the stages of oil research and exploration and their practices, which were measured into three methods: (revenue cost method, total cost method, and successful efforts method) for each of them (5) questions, while the third axis included (10) questions about the contents of the revenues of oil companies Crude, with the aim of identifying the methods of recording the expenses of the stages of oil research and exploration, and the extent of their contribution to improving the revenues of the researched organizations. A set of statistical tools were adopted to test the study's hypotheses using the Rasa program and its diagnosis. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which was, the existence of a significant effect of the methods of recording the expenses of the stages of oil research and exploration in improving the revenues of the oil companies in the organization, the study sample, and the most effective method is the total cost (capital) method, and based on that, some proposals were indicated, the most important of which is the necessity Enhancing the organization's interest in the study sample in analyzing the total (capital) cost related to the work of oil companies and studying it to find out the contents that can be benefited from in the future.

Optimal design, thermodynamic and economic analysis of coal to ethylene glycol processes integrated with various methane reforming technologies for CO2 reduction

Coal to ethylene glycol (CTEG) technology can effectively alleviate the shortage of ethylene glycol, however, is criticized by severe greenhouse gas emissions. This study proposed four co-feed processes of coal and coke oven gas to ethylene glycol with different methane reforming technologies: steam reforming, dry reforming, combining steam and dry reforming, and tri-forming of methane technologies. The key operational parameters were investigated and optimized firstly in terms of the whole simulation models. A detailed technical, economic and environmental analysis of the novel co-feed processes was then conducted and compared with the conventional process. Results show that the optimal feed ratio of coke oven gas and coal of the co-feed processes is greatly different and changed from 34.20 kmol/t to 70.20 kmol/t. The carbon utilization and exergy efficiencies of the co-feed processes are increased by 16.90%–32.76% and 4.41%–10.28%. Their total capital investment and production cost are reduced by 8.92%–18.82% and 8.24%–19.43%, respectively. As a result, the internal rate of return of the co-feed processes is increased from 9.25% to 12.85%–18.85%. In addition, the co-feed processes can significantly reduce the direct CO2 emissions of the conventional CTEG process by 70.39%–95.28%. Thus, the co-feed processes have better technical, economic and environmental performance compared with conventional process. In particular, the CTEG process integrated with tri-reforming of methane technology has the best comprehensive performance in comparison with other novel processes.

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for 90% Post Combustion CO2 Capture From a New Build CCGT

This paper presents the findings of the techno-economic assessment undertaken by Wood for the UK Government Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy on the large-scale deployment of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs) for post-combustion CO2 capture integrated with a new build combined cycle gas turbine power plant for the generation of low carbon electricity. The findings are compared with a state of the art proprietary amine scrubbing technology. Based on a new build power plant to be installed in the North East of England, with a power train comprising two trains of H-class gas turbines each with a dedicated steam turbine, the configuration presented utilises MCFCs between the gas turbine exhausts and their heat recovery steam generators and cryogenic separation for unconverted fuel recycle and CO2 purification. It was found that the proposed configuration could achieve 92% CO2 capture from the overall power plant with MCFCs while achieving 42% of additional new power production with only 2.6 %-points of thermal efficiency penalty compared to a conventional proprietary amine benchmark. While the total project capital cost increased by 65%, the high overall thermal efficiency and additional power generated resulted in a Levelised Cost of Electricity almost identical to the benchmark at £70/MWh (US$97/MWh). A number of areas are identified for potential further improvement in this scheme. It is concluded that use of MCFC technology, which also has the capability to be tailored for hydrogen production and combined heat and power services, shows significant potential to be competitive with, or exceed, the cost and technical performance of current state of the art technologies for post-combustion CO2 capture.

Fleet and charging infrastructure decisions for fast-charging city electric bus service

Decision aspects concerning the introduction of fast-charging city electric buses are studied in this paper. The main studied problem consists of determining a fleet of electric buses and their charging infrastructure such that a social-ecological value is maximized. In the most representative time period, all the electric buses should be available to drive, the required inter-bus interval should be maintained, the output power of any charging station and transformer should not be exceeded, and the total capital cost and the total annual operating, depreciation and energy cost should not exceed certain maximum thresholds. The total passenger demand satisfied by the electric buses can be considered as the value to be maximized. A secondary problem consists of finding a passenger load balanced schedule of the vehicles on the same route. Mathematical models for these two problems are proposed. A randomized heuristic algorithm combined with the Particle Swarm Optimization is developed for the main problem, and a known polynomial time algorithm is adapted for the secondary problem. A case study for the city of Minsk (Belarus) and computer experiments with random instances are provided. The proposed approach delivered solutions with values deviating at most 12% on average and 24% in the worst case from the upper bounds obtained as optima of a relaxed problem.

Techno-Economic Analysis in the Production of Copper Nanoparticles by Biosynthetic Method using Citrus medica Linn. Extract

Copper nanoparticles are the most frequently used materials in the field of nanoscience because of their electrical, optical, biomedical, antifungal, and antibacterial properties. The synthesis of copper nanoparticles with biological methods is known to be environmentally friendly, inexpensive, simple, and capable of producing better nanoparticles than other methods. This study aims to determine the feasibility of an industrial project to manufacture Cu nanoparticles through a biosynthetic method using Citrus medica Linn. extract and evaluate it from an engineering and economic point of view. Some of the parameters used for economic evaluation are Payback Period (PBP), Break Even Point (BEP), and Cumulative Net Present Value (CNPV). The analysis is supported using data taken from online shopping websites. The results showed that the number of Cu nanoparticles that could be produced in one year was 24,000 kg. The total initial capital cost is 272,640.00 USD and the profit is 698,655.90 USD/year. PBP occurred in the 3rd year with the CNPV/TIC value reaching 3.746% in the 9th year. Based on the economic evaluation, the project is concluded to be feasible to run with the anticipated tax and percentage of sales. The results of this study are expected to provide an overview of the economic evaluation of industrial-scale Cu nanoparticles production by biosynthetic method using Citrus medica Linn. extract.

Transforming biorefinery designs with \u2018Plug-In Processes of Lignin\u2019 to enable economic waste valorization

Biological lignin valorization has emerged as a major solution for sustainable and cost-effective biorefineries. However, current biorefineries yield lignin with inadequate fractionation for bioconversion, yet substantial changes of these biorefinery designs to focus on lignin could jeopardize carbohydrate efficiency and increase capital costs. We resolve the dilemma by designing ‘plug-in processes of lignin’ with the integration of leading pretreatment technologies. Substantial improvement of lignin bioconversion and synergistic enhancement of carbohydrate processing are achieved by solubilizing lignin via lowering molecular weight and increasing hydrophilic groups, addressing the dilemma of lignin- or carbohydrate-first scenarios. The plug-in processes of lignin could enable minimum polyhydroxyalkanoate selling price at as low as $6.18/kg. The results highlight the potential to achieve commercial production of polyhydroxyalkanoates as a co-product of cellulosic ethanol. Here, we show that the plug-in processes of lignin could transform biorefinery design toward sustainability by promoting carbon efficiency and optimizing the total capital cost.

Thermodynamic and exergoeconomic analysis of combined supercritical CO2 cycle and organic Rankine cycle using CO2-based binary mixtures for gas turbine waste heat recovery

Combined cycle system is an effective technical mean for waste heat recovery (WHR) of gas turbine to improve energy efficiency and decelerate environmental pollution. A combined cycle system including two supercritical CO2 (S-CO2) cycles and one organic Rankine cycle (ORC) using CO2-based binary mixtures for WHR of gas turbine is proposed. Firstly, thermodynamic and exergoeconomic analyses are conducted for the proposed system. Then parametric study is carried out to investigate the influences of decision parameters on the system performance including thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency and unit cost. Besides, optimization is performed for the system from the viewpoints of thermodynamics and exergoeconomic. The results indicate that the highest total exergy destruction and capital cost occur in the gas turbine subsystem, followed by two S-CO2 cycles and ORC. The obtained results demonstrate that using Propane as additive in CO2-based binary mixture can not only benefit thermodynamic performance, but also is conductive to its exergoeconomic characteristic. Moreover, thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency, unit cost and exergoeconomic factor of proposed system can achieve 48.56%, 51.90%, 3.66 cent/kWh and 28.30% after the optimization of exergoeconomic, respectively. Furthermore, the superiority of proposed systems is verified compared with other systems in the literatures.

Development and techno-economic analysis of a two carriers reactor arrangement for chemical-looping combustion in a fixed bed

Reduction of CO2 emissions is imperative to stop climate change. In the present study, the performance of a system based on chemical looping combustion in fixed bed is investigated. The plant allows power generation with obtainment of a CO2 rich stream ready for sequestration. To overcome the problems related to large temperature variations, use of two in series oxygen carriers, Cu/CuO and Ni/NiO supported on Al2O3, is investigated. CH4 was considered as fuel. A 1D numerical model was developed to estimate temperature and concentration profiles within the fixed bed as a function of time. A network of parallel reactors was designed to obtain continuous power generation at the turbine. A techno economic analysis was performed to estimate plant throughput, overall efficiency, total capital costs, and levelized cost of energy of the proposed system.

Energy-saving exploration and optimization of methyl alcohol – Methyl ethyl ketone – Tertbutyl alcohol separation by extractive dividing-wall distillation with ionic liquid as extractant

• Energy-saving separation of methyl alcohol - methyl ethyl ketone – tert -butanol azeotropic system is studied. • A few extractive distillation processes with ionic liquid are proposed and parametrically optimized. • The best one greatly reduces energy consumption, investment and CO 2 emission. • An efficient simulated annealing based optimization strategy is designed. Several new extractive distillation configurations using green and highly selective ionic liquid (IL) as extractant are proposed as an alternative to the conventional extractive distillation (CED) and conventional extractive dividing wall column (CEDWC) configuration to separate methyl alcohol (MeOH)-methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)-tert butyl alcohol (TBA) azeotropic mixture, including direct and indirect extractive distillation (direct-ED, indirect-ED), azeotropic extractive distillation (AED), and extractive dividing wall column (EDWC). These schemes are optimized with the objective of total annual costs (TAC) by simulated annealing based optimization method. Among these schemes, EDWC is undoubtedly the best due to the benefits of IL and dividing wall column. As compared with the CED process, it can reduce TAC by 22.19%, total capital cost by 31.47%, total operating cost by 8.35%, CO 2 emission by 7.7%. In addition, the computation shows that the used optimization method is very practical for the optimal design of complex distillation systems with the advantages of direct, efficient, robust and global optimal.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A NOVEL DESIGN OF FEED PELLETS VERTICAL COOLER

This work aims to report a novel design of feed pellets vertical cooler named as double bed vertical cooler (DBVC). The proposed DBVC is assessed experimentally using sinking fish feed pellets produced by a ring-die pelletizer under different operating parameters including the position air double vacuum fans, height of the feed pellets as a function of pellet retention time inside the cooler and different widths of sieve slit. The performance evaluation of DBVC was performed and compared to performance of the single bed vertical pellet cooler (SBVC) that used commercially in the feed pellets industry in Egypt. The comparison was carried out at constant cooler’s capacity of 2 Mg/h for both coolers in terms of the performance indicators such as; output pellets temperature and moisture content, cooling efficiency, pellet durability, required specific energy.. etc. Moreover, the two types of coolers have been analyzed from the economic point of view using the life cycle cost (LCC) method. Under the best operating conditions for both cooler, the obtained results showed that the temperature and moisture content for the outlet pellets were reduced by about 5.55% and 10.60%, respectively by using DBVC. Using DBVC gave slight increase in cooling efficiency and pellet durability by about 3.35% and 4.60%, respectively over SBVC with an explicit reduction in the required cooling energy by about 30.83%. From the economic aspect, the total capital cost and total cooling cost per unit of production for DBVC are lower than SBVC by 73.91% ( the price difference between them saving 4885.87$) and 61.26% ( saving 0.77 $/Mg), respectively. Ultimately, it is clear that the DBVC proved a high performance and saved the costs of feed pellet cooling process

THE EFFECT OF TOTAL ASSETS, OWN CAPITAL, MEMBER LOAN AND OPERATIONAL COSTS ON THE REMAINING OF BUSINESS RESULTS IN COOPERATIVES (CASE STUDY ON KP-RI TUNAS BAKTI SMPN 01 KAMPAR AIRTIRIS)

This study was conducted to The Effect of Total Assets, Own Capital, Member Loan and Operational Costs On The Remaining of Business Results In Cooperatives (Case Study On KP-RI Tunas Bakti SMPN 01 Kampar Airtiris). The population in this study was the cooperative KP-RI Tunas Bakti SMPN 01 Kampar Airtiris. The technique used in sampling is the File Research method that comes from the cooperative. Hypothesis testing uses multiple linear regression analysis with the help of SPSS 23.00 for windows. The results showed that simultaneously Total Assets, Own Capital, Member Loans and Operational Costs affect the remaining business results. Partially, namely Total Assets, Own Capital and Member Loans which affect the Remaining Business Results while Operational Costs do not affect the Remaining Business Results.

Solar-driven mechanical vapor compression desalination equipped with organic Rankine cycle to supply domestic distilled water and power – Thermodynamic and exergoeconomic implications

Abstract The world will need the utilization of renewables as fossils are phased out. In this between, solar energy has gained much attention. A Mechanical Vapor Compression desalination system, driven by a concentrated photovoltaic/thermal is proposed. The proposed co-generation system is analyzed using thermodynamic and economic principles. Absorbed heat from panels is utilized to run an organic Rankine cycle. Produced power by the organic Rankine cycle and panels is supplied as the electricity demand of a hypothesized neighborhood and surplus power is utilized to generate freshwater by desalination unit. On the other hand, to generalize the obtained results, a sensitivity analysis is carried out for both summer and winter conditions to analyze the effect of solar radiation on the system’s performance. Under the base condition and considering solar radiation of 500 W/m2, the produced electricity by the solar panels and organic Rankine cycle are found to be 43.43 kW and 33.27 kW, respectively. Also, 38.7 kW overproduced electricity is utilized to produce 141 m3/d distilled water. Furthermore, it is revealed that the highest investment cost belongs to the evaporator/condenser unit of the desalination unit followed by the employed compressor with 24.1% and 22% of the total capital investment cost, respectively. Moreover, a total exergoeconomic factor of 20.1% is obtained for the entire system indicating that 79.9% of total costs are related to the exergy destruction.

Optimal design, exergy and economic analyses of coal-to-ethylene glycol process coupling different shale gas reforming technologies

The large-scale sustainable development of the coal-to-ethylene glycol process is severely plagued by its shortcomings such as high CO2 emissions, investment cost, and energy consumption. To address these issues, three novel shale gas assisted coal to ethylene glycol (SCtEG) processes with different methane reforming technologies are proposed and compared: the SCtEG process integrated with dry reforming technology (D-SCtEG), the SCtEG process integrated with steam reforming technology (S-SCtEG), and the SCtEG process integrated with dry and steam reforming technologies (D + S-SCtEG) processes. The key operational parameters of these novel processes are optimized firstly based on the system modeling and simulation. Then a techno-economic analysis is conducted and compared with a conventional CtEG process. The results show that, the carbon utilization efficiency of the D-SCtEG, S-SCtEG, and D + S-SCtEG processes is increased from 21.09% to 59.47%, 58.51% and 59.33%, respectively. Their exergy efficiencies are increased by 17.70%, 20.66% and 13.66%, respectively. Among these processes, the D-SCtEG and D + S-SCtEG processes can achieve zero CO2 emission. Furthermore, the D-SCtEG, S-SCtEG, and D + S-SCtEG processes can greatly reduce the total capital investment and production cost, especially, their production costs are saved by 10.48%, 13.23%, and 9.09%, respectively.

Comparative evaluation of cost for preliminary and tertiary municipal wastewater treatment plants in Istanbul.

As the global economy continues to grow, the need for an economic evaluation of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is increasing. Determination of cost functions (CFs) helps to assess the costs of WWTP and to be able to reach to the satisfactory financial levels of construction and operation practices in the early phases of a project. In this study, unit capital and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs were calculated by analyzing the real capital and operation and maintenance expenditures of 16 full-scale WWTPs in Istanbul. Besides, the impacts of treatment level and capacity on costs were investigated. The unit total capital cost was found as 0.013±0.004 €/m3 and 0.054±0.009 €/m3 for preliminary and tertiary treatment, respectively, whereas the unit total O&M cost were 0.011±0.007 €/m3 and 0.077±0.021 €/m3 for preliminary and tertiary treatment, respectively. Capital (investment) costs covered 58% of the total cost in preliminary WWTPs, whereas; O&M costs had the highest share (58%) in tertiary WWTPs. The results of this study confirmed that the level of treatment considerably affected the costs of WWTPs. Moreover, the CFs were separately derived for tertiary treatment including A2O with and without digester. The CFs obtained in this study are of utmost importance to be used in the economic evaluation of the planned WWTPs and in the management of existing ones.

From surplus bread to burger using filamentous fungi at bakeries: Techno-economical evaluation

A novel approach of utilizing unsold bread at bakeries as a substrate for the fermentative production of a fungal food product have been developed. Techno-economic feasibility of implementing on-site solid-state fermentation in small-scale bakeries in Sweden to recover 10 kg/day surplus bread using the edible fungus Neurospora intermedia was investigated. Different inoculation to substrate ratios were compared, where 24% of fermented solids to inoculate the next batch presented the best fermentation-benefit ratio. Total capital cost was at its maximum €12,600 that can process 70 tons bread (10 kg/day) in its 20-years lifetime to produce 63 tons of product. Operational costs were dominated by labour cost (53%). Outcomes indicate that the process implementation is economically feasible with an annual net profit of €62,000, rate of return on investment of 18.5%, with a payback-period of 4 years at a discount rate of 7%. According to sensitivity analysis, product-selling price and process bread capacity were critical to the process's economics. Increasing the capacity to 100 kg/day resulted in a substantial increase in net profit value of €5,700,000 compared to the base case scenario. Implementation of this process cast insights on techno-economic performance of a sustainable treatment for surplus bread at bakery-level.

Techno-economic analysis of stand-alone PV system: a case study of public street lighting for remote area in Indonesia

Stand-alone Photovoltaic (PV) system is mostly required for the remote areas where the electricity is limited or not available from the grid. This study presents the simplified method to design system and analyse the economic aspect of the stand-alone PV system. The case study of providing electricity for public street lighting using PV system for remote area in Indonesia was conducted. First, the size of PV system was estimated based on the daily electricity consumption and the peak solar hour (PSH) on the site location of the project, so the requirements of the components were obtained. Second, the components selection was performed by surveying the information from the components manufacturers which met with the requirement of the system. Third, economic analysis was performed by considering the capital cost and the final specific energy electric cost. The public street lighting used 80 W lamp and was operated for 12 hours per day. The result showed that the total capital cost for the system was 8,031,400 IDR (551 USD) and the final specific energy cost at 1,960 IDR/kWh (0.13 USD/kWh). The largest portion of capital cost was for the battery as energy storage which took 38% of the total capital cost.

A novel sizing inherits allocation strategy of renewable distributed generations using crow search combined with particle swarm optimization algorithm

In this study, a new distributed generation sizing that inherits the allocation strategy for the IEEE 30-bus benchmark system is proposed. The hybrid crow search-particle swarm optimization technique would select the optimal buses through the automatic cancelation of the unfeasible load buses. Additionally, it performs sizing that inherits allocation for minimum costs and transmission losses. Also, it selects the best distributed generation technology among wind turbines and photovoltaic energy systems based on the minimum total capital cost. The proposed strategy outperformed others in terms of total cost alleviation, power losses reduction, voltage profile improvement, and lines loading mitigation.

A new correlation for estimating the gas turbine cost

The recent changes in energy scenario with rising attention to decarbonization, introduction of new technology and renewable source have led to design power plant with the lowest values of cost of energy, investment payback period, CO2 emission, especially in cogeneration and combined cycle plants. The cost of a gas turbine, an industrial key intellectual property value, represents a large portion of total plant capital cost. In fact, the correlations used to determine this cost, represent an important part in the optimization of power plant studied. In this work, a new cost correlation has been determined using gas turbine data presents into GTW handbook. The overall correlation, dependently only on gas turbine output power, used in a lot of scientific studies is here actualized, calculating new split-power and new coefficients for Heavy Duty and Aeroderivative gas turbine. Therefore, a more complete and detailed correlation is developed, introducing additional parameters, such as thermodynamic efficiency, pressure ratio, exhaust temperature and exhaust mass flow rate, whose values are available on gas turbine datasheet. The new correlation here proposed reflects better real gas turbine configurations and costs.