Total Budget Revenues Research Articles

Relationship among the scale of university funding, structure of revenue and expenditure, and academic output: evidence from China’s 36 World-Class universities under construction, 2013–2022

ABSTRACT To investigate the relationship between Chinese university funding and academic output, we collected data on the scale and the structure of funding and academic output of 36 World-Class universities under construction in China during 2013–21 and 2014–22. Furthermore, we empirically analyzed the effects of funding scale and structure on academic output using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, random effects, and fixed effects models. This study demonstrates that the scale and structure of funding have a significant effect on academic output. Among them, the scale of total budget revenue has a significant effect on academic output, and its influence on highly-cited researchers (HiCi) is greater than the other indicators. The scale of total budget expenditure also has a significant positive influence on academic output, and its influence on N&S is greater than the other indicators in order. The structure of revenue has a significant influence on academic output, and business revenue has the greatest influence on PUB. The structure of horizontal expenditure has a significant influence on academic output. The vertical expenditure structure has a significant impact on academic output, and educational expenditure has the greatest impact on PUB. Based on the results, we discuss implications for researchers and for policymakers to improve the construction effect of World-Class universities under construction in China.

LOW LEVEL OF NON-TAX REVENUE COLLECTION IN BENIN: THE MAIN EXPLANATORY FACTOR?

The general objective of this research paper is to rank the factors explaining the low level of non-tax revenue collection in order to identify the dominant factor. The present study is based on data collected by means of paper questionnaires in a survey of one hundred and twenty (120) individuals. Data processing was carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics 26 software. Two methods of analysis were adopted in this paper. These are descriptive analysis and econometric analysis. The descriptive analysis shows that the majority (55%) of the individuals surveyed affirm that Benin always records a low rate of non-tax revenue realization in relation to total budget revenue realization, and that the explanatory variables in our study are significantly related to the variable to be explained. The econometric results show that the most noteworthy factor contributing most to the low level of non-tax revenue collection is the low level of collection of contributions from state-owned companies, building rents and chancery duties, with a power of 0.7090 (R2 =0.7090). In second place we have non-application of the relevant laws and regulations, with a power of 0.3996 (R2 =0.3996), and in third place, irregular payment by taxpayers, with a power of 0.2182 (R2 =0.2182). To improve the collection of non-tax revenues -in this case, contributions from state-owned companies, building rents and chancellery fees -in line with sustainable development objectives, operational recommendations have been made based on the results of our analyses.

Budget revenue as a determinant of transparency level in federal universities of the central-west region: an analysis through general purpose accounting reports

Transparency as a means of providing public information is a governance practice that ensures citizens' right to access information. In the case of Federal Universities (FUs), as public institutions belonging to the Federal Executive Branch and as Units Providing Accounts (UPAs), one way to access their information is through the General Purpose Accounting Reports of Entities of the Public Sector (GPAR’s), made available on their respective websites. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of Total Budget Revenue on the transparency index of accounting information of Federal Universities in the Midwest region of Brazil. In the first stage, to determine the level of transparency of the GPAR’s of FUs, a scale of intensity was used, resulting in UFGD and UFG with the highest performance (83.61% and 81.97%, respectively), followed by UnB (72.13%), UFMS (67.21%), UFMT (49.18%), UFJ (45.90%), UFCat (32.79%), and finally, UFR (18.03%). In the second stage, it was possible to understand that the variables Total Budget Revenue, Total Assets of FUs at the end of the period, and Current Expenses are negatively related to the level of transparency. On the other hand, Expenses with Active Personnel and Fixed Assets are positively related to the level of transparency. The study shows, however, that there are still tasks to be carried out and fulfilled so that FUs can be considered truly transparent, and not conditioned by certain variables.

Forecasting the quarterly evolution of budget revenues in Moldova utilizing a time series model

The paper aims to develop a time series model fitted on the quarterly evolution of total budget revenues in Moldova for monitoring and forecasting purposes. While the developed model is specific to Moldova it may be of interest to use the methodology discussed in the paper in order to develop similar time series models in other countries to serve as a benchmark for monitoring and forecasting budget revenues. Following a brief analysis of the properties and estimation of time series models, the paper presents the data set to be used for the estimation exercise and analyses the data’s stationarity and the correlogram of the stationary series to be modelled. The data sample comprises the quarterly evolution of total budget revenues in Moldova from the first quarter of 2016 to the first quarter of 2023. The paper proceeds to provide the econometric estimates of the preferred time series model, as well as use the estimated model to generate the forecast of the quarterly evolution of budget revenues from the second quarter of 2023 to the fourth quarter of 2024. The model’s annual forecast of budget revenues for 2023 is slightly more optimistic than the Ministry of Finance’s estimate for 2023 contained in the recently approved Medium Term Budget Framework document and is almost identical with the projection of the International Monetary Fund contained in its latest country report for Moldova. The paper concludes by summarising the uses and limitations of time series models for monitoring and forecasting purposes and suggesting areas for further work.

IMPROVE THE INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT TO STRENGTHEN ATTRACT FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN VIETNAM

The World Bank (WB) has forecast the lowest growth outlook for the global market since 1993 with a growth rate of 1.7% (except for the two years of the Covid 19 pandemic). This reflects the difficult situation of the world economy when facing the consequences of the global COVID 19 epidemic, strategic competition between major countries, geopolitical conflicts in Europe, and the Russia - Ukraine war and the recent outbreak of conflict in the Middle East between Israel and Harmas. These events have made the economic recession more and more severe, pushing the risk of increased inflation, supply chain disruption, and the risk of food shortage globally. Vietnam is one of the few countries with growth in the years affected by the pandemic, however the growth rate in 2023 does not meet expectations (6.5%) and Inflation is at risk of increasing. However, attracting foreign investment is one of the important momentium forces to help the economy quickly restore growth. Exports (including crude oil) of the region foreign investment (FDI) in 2022 reached more than 275.9 billion USD, an increase of 11.8% compared to 2021, accounting for 74.3% of the country's total export turnover. Imports reached more than 233.2 billion USD, an increase of 6.7% compared to 2021, accounting for 65% of the country's total import turnover. The FDI sector had a trade surplus of more than 42.7 billion USD, including crude oil, while the domestic business sector had a trade deficit of more than 30.3 billion USD. The FDI sector's contribution to the state budget reached about 21.2 billion USD, an increase of 21.4% compared to 2021, accounting for 28% of total state budget revenue, an increase of more than 2.2% compared to the proportion of contributions to the state budget. total budget revenue in 2021. With such a crucial role, foreign investment capital tended to decrease in 2022, total foreign investment capital (including new registration, adjustment and capital contribution and share purchase) reached nearly 29.3 billion USD, down 24.6% over the same period in 2021. Facing both domestic and international challenges, Vietnam has many solutions to continue improving the investment environment both institutions. mechanisms as well as the business environment to continue to be an attractive destination for foreign investors.

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SHARE OF REAL ESTATE TAX REVENUES IN THE BUDGET REVENUES OF SELECTED POLISH CITIES FROM 2018-2021

The publication aimed to assess the share of property tax revenue in the overall budget revenues of Poland’s 14 largest cities with populations over 200,000. Property tax rates were also assessed. Property tax is one of the key local taxes collected by the local government. The assessment was carried out using the analytical method, inference method, source document research method, and a literature review. The results of the study indicate that property tax revenues, depending on the city, accounted for between 6.31% (in Warsaw) and 13.98% (in Gdańsk) of the share in total revenues to the city budget. On average, it can be concluded that the real estate tax accounts for ap- proximately 9% of the total income in the budget of the largest cities in Poland. It has also been established that the level of revenue depends on the tax rates. In addition, it was found that there is significant variation between Poland’s largest cities in the share of property tax revenue in total budget revenue.

Export potential of organic production in the providing financial and economic safety of the state

The agricultural sector has been one of the dynamically developing sectors of the economy for a number of years. The volume of Russian exports of organic products in 2020 amounted to 1% of the total volume of exported products. In terms of the size of agricultural land suitable for the production of organic products, Russia ranks fourth in the world, in terms of exports of organic products, Russia is in the twenty-first place. The purpose of the study is to develop a set of recommendations to improve the efficiency of production and export of organic products of the agricultural sector of the economy within the framework of ensuring the economic security of the state. The federal-level project “Export of agricultural products” provides for an increase in the export of organic products with high added value. The program of effective involvement in the turnover of agricultural lands and the development of the reclamation complex for 2022-2031 justifies the involvement in the turnover of 13.2 million hectares of unused land. On average, over 10 years of effective implementation of the state program for the involvement of agricultural lands in the turnover and the development of the reclamation complex of the Russian Federation, the costs of the organic component will amount to 9 billion roubles./year to 11 billion roubles/year, revenue from grain sales – 347 billion roubles /year, profit varies from 274 billion roubles./year to 276 billion roubles/year. The proposed measures to increase the export potential of organic products of the Russian Federation contribute to the growth of total budget revenues from the export of organic products by 1.3%, non-oil and gas revenues – by 4.3%.

Impact of shadow economy and corruption on tax efficiency

Shadow economy exists in any economy, having a substantial impact on legal economy. It can be conducted separately, but most often it brings about significant consequences to the economic order. It is, therefore, very important to identify the relationships among factors fostering shadow economy. The universal roots of shadow economy are generally recognised, but there is still a considerable area left to be explored. Even though much attention is paid to taxes as the main cause of shadow economy, few investigations have been dedicated to tax effectiveness in terms of social budget expenditure versus total budget revenue. The aim of the study was to investigate the dependence between social budget spending and shadow economy performance. The MIMIC approach was employed to assess the level of shadow economy in selected OECD countries. Furthermore, the correlation between overall tax burdens and shadow economy was estimated. Moreover, the correlation between social spending and tax burdens was assessed. The correlation value between overall social budget expenditure and shadow economy was calculated to be high, at –0.6682. This means quite a strong negative correlation. The higher level of social spending reduces shadow economy performance. However, the correlation level between overall tax burdens and shadow economy is positive, reaching the level of 0.4458. There is a very strong positive correlation between overall tax burdens and social budget spending, estimated at 0.8984. Based upon the results, it can be concluded that close attention should be paid to tax effectiveness and its relationship with shadow economy performance.

Russia’s Fiscal Policy in 2020

The budget system revenues of the Russian Federation in 2020 shrank by Rb3.4 trillion in real terms compared to the previous year, or by 8.6% at constant prices (Table 6) on the back of reduced oil and gas revenues. For this reason, the proportion of oil and gas revenues in the total budget revenues of the enlarged government declined in 2020 to 13.1% against 20.9% in 2019. For non-oil and gas revenues, there is a slight increase of Rb118.0 bn or by 0.4% in constant prices, which was achieved during the crisis on the back of the transfer to the federal budget of the Bank of Russia profit obtained from the sale of equity stake in Sberbank (reflected under other income). In the total revenue side of the expanded government’s budget, the federal budget revenues decreased to 49.4% in 2020, compared to 51.1% in 2019.

ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESS OF EXECUTION OF THE REVENUE PART OF THE MUNICIPAL BUDGET MR «DERBENT DISTRICT»

The article analyzes the total budget revenues of the Derbent district that have a non-constant dynamics. The tendencies to increase own tax and non-tax revenues and decrease gratuitous receipts are considered.

FACTORS OF GROWTH OF THE EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC DEBT MANAGEMENT

Public debt is an integral part of public finances of various countries, the process of its management, including formation, maintenance and repayment has a powerful impact on the macroeconomic system of the state. The subject of the study is the public debt of the Russian Federation. The article performs a correlation and regression analysis of factors that have a direct impact on the state of the Russia’s public debt under the conditions of the restrictions caused by the Covid-19 coronavirus infection, as well as the consequences of these restrictions. The paper proposes an econometric model that describes a system of indirect macroeconomic factors that are not directly related to the state’s debt policy, but show the strongest influence on the formation of public debt in modern realities and increase the efficiency of its management, as well as reflect the quality of public financial management in general. The author concludes that the demographic burden and the indicator reflecting the ratio of the budget deficit to the total budget revenue have the greatest impact on the effectiveness of public debt management.

Analysis of the Welfare Sphere Branches in Belarus: the Lessons are to be Learned

The topic of welfare sector development in Belarus nowadays is of huge interest since by means of the welfare development level it is possible to judge the level of the country’s economic system and the quality of public sector services as well. In recent years, especially in times of recession, the welfare sector positions in Belarus have been considerably weakened. This is partly explained by the aspiration to keep the old Soviet designs in the welfare system construction. At the same time, when national and subnational budgets are planned, governments try to hold with great difficulty the budgetary indicators of the welfare sphere at the level of last years. Such attempts, however, lead to the saving of budgetary funds only and they influence the deterioration of the welfare quality. The present paper pursues the aim to show: (i) what tendencies of social budgetary policy can be observed in the time of economic recession, (ii) how consistent was the welfare orientation of the central and local budgets in practice, and (iii) prospect ways for the welfare sector financing and what new financial tools and mechanisms are to be introduced. In the paper, methodology is linked with the suggested approach to evaluate the authority’s fiscal efforts in welfare branches development using the elasticity coefficient in which exists the correlation between expenditure on welfare sphere branches and total budget revenues. By inserting the authority’s financial reports data into the elasticity coefficient there is an opportunity to assess the authority’s fiscal efforts in welfare policy. The main methodology background is based on financial reports of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Belarus and on-line databases present in the public finance area. The author considers the Belarusian welfare branches in national and subnational budgets, their structure, dynamics and other important indicators. A comparative analysis of the welfare sector branches with other European countries is submitted. The paper highlights the inconsistent policy of the Belarusian authorities in the sphere of the welfare branches’ funding. Also, there are considered debatable issues of the welfare sphere finance reformation in Belarus during the economic crisis.

INCOME BUDGETS EVALUATION OF SELECTED COMMUNES OF POMORSKIE VOIVODSHIP IN POLAND FROM THE TAX ON MEANS OF TRANSPORT

Local government in Poland at the commune level has various sources of own income, one of them being the tax on means of transport. The need for communes to carry out many tasks requires ensuring income to the local budget at a sufficiently high level. The risk of a decrease in income to the budgets of communes caused by the worsening of the economic situation as a result of an epidemic makes it necessary to assess the sources of communes’ income. An audit, which evaluates selected areas of activity of a given organization, is a useful tool. The main objective of the research for the purposes of this publication was to assess the level of income to the budget of selected municipalities from the tax on means of transport and its share in the total income of municipalities. In addition, changes in the level of income to the budgets of the surveyed municipalities in 2016-2019 were verified. Moreover, the article presents the essence and importance of audit in the assessment of revenue to the municipal budget. The article uses a case study, an analytical method, an application method, a method of examining source documents and a literature review as the research methods. The analysis of budget revenues of selected communes of Pomorskie Voivodship in Poland showed that the tax on means of transport constitutes a small percentage share in total budget revenues (below 1% of total budget revenues). In addition, a significant decrease in revenues from this tax to the budgets of 11 surveyed municipalities was observed in the surveyed period 2016-2019. The analysis also revealed fluctuations in the municipalities’ revenues from the tax on means of transport, which make it difficult to forecast revenues. It should also be noted that municipalities apply certain discounts and preferences when setting the amount of the tax on means of transport, which also reduce the revenue of the municipality. The assessment of revenues to municipalities’ budgets from the tax on means of transport indicates that further analyses of revenues from individual local taxes and charges should be carried out in order to identify potential risks and threats to the financial economy of municipalities in Poland.

СИСТЕМА МЕТОДИЧНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ РЕЗУЛЬТАТИВНОСТІ ДОХОДНО-ПРИБУТКОВИХ ПОДАТКІВ

У статті характеризується система методичного забезпечення оцінювання фіскальної результативності доходно-прибуткових податків в Україні, проводиться аналіз методик оцінювання його економічної ефективності, а також визначається інтегральний показник результативності для визначення напрямів його реформування з метою нарощування фіскальної результативності. До доходно-прибуткових податків в Україні відносяться податок та збір з доходів фізичних осіб, податок на прибуток підприємств, єдиний податок із суб’єктів малого підприємництва. Фіскальна результативність доходно-прибуткового оподаткування визначається ефективністю механізму справляння кожного податку окремо чи системи прямого оподаткування в цілому. Складовими фіскальної результативності є фіскальна значимість, фіскальна ефективність, постійність і рівномірність надходжень, соціальна справедливість. Окремими характеристиками фіскальної результативності є обсяги надходжень, частка податку у загальній структурі доходів бюджету та у ВВП, рівень ефективної ставки податку, рівень виконання планових податкових надходжень тощо. З метою вдосконалення механізму справляння доходно-прибуткових податків в Україні визначено факторні залежності фіскальної результативності доходно-прибуткових податків в Україні за період 2014-2018 рр. від рівня фіскальної значимості, рівня виконання планових надходжень, витратомісткості оподаткування, навантаження працівників органів державної податкової служби, ефективності та нерівномірності податкових надходжень. На основі проведених розрахунків визначаються основні пропозиції та рекомендації щодо пошуку шляхів зміцнення фіскально-регулюючих засад доходно-прибуткового оподаткування, які дадуть змогу у майбутньому вивести податкову систему на якісно новий рівень.

Towards a better understanding of the variables that influence renewable energy sources in eastern Poland

Abstract Both the authorities and the public in Poland have turned their attention towards alternative energy production based on renewable energy sources (RES). However, according to the Polish Energy Policy 2030, the public energy sector is facing numerous challenges. The goal of this paper is, therefore, to identify the relationships between 15 spatial-economic variables and the number of RES, and to determine the strength of the correlation between each variable and the number of RES using the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient test. The study involved five voivodeships that make up the macro-region of Eastern Poland and form the eastern border of the European Union and the Schengen Area. The analysis involved two sample groups that included rural districts (n = 87), and urban districts (n = 14), respectively. In urban districts, there is a positive correlation for economic variables; whereas in rural districts, the positive correlation was found mostly for spatial variables. The surface area of agricultural land influences three types of RES, while the surface area of land under flowing water, the surface area of wasteland, and the total budget revenue demonstrate an influence on two types of RES in rural districts. All these variables also influence the total number of RES. The impact on RES is less meaningful in urban districts. Only two types of RES in urban districts and as many as four types of RES in rural districts are responsive to spatial-economic variables. Among them, the number of biogas power plants and the number of photovoltaic power stations are most strongly influenced in rural and urban districts, respectively. The results are important from the point of view of local and regional authorities and the European Renewable Energy Directive.

THE FORECASTING BUDGET REVENUES IN ARDL APPROACH: A CASE OF UZBEKISTAN


 
 
 This paper contribute to the forecasted total budget revenues in Uzbekistan. It is aim to investigate long run and short run relationship between number of registered company, total number of taxpayers and forecasted total budget revenues from 1998 and 2017. More specifically, this dynamic relationship using bounds testing approach to co integration and the ARDL model. The main empirical findings indicate the existence of directional relationship between the number of registered company and forecasted total budget revenues in short run and long run. This mean that increase the number of registered company leads to go up forecasted total budget revenues. However, a unidirectional relationship between the total number of taxpayers and forecasted total budget revenues are confirmed in the long run and short run.
 
 

The Relationship Between Public Expenditure and Economic Growth In Kosovo: Findings from a Johansen Co-Integrated Test and a Granger Causality Test

In the scientific literature, there are two opposing views on the relationship between public expenditure and economic growth. The Keynesian view states that public expenditure is an exogenous factor that influences economic growth and can be used as a policy instrument. This point of view is in contrast to the Wagner view that the public expenditure is seen as an endogenous factor or an outcome, not a cause, of economic growth. The primary objective of this study is to test the views of Keynes’s versus Wagner’s in the case of Kosovo by using Public Expenditure (G), Gross Domestic Product and three other components of GDP: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Export (EXP) and Total Budget Revenue (TRtax); the variables used in this analysis are quarterly time series data spanning from 2004–2016. To accomplish the set objectives, the Johansen co-integrated technique is used to investigate the long-run relationship between public expenditure and economic growth, while the Granger causality test is used to know the direction of flow between variables. This study discovers that there is a unidirectional causality between government expenditures and economic growth in Kosovo. It is also found that there is a bidirectional causality between total budget revenue and public expenditure. On the other hand, results also provide evidence that there is a bidirectional causality between export and economic growth. Moreover, the results for Kosovo indicate that data for the period considered support the Keynesian view.

Role of Public Expenditure in Economic Growth: Econometric Evidence from Kosovo 2002–2015

Abstract The aim of the study is to examine the impact of public expenditure on economic growth of Kosovo. Time series data span for the period of time 2002-2015. The structure of the econometric model is built on Keynesian theories and endogenous growth model. The model estimation is performed only after implementing the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) Unit Root test to estimate if time series are stationary. Several tests have been implemented to determine model validity. The model has met all the assumptions of statistical tests: error term residuals have a normal distribution (Jarque-Bera test), there is no auto-correlation between variables (Breusch-Godfrey Serial test), and error variances are constant, known as the principle of homoscedasticity (Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey test). Gross domestic product is used as a dependent variable in the model, while public expenditure (G), foreign direct investment (FDI), export (EXP) and total budget revenue (TrTax) are used as the endogenous variables. The study results have revealed that there is a positive and statistically significant effect of public expenditures and exports on economic growth. Total budget revenue has a positive impact on economic growth but this has not been proved to be statistically significant. The authors of the research have also found out that FDI is negative and statistically insignificant.

Szara strefa w branży tytoniowej

The shadow area is an illegal trade in legal goods and services. Poland is a significant producer of tobacco and tobacco products. The export of tobacco plays an important role in the balance of foreign trade. The tobacco industry is essential for the state budget due to a high share of indirect taxes on tobacco products in total budget revenues. In the structure of excise tax revenues, tobacco income amounts to around 28%. Due to the low base price of tobacco products and a large share of taxes in the price (around 80%), illegal production and smuggling of tobacco products is one of the most profitable activities of criminal groups. The aim of the article is to present the problem of the shadow economy in the tobacco industry and legal changes aimed at reducing it.

The determinants of budget revenues of Russian regions

This paper discusses the determinants of regional budget revenues and evaluates their impact on the level of budget provision of Russian regions. We used the panel data on 80 Russian regions in 2006-2014 embracing average population, GRP disaggregated by main economic activities, tax revenues both collected and allocated at the regional level, intergovernmental aid and total budget revenues of consolidated budgets. We applied the least-squares methods with fixed and random effects to estimate the regressions between the structure of employment in main economic activities and the collected tax revenues in Russian regions. The constructed model allowed us to distinguish activities with positive and negative influence of employment on the general tax level and to determine the elasticity of the collected tax revenue per capita with respect to the shares of employees engaged in various economic activities. Further we applied the weighted least-squares method to estimate the model, demonstrating dependency of the budget revenue per capita in Russian regions on the collected tax revenue per capita, the level of tax absorption and the share of intergovernmental transfers in consolidated regional budgets. The constructed model demonstrated high elasticity of budget provision of Russian regions with respect to the general tax level, and even more with respect to the level of tax absorption. Nevertheless, the inter-budgetary transfers showed a very slight positive impact on the dispersion of the regional budget revenue per capita over the given period. Our findings are applicable to the management of budget revenues at the regional level and to the improvement of the Russian model of fiscal federalism.