Total Calcium Content Research Articles

MINERAL COMPONENT OF ORAL FLUID AS AN INDICATOR OF REPARATIVE OSTEOGENESIS AFTER TOOTH EXTRACTION

Tooth extraction is known to results in the formation of a bone defect and the gradual atrophy of the alveolar process, which can negatively impact the outcomes of dental rehabilitation. Adequate alveolar bone volume and the complete morphology of the alveolar process are essential for achieving aesthetic and functional reconstruction. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cryopreserved placenta and quercetin on the levels of total and ionized calcium in oral fluid during the process of reparative osteogenesis following tooth extraction. Results. The study found that the content of total calcium in the oral fluid of patients showed a statistically significant increase on the 20th day after the tooth extraction procedure: by 5.2%, 3.7%, and 4.8% in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd clinical groups, respectively. The dynamics of ionized calcium were even more pronounced. On day 20 after tooth extraction, the levels of ionized calcium increased significantly in all three clinical groups: by 23.0%, 9.6%, and 33.3%, respectively. In the second clinical group, the ionized calcium content was lower by 16.7% compared to the control group, and by 12.1% compared to the group where cryopreserved placenta was used alongside the standard treatment protocol, with these differences being statistically significant. Ninety days after tooth extraction, the levels of ionized calcium showed a statistically significant decrease: by 13.2%, 6.3%, and 13.5%, respectively, in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd clinical groups. The least change in total and ionized calcium levels in the oral fluid was observed in patients treated with the standard protocol supplemented with cryopreserved placenta and quercetin. This may be attributed to local bone tissue resorption in the lower jaw, resulting in the release of this mineral from the bones.

A 0.2 T-0.4 T Static Magnetic Field Improves the Bone Quality of Mice Subjected to Hindlimb Unloading and Reloading Through the Dual Regulation of BMSCs via Iron Metabolism.

Osteoporosis is the most prevalent metabolic bone disease, especially when aggravated by aging and long-term bed rest of various causes and also when coupled with astronauts' longer missions in space. Research on the use of static magnetic fields (SMFs) has been progressing as a noninvasive method for osteoporosis due to the complexity of the disease, the inconsistency of the effects of SMFs, and the ambiguity of the mechanism. This paper studied the effects of mice subjected to hindlimb unloading (UL, HLU) and reloading by the 0.2 T-0.4 T static magnetic field (MMF). Primary bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were extracted to explore the mechanism. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were used as an osteoporosis model by HLU for four weeks. The HLU recovery period (reloading, RL) was carried out on all FVEs and recovered in the geomagnetic field (45-64 μT, GMF) and MMF, respectively, for 12 h/d for another 4 weeks. The tibia and femur of mice were taken; also, the primary BMSCs were extracted. MMF promoted the recovery of mechanical properties after HLU, increased the number of osteoblasts, and decreased the number of adipocytes in the bone marrow. MMF decreased the total iron content and promoted the total calcium content in the tibia. In vitro experiments showed that MMF promoted the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and inhibited adipogenic differentiation, which is related to iron metabolism, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and the PPARγ pathway. MMF accelerated the improvement in bone metabolism and iron metabolism in RL mice to a certain extent, which improved the bone quality of mice. MMF mainly promoted osteogenic differentiation and reduced the adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs, which provides a reliable research direction and transformation basis for the osteoporosis of elderly, bedridden patients and astronauts.

Mineral nutrition for Cannabis sativa in the vegetative stage using response surface analysis.

Cannabis cultivated for medical and adult use is a high-value horticultural crop in North America; however, we lack information on its optimal mineral nutrition due to previous legal restrictions. This study evaluated the mineral requirements of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) for cannabis in the vegetative stage using response surface analysis. Plants were cultivated in a hydroponic system with various nutrient solution treatments (mg L-1) of N (132.7, 160, 200, 240, and 267.3), P (9.6, 30, 60, 90, and 110.5), and K (20.8, 60, 117.5, 175, and 214.2) according to a central composite design. Nutrient interactions (N × K, K × P, and N × P × K) had a significant effect on the vegetative growth of the cannabis plants. N × K interaction had a significant effect on leaf mass and stem mass. K × P interaction had a significant effect on dry root mass, leaf mass, stem mass, leaf area, specific leaf area, and chlorophyll a and b contents. N × P × K interaction had a significant effect on root mass, leaf mass, stem mass, stem diameter, leaf area, and chlorophyll a and b contents. The optimum concentrations of total nitrogen, P, K, calcium, and sulfur in the cannabis leaves were 0.54, 0.073, 0.27, 0.56, and 0.38 mg g-1, respectively. An increase in P and K concentrations decreased the magnesium concentration in the leaves, but it was unaffected by the increase in N concentration. The recommended primary macronutrients for cannabis plants in the vegetative stage based on the maximum desirability and nutrient use efficiencies were 160-200 mg L-1 N, 30 mg L-1 P, and 60 mg L-1 K. These findings can offer valuable insight and guidance to growers regarding the mineral requirements for cannabis during the vegetative stage.

Hypercalciemia in severe kidney failure, differential diagnosis

Hypercalcemia is a metabolic condition characterized by an increase in total serum calcium concentration above normal. The prevalence of hypercalcemia in the population is about 1–3% according to pilot screening trials, and hypercalcemia is most oſten parathyroid-dependent. In the majority cases hypercalcemia remains asymptomatic, and clinical features are appeared only when the level of total calcium rises to 3,0–3,5 mmol/l. Detection of hypercalcemia in a patient allows the doctor to suspect first the pathology of parathyroid glands - primary hyperparathyroidism or malignant neoplasms, when under the influence of metastases of solid tumors there is destruction of bone tissue. This paper presents a clinical case of hypercalcemia in a patient with severe kidney failure, arterial hypertension and multiple cystic lucencies on radiographs of the leſt shoulder joint. Determination of intact parathyroid hormone concentration within the reference range allows us to reject the hyperparathyroidism and do extend differential diagnostic search. The result of nephrobiopsy was the diagnosis of multiple myeloma, myeloma nephropathy. Unusual for terminal stage of chronic kidney disease hypercalcemia and searching of its cause allows to verify the diagnosis of multiple myeloma in a short period of time.

Acute phase responses in clinically healthy multiparous Holsteins with and without calcium dysregulation during the early postpartum period

Patterns of calcium dysregulation resulting in low total serum calcium concentrations (tCa) at 4 DIM, known as dyscalcemia, commonly occur in multiparous Holsteins. Dyscalcemia is associated with risk of disease, decreased production, and poor reproductive performance. Inflammation is well-documented early in lactation and is associated with similarly suboptimal outcomes. The acute phase response produces markers and mediators of inflammation; therefore, the objective of our case-control study was to evaluate postpartum patterns of 3 positive acute phase proteins in cows with and without dyscalcemia. We hypothesized that dyscalcemic cows would experience more activated inflammation than eucalcemic cows and that inflammation would precede dyscalcemia diagnosis. Multiparous Holstein cows at 2 commercial dairy farms in central New York were enrolled from a parent study based on tCa at 4 DIM, at a 2:1 ratio of eucalcemic (tCa >2.3 mmol/L; n = 32) to dyscalcemic cows (tCa <2.2 mmol/L; n = 16). Blood was collected 1 to 3 d before parturition and once every 24 h postpartum through 4 DIM. Samples were analyzed for 3 acute phase proteins, serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP). Patterns of protein concentrations in blood over time were compared using linear mixed effects models including fixed effects of calcium status group, time, parity group, farm, relevant 2-way interactions, and the random effect of cow. Overall, dynamics of acute phase proteins showed that dyscalcemic cows experienced increased acute phase responses compared with eucalcemic cows, and that these responses preceded dyscalcemia diagnosis at 4 DIM. Dyscalcemic cows had elevated concentrations of SAA beginning at 2 DIM (eucalcemic: mean = 13.88 µg/mL, 95% CI = 11.34 to 16.99 µg/mL; dyscalcemic: mean = 32.95 µg/mL, 95% CI = 24.55 to 44.21 µg/mL). and continuing through 4 DIM (eucalcemic: mean = 8.14 µg/mL, 95% CI = 6.66 to 9.95 µg/mL; dyscalcemic: mean = 30.01 µg/mL, 95% CI = 22.60 to 39.83 µg/mL). Haptoglobin concentrations were also elevated in the blood of dyscalcemic cows from 2 DIM (eucalcemic: mean = 0.39 g/L, 95% CI = 0.31 to 0.49 g/L; dyscalcemic: mean = 1.11 g/L, 95% CI = 0.79 to 1.56 g/L) through 4 DIM (eucalcemic: mean = 0.27 g/L, 95% CI = 0.21 to 0.34 g/L; dyscalcemic: mean = 1.65 g/L, 95% CI = 1.19 to 2.28 g/L). Concentrations of LBP exhibited a different pattern with a small difference between groups at 3 DIM (eucalcemic: mean = 4.67 µg/mL, 95% CI = 4.02 to 5.42 µg/mL; dyscalcemic: mean = 7.91 µg/mL, 95% CI = 6.49 to 9.63 µg/mL) that became larger at 4 DIM (eucalcemic: mean = 4.88 µg/mL, 95% CI = 4.22 to 5.64 µg/mL; dyscalcemic: mean = 10.79 µg/mL, 95% CI = 8.84 to 13.17 µg/mL). Our work supports the hypothesis that dyscalcemia and inflammatory activity are associated in dairy cows under naturally occurring postpartum conditions. While the causal structure of this relationship remains unknown, improved understanding of inflammation and dyscalcemia may provide insight into mechanisms by which some cows experience maladaptation during the early postpartum period.

Serum electrolyte abnormalities in cats with chronic inflammatory enteropathy.

Limited information is available on electrolyte abnormalities in cats with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE). Report the prevalence of electrolyte abnormalities in cats with CIE compared to other gastrointestinal disorders, and determine their association with disease and outcome variables in cats with CIE. Three hundred twenty-eight client-owned cats from 2 referral hospitals: CIE (132), alimentary small cell lymphoma (29), acute gastroenteritis (48), and healthy controls (119). Retrospective study comparing serum electrolyte concentrations at time of diagnosis among the 4 groups of cats, and associations with clinical signs, intestinal mucosal fibrosis scores, treatment subclassification and outcome in CIE. Cats with CIE had lower sodium and higher potassium concentrations and lower sodium: potassium ratios compared with healthy cats (P < .001, P = .01, and P < .001, respectively). Cats with CIE and a duodenal mucosal fibrosis score of 2 had lower sodium and lower total calcium concentrations compared with cats that had a score of 0 (P = .02 and P = .01). Cats with CIE and a colonic mucosal fibrosis score of 1 had higher potassium concentrations and lower sodium: potassium ratios compared with cats that had a score of 0 (P = .03 and P = .01). Cats with CIE that died as a result of their disease had higher potassium concentrations and lower sodium: potassium ratios compared to cats that were alive (P = .02 and P = .01). Electrolyte abnormalities occur with CIE and, in particular, in cats with higher fibrosis scores and worse outcomes. Further research should aim to determine the pathogenesis of these findings and identify novel therapeutic targets for cats with CIE.

Biochemical status of cattle depending on physiological state against the background of stress

The study aimed to ascertain the direction and depth of metabolic disorders in the bodies of cows belonging to different physiological groups, kept for a specified period in an environment with temperature exceeding the upper limit of the optimum range for this type of animal. The material for the study was blood serum from cows of different technological groups from one of the farms in the Odesa region of Ukraine. The state of metabolism in animals was determined by the following indicators: total protein, protein profile (albumin, globulins), the concentration of protein breakdown products (urea, creatinine), bilirubin, glucose, and enzyme activity: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP); mineral profile (concentration of total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium) using reagent kits manufactured by Reagent PJSC (Ukraine). The obtained results were processed by the methods of variation statistics using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) software package StatPlus 5.9.8.5 (AnalystSoft Inc., USA). The article presents the results of studies of biochemical parameters in cattle depending on the physiological state against the background of stress (thermal and spontaneous). Significant violations of the studied levels of biochemical parameters in the group “Heifers (2–3 months before calving)” were found: an increase in the level of total protein by 6.9%, the number of globulins by 20.2%, total bilirubin by 29.1%, the activity of ALT and alkaline phosphatase by 20.0 and 18.0 %, respectively, as well as a decrease in the concentration of total calcium by 8.5 %, inorganic phosphorus by 13.1% and magnesium by 20.0%. Such a direction of changes in the group “Heifers (2–3 months before calving)” indicates a decrease in stress resistance in the second half of pregnancy, which disappears after calving, indicating the need for appropriate correction of this condition. It has been established that under the influence of stress, especially in the second half of pregnancy, there is an increase in total protein and globulins and a decrease in the concentration of total Calcium, Magnesium, and inorganic Phosphorus

Biochar addition influences C and N dynamics during biochar co-composting and the nutrient content of the biochar co-compost

This study investigated the effects of corn cob biochar (CCB) and rice husk biochar (RHB) additions (at 0%, 5%, and 10% w/w) on nitrogen and carbon dynamics during co-composting with poultry litter, rice straw, and domestic bio-waste. The study further assessed the temperature, moisture, pH, and nutrient contents of the mature biochar co-composts, and their potential phytotoxicity effects on amaranth, cucumber, cowpea, and tomato. Biochar additions decreased NH4+-N and NO3- contents, but bacteria and fungi populations increased during the composting process. The mature biochar co-composts showed higher pH (9.0–9.7), and increased total carbon (24.7–37.6%), nitrogen (1.8–2.4%), phosphorus (6.5–8.1 g kg−1), potassium (26.8–42.5 g kg−1), calcium (25.1–49.5 g kg−1), and magnesium (4.8–7.2 g kg−1) contents compared to the compost without biochar. Germination indices (GI) recorded in all the plants tested with the different composts were greater than 60%. Regardless of the biochar additions, all composts treatments showed no or very minimal phytotoxic effects on cucumber, amaranth and cowpea seeds. We conclude that rice husk and corn cob biochar co-composts are nutrient-rich and safe soil amendment for crop production.

7987 Ravenous Bone

Abstract Disclosure: Y. Oo: None. L. Srisawitri: None. P. Patel: None. M. Thein: None. Introduction Hungry bone syndrome ( HBS ) is the rapid drop in serum total calcium concentration of less than 2.1 mmol/L and/or prolonged hypocalcemia for more than 4 days postparathyroidectomy. It is more frequent in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). The severe hypocalcemia after the parathyroidectomy is believed to be due to the increased usage of calcium by the starving bones. The key management is to replenish the severe calcium deficit aggressively. Clinical Case A 44-year-old Hispanic male patient with ESRD on hemodialysis was admitted for elective parathyroidectomy for SHPT from ESRD. The hospital course was complicated with profound hypocalcemia after the surgery. The pertinent lab results before surgery were total calcium level of 7.2 mg/dl ( normal 8.4 - 10.2 ), ionized calcium level of 4.9 ( normal 4.48 - 4.92 ), and PTH level of 2184 pg/ml (normal 15 - 65). After the parathyroidectomy, the ionized calcium level became 3.4 mg/dl and the PTH level trended down to 56 pg/ml. On the post-op day ( POD ) 1, the patient was started on calcitriol 1 mcg BID and calcium carbonate 600 mg QID and also got the hemodialysis with a high calcium bath. Even with the replacement, the calcium level kept worsening and calcium gluconate infusion was started on POD 4. On POD 5, calcium gluconate infusion was on hold as the ionized calcium was improved. On POD 7, calcitriol was increased to 2 mcg BID as ionized calcium was 3.2 mg/dl and restarted on calcium gluconate infusion. On POD 8, ionized calcium was 3.5 mg/dl, and calcium gluconate infusion was titrated down. On POD 9, as the total calcium level was 8.8 mg/dl, the calcium gluconate infusion was discontinued and he was discharged with calcium carbonate 1200 mg TID and calcitriol 2 mcg TID. Unfortunately, 13 days from the discharge date, he was readmitted with the volume overload, and on this second admission, the total calcium was 7 mg/dl and ionized calcium was 3.2 mg/dl. The calcitriol dose was increased to 2 mcg TID and the same dose of calcium carbonate which was 1200 mg TID. He got hemodialysis with a high calcium bath. After being treated for the volume overload, he was discharged with calcitriol 2 mcg TID and calcium carbonate 1200 mg TID and followed up with the endocrinology team in 2 weeks. Conclusion Even with the aggressive and constant replacement of calcium, the HBS cases are challenging in terms of achieving and maintaining a normal calcium level after surgery. We, the clinicians, need a better understanding of how to avoid the development of HBS or at least minimize the severity of hypocalcemia in the postoperative course and the ultimate management regimen to maintain the normal calcium level in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Presentation: 6/1/2024

In vitro cluster buds regeneration and control of shoot tip necrosis in tissue cultures of Trichosanthes cucumerina L.

Trichosanthes cucumerina L. is a medicinal vine with great potential that can be used as a vegetable. In this study, an efficient in vitro regeneration system of T. cucumerina was established by inducing adventitious buds and controlling Shoot Tip Necrosis (STN) in the in vitro culture. The results of hormone single factor and orthogonal experiments showed that 6-BA had a significant effect on inducing adventitious buds. The best medium for bud proliferation was MS + 6-BA 3.0 mg·L− 1 + KIN 2.0 mg·L− 1 + NAA 0.5 mg·L− 1, and the proliferation capacity was 14.68. However, after three consecutive subcultures, a higher incidence of STN (78.86%) was observed. The results of the STN control experiment showed that reducing the concentration of inorganic salt, shortening the subculture interval, and increasing the Ca2+ in the medium could effectively control the occurrence of STN. However, reducing the concentration of inorganic salt and shortening the subculture interval excessively reduces the proliferation capacity significantly. Considering both the incidence of STN and proliferation capacity, the measures proposed in this study to alleviate STN were to keep the concentration of inorganic salt unchanged, adjust the subculture interval from 45 days to 40 days, and increase the Ca2+ concentration in the medium to 480 mg·L− 1. When the subculture interval was 40 d, the stem segments obtained the lowest STN incidence (8.3%) and higher shoot proliferation capacity (10.02) on the medium of MS + 3.0 mg·L− 1 6-BA + 2.0 mg·L− 1 KIN + 0.5 mg·L− 1 NAA + 360.36 mg·L− 1 Ca2+ (360 mg·L− 1 is the concentration of additional calcium to be added, and after this addition, the total calcium concentration in the MS medium was 480.48 mg·L− 1). The best rooting medium for stem segments was MS + 0.50 mg·L− 1 NAA; the rooting rate was 100%, and no STN occurred. After acclimation, the survival rate of the rooted plantlet reached 95% after 40 days in the soil matrix of coconut husk: humus soil: perlite = 2: 2: 1 (v/v). The results of this study not only reveal the mechanism of STN in T. cucumerina, but also provide technical support and a theoretical basis for its further breeding and cultivation.

Essential minerals and anti-nutritional compounds in plant-based burgers using the infogest in vitro digestion protocol

Plant-based burgers (PBB) are becoming a worldwide popular alternative to meat-based burgers (MBB). Still, their mineral composition can differ significantly depending on the ingredients used, the effect of the matrix, and the chemical form of the elements that influence solubility in the digestive tract. Thus, the study evaluated the total content and bioaccessibility of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in commercial samples of PBB and MBB. Tests used acid mineralization in an analytical microwave, following INMETRO for method validation. Results, in mg/100 g, of Ca (22.2–144), Fe (3.52–12.9), Mg (21.6–120), Mn (<LOQ-2.26), and Zn (0.91–3.47) observed for PBB indicated extensive variation; and for MBB composition of Ca (<LOQ-8.15), Fe (1.79–2.06), Mg (18.2–20.1), Mn (<LOQ), and Zn (5.42–6.86) presented low variation. The percentage of bioaccessibility, was significant in chickpea PBB for Ca (31.5 %), Fe (51.2 %), Mg (81.0 %), Mn (61.7 %), and Zn (48.0 %). MBB also showed bioaccessibility for Ca (92.4 %), Fe (60.0 %), and Mg (83.6 %). Anti-nutritional compounds such as myo-inositol phosphates and total dietary fiber did not affect negatively mineral bioaccessibility in PBB evaluated. To date, this study is the first to carry out in vitro digestion simulation assays using the INFOGEST 2.0 protocol to evaluate the bioaccessibility of essential minerals in PBB and anti-nutritional compounds. In addition, the data presented can help manufacturing companies develop more nutritious and competitive plant-based meat analogs (PBMA) as PBB. They can also influence dietary recommendations and public health policies by identifying foods nutritionally more suitable, which has a positive impact on public health. With this information, consumers can make more informed and responsible food choices, based on nutritional needs.

Nutritional quality of tomato in response to different fertilization doses and conduction systems

The tomato, a rich source of essential nutrients such as vitamins A and C, potassium, and antioxidants, plays a crucial role in human nutrition, promoting health and preventing diseases. In Brazil, its production is vital, involving significant resources and labor. The correct nutritional management of the crop can improve the nutritional attributes of tomato fruits, therefore the correct use of fertilizers is of great importance due to the high need for phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium, throughout the crop cycle. Nutritional management is of great importance in tomato fields due to its high fertilizer requirements throughout the entire crop cycle. This study aimed to assess the effect of different fertilizer doses and management systems on the physicochemical characteristics of tomatoes. The experiment followed a factorial design with five fertilizer doses (A0: 0%; A1: 50%; A2: 100%; A3: 150%; A4: 200% of the recommended dose) and four conduction systems, with three replications. Productivity, lycopene content, total soluble solids (TSS), nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium fruit contents were evaluated. The results showed that higher fertilizer doses increased lycopene levels, reaching 80 μg g-1 with 200% fertilization, while 0% provided 30 μg g-1. Total soluble solids above 4°Bx were observed at doses above 150%, regardless of planting density. Nitrogen content reached 26 mg·100 g-1f.m., favored by lower densities. Calcium was influenced by fertilizer doses, with higher concentrations at 150%. In conclusion, the application of 150% fertilizer dose improved the nutritional quality of tomatoes, and the 200% dose provided suitable levels of TSS and lycopene for processing.

Circulating 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and calcium levels, and alkaline phosphatase activity among people living with and without human immunodeficiency virus and injecting drugs in kenya

Background People who inject drugs (PWID) and living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) are at higher risk of suffering marked derangements in micronutrient levels, leading to poor disease and treatment outcomes. Consequently, this can be monitored by measuring key biomarkers, such as total circulating (serum) 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3), calcium, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) for timely intervention. Therefore, circulating levels of 25(OH)D3 and calcium, and ALP activity were determined in PWID and are highly active anti-retroviral treatment (HAART)-experienced or -naive, along with those without HIV infection.MethodsThis cross-sectional study compared serum concentrations of 25(OH)D3, calcium, and ALP in Kenyan PLHIV and were HAART-naive (n = 30) or -experienced (n = 61), PWID and without HIV (n = 132).Results Circulating 25(OH)D3 levels were significantly different amongst the study groups (P < 0.001), and were significantly lower in the HAART-experienced (median, 17.3; IQR, 18.3 ng/ml; P < 0.001) and -naive participants (median, 21.7; IQR, 12.8 ng/ml; P = 0.015) relative to uninfected (median, 25.6; IQR, 6.8 ng/ml) PWID. In addition, the proportions of vitamin D deficiency (55.7%, 40.0%, and 17.4%) and insufficiency (31.1%, 53.3%, and 63.6%) compared to sufficiency (13.1%, 6.7%, and 18.9%; P < 0.001) were greater amongst HAART-experienced, -naive, and uninfected study groups, respectively. Likewise, serum total calcium concentrations were lower in the HAART-experienced relative to HIV-negative (P = 0.019) individuals. Serum ALP activity was also lower in the HAART-experienced in contrast to HIV-negative PWID (P = 0.048). Regression analysis indicated that predictors of circulating 25(OH)D3 were: age (β = 0.287; R2 = 8.0%; P = 0.017) and serum ALP (β = 0.283; R2 = 6.4%; P = 0.033) in the HAART-experienced PWID, and serum ALP (β = 0.386; R2 = 14.5%; P < 0.001) in the HIV-negative PWID.Conclusion This study suggests that HIV-1 infection and HAART, including injection substance use, decrease circulating 25(OH)D3, calcium and ALP activity. In addition, age and ALP activity are associated with low circulating vitamin D levels in HAART-experienced PWID. The results highlight the importance of incorporating vitamin D and calcium supplementation in treatment and rehabilitation protocols for PLHIV.

Effect of biochar and inorganic fertilizer on the quality of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) in Kenya

Despite its health benefits, the production and quality of beetroot is still low in Kenya due to the application of non-recommended rates of fertiliser and soil amendment. This research aimed at contributing to the improvement of the beetroot quality in Kenya. It was designed to determine the effects of biochar and NPK (17-17-17) on the quality of beetroot in Kenya. An RCBD factorial experiment was conducted at Egerton University farm, Kenya, for two seasons. Biochar (0, 5, 10 t/ha) and NPK (0, 200, 300 and 400 kg/ha) were applied together before planting. Data were collected on beetroot diameter, total phenolics, total soluble solids, calcium, iron and phosphorus contents and analysed using SAS statistical software. The co-application of biochar and NPK significantly (p≤0.05) increased the beetroot diameter, iron, calcium, phosphorus, TSS and phenolics content in season two and not in season one. The sole application of biochar showed a significant increase in the iron content of beetroot in season one. However, biochar did not have a significant effect on beetroot diameter, mineral content, TSS and phenolics content of beetroot in season two. The sole application of NPK at 200, 300 and 400 kg/ha significantly (p≤0.05) increased the diameter of beetroot and iron content in both seasons one and two and also significantly improved the calcium and phosphorus content in season two. These NPK levels were not statistically different from each other, but different from the control. It is therefore recommended to apply NPK and biochar for quality beetroot.

Formation mechanism and control of a kind of pit-shaped defect in Cf53 rolled products

Aiming at the frequent issue of pit-shaped surface defects in S-bearing and Al-killed steel products and the related poor castability due to submerged entry nozzle (SEN) clogging, the melting and casting process of a popular auto steel Cf53 has been studied based on in-situ investigation and experimental analysis. To clarify the generation of the pit-shaped defects, the local surface chemistry, evolution of steel inclusions throughout the melting process, SEN clogging substances, and the internal relationship among them were systematically analyzed. The results show that this type of defect in the Cf53 rolled products is caused by the large-sized composite inclusions rich in CaS, which originate from the molten steel during the refining process, gradually accumulate on the inner wall of the SEN during casting, and finally lead to SEN clogging. The loose structure of clogging inclusions makes them prone to fall off into the mold and get trapped by solidifying steel shell. The formation mechanism of the inclusions was studied through FactSage software calculation. The results show that the increase in total sulfur and total calcium content, and the decrease in total oxygen content and temperature in steel will lead to CaS inclusion formation, which agrees reasonably well with experimental results. An optimized refining process to reduce calcium addition into molten steel is proposed accordingly, which achieves a remarkably alleviation in casting SEN clogging and an elimination of the pit-shaped defects on the final rolled products as well.

Storage study on compositional analysis of quinoa and ragi based snacks

This research focuses on examining compositional changes in quinoa and ragi seed-based snack products (Khakhara, Mathari, Laddu, and Cookies) during storage, aiming to provide comprehensive insights into their nutritional stability. The study addresses parameters such as total ash, total moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrates, energy, crude fiber, iron, and calcium content. The background underscores the significance of understanding alterations in these snacks’ composition during storage, and the purpose is to assess their implications for nutritional value and quality. Methodologically, the investigation thoroughly analyzes the specified parameters over the storage period. The principal results reveal dynamic changes in total ash, moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrates, energy, crude fiber, iron, and calcium content, shedding light on the evolving nature of these popular snacks during storage. This study contributes to the field by highlighting the need for strategies to enhance the shelf life and nutritional stability of quinoa and ragi-based snacks. The major conclusions drawn underscore the importance of further research to comprehend the driving factors behind these compositional changes. Acknowledging research limitations, the study recognizes the necessity for ongoing investigations to unravel underlying mechanisms. In terms of practical implications, the findings suggest a potential impact on the nutritional quality of these snacks, urging the development of strategies to mitigate such effects. Socially, the study’s insights into popular snack products contribute to broader discussions on food quality, nutrition, and health. In summary, this research advances our understanding of compositional changes in stored snacks and prompts further exploration for practical and societal advancements in the field.

Enhancing concrete crack healing: Revealing the synergistic impacts of multicomponent microbial repair systems

Small cracks in concrete can develop into larger cracks, reducing the service life of concrete structures. Therefore, the early prevention of fine crack progression is crucial. In this study, a multimicrobial system composed of Bacillus megaterium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to repair concrete cracks, and its repair efficiency was evaluated through fracture healing observations, permeability tests, acoustic time value detection, and unconfined compressive strength tests. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersion spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze the concrete repair mechanism of the multicomponent microbial system. The results showed that when the ratio of S. cerevisiae to B. megaterium in the microbial system was 30 %:70 %, the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) yield increased by 10 %, and the mineralization deposition effect was optimal. Under the synergistic action of the two microorganisms, fracture healing proceeded quickly and the pore structure within the fracture became denser, significantly improving the permeability and strength repair rates of the sample and reducing the pulse velocity. For cracks 1.5 mm in width, the permeability and strength repair rates were 63 % and 35.12 %, respectively. The pulse velocity was reduced from 140 µs to 65 µs. The crack filler is mainly composed of CaCO3 crystals 5–10 µm in size, and the total calcium content of the multicomponent repair system was as high as 39.5 %, which was significantly higher than that of the single component repair system (36.1 %). The results indicate that the multicomponent microbial repair system maintains a higher calcium precipitation activity in a high-strength alkaline concrete environment and produces denser CaCO3 deposits, indicating good repair ability. These repair properties improve the overall performance of concrete. This study confirms the strong potential of multimicrobial systems for efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally-friendly concrete crack repair.

A comparative analysis of the biochemical constituents and nutritional role of the Wild Sour Plum (Ximeniacaffra) nut with commercial nuts for potential commercialisation

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) promote universal access to safe, nutritious food. Thus, the “Zero Hunger” campaign's sustainable efforts to eliminate hunger, by encouraging the cultivation and use of underutilised crops and their value-added products, can improve food systems and community development. Wild sour plum (Ximeniacaffra subs caffra) nuts, an Oleaceae fruit crop native to the Lowveld of Southern Africa, are an underappreciated value-added commodity. In large or small amounts, nuts provide vital nutrients for human consumption. The biochemical components profile of wild sour plum nuts was compared to different commercial nuts to determine their potential role in human nutrition. Wild sour plum, pecan, and macadamia nuts were sampled, each having 24 samples. These samples were tested for various biochemical constituents including total fat and calcium. The study found that pecan nuts and macadamia nuts were superior compared to other nuts, with regards to total fat and calcium content, pecan nuts containing a total fat content of 11.7 g per 100 g dry weight (g/100 g DW), and macadamia nuts containing a total calcium content of 70.5 mg per hundred gram dry weight (mg/100 g DW). The study found that wild sour plum nuts could potentially provide enough nutrients to fulfill the nutritional recommended daily intake for humans. Thus, wild sour plum nuts may be important in human diets, provided crop production is done properly, which includes irrigation, fertilisation, and temperature management of the crop.

Serum vitamin D concentrations in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are more affected by UVB irradiation of food than irradiation of animals

Rabbits kept under ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiation respond with increasing serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations, but it is unknown whether irradiation of the animals or their feed contributes more. Twenty-four New Zealand White rabbits were divided into three groups for a four-week period: the control group (C) received no UVB-exposure and non-irradiated hay (ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) concentration 2.22 µg/100 g dry matter). The direct exposure group (D) was provided with 12 h of UVB-irradiation daily and fed the same hay as group C in shaded areas to prevent UVB-irradiation thereof. The indirect exposure group (I) did not receive direct UVB-irradiation but was fed hay of the same batch that was exposed to 12 h of UVB-irradiation (vitamin D2 6.06 µg/100 g dry matter). Serum 25(OH)D2, 25(OH)D3, ionised calcium, total calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium concentrations were measured weekly. There was no systematic effect on serum mineral concentrations. The serum 25(OH)D2 concentrations were significantly higher in group I compared to groups C and D from the second week onwards. 25(OH)D3 concentrations increased only in group D, with significant differences to both other groups from the third week onwards, yet at lower magnitudes than the noted increase of 25(OH)D2 in group I. Total 25(OH)D concentrations were highest in group I, intermediate in group D and lowest in group C. Serum total 25(OH)D concentration was more affected by UVB-irradiation of rabbits’ feed than by direct irradiation of the animals themselves. If rabbit serum total 25(OH)D concentrations should be managed, diet manipulation rather than animal UVB-exposure appears to be more effective.

Soil Quality Testing and Counseling Coastal Agricultural Communities in Taiwan

The Mailiao Town is a traditional agricultural community, located in the south-central region of Taiwan. In this region, the northeast monsoon is entrained with salt for seven months a year. Soil fertility test results between 2011 and 2021 showed that the tillage soil was alkaline and salinized. The content of total nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium in the soil were mostly excessive. In the region, open-air continuous farming with heavy fertilizer has been performed. Based on the 10 years of data from the test of soil fertility, we counseled farmers to understand the significance of the values in the reports and the impact on crop growth. We promoted rational fertilization with a series of agricultural counseling actions. The results of the continuous counseling showed that the dependence on nitrogenous fertilizer gradually decreased with the continuous increase of the application of organic fertilizers. The total nitrogen and exchangeable sodium content in soil decreased significantly, and the carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N) increased every year. The soil environment became close to equilibrium gradually. As a result, the yield and quality of local crops have gradually improved.