Estimation Of Total Body Water Research Articles

Studies of compensatory growth in sheep

SUMMARYA number of observations have been made on 5- to 6-month old wether Hampshire heep undergoing uninterrupted growth (36·2% gain in shrunk wool-free live weight over 58 days), undernutrition (a 21·7% fall in body weight over 27 days) and then followed by compensatory growth (a gain of 62·2% in live weight over 52 days).Sheep being underfed had increased, and compensating sheep had decreased, apparent digestibility coefficients of feed dry matter compared to control sheep. Sheep undergoing compensatory growth drank more water, ingested more food per unit body weight, laid down less body fat, more protein and retained more water in their bodies than did control sheep. Tritiated water allowed estimation of total body water with an accuracy comparable to other reports in the literature.Changes in the weight and in RNA-P and DNA-P content of anterior pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands were measured. Sheep thyroid glands were examined histologically to assess relative TSH outputs and no significant differences detected.Rat bio-assay of cavernous sinus plasma for somatotrophin and ACTH activity was made on these sheep. Somatotrophin was detected, but experimental groups did not statistically significantly differ in relative potency (TJ.S.P. units/ml fresh plasma). Compensating sheep had. significantly lower plasma somatotrophin potency per unit empty body-weight values than did the underfed sheep.No ACTH activity was detected in the sheep plasma of the several groups.During severe undernutrition the anterior pituitary gland decreased in size, but not in cell numbers, and still elaborated somatotrophin. Decrease in body size tends to increase the ratio of circulating somatotrophin per unit body size and thus may facilitate, in a permissive manner, the enhanced growth rate of animals undergoing compensatory growth.Restitution and gain of body size by compensatory growth is accompanied by hypertrophy of the anterior pituitary gland. This gland, after compensatory growth, showed evidence of enhanced synthesizing capacity.

Pulmonary fibroplasia in newborn babies treated with oxygen and artificial ventilation.

Measurement of body composition is an important part of any assessment of health or fitness. Hydrostatic weighing is generally accepted as the most reliable method for the measurement of body fat content, but is inconvenient. Electrical impedance analysers have recently been proposed as an alternative to the measurement of skinfold thickness. Both these latter methods are convenient, but give values based on estimates obtained from population studies. This study compared values of body fat content obtained by hydrostatic weighing, skinfold thickness measurement and electrical impedance on 50 (28 women, 22 men) healthy volunteers. Mean(s.e.m.) values obtained by the three methods were: hydrostatic weighing, 20.5(1.2)%; skinfold thickness, 21.8(1.0)%; impedance, 20.8(0.9)%. The results indicate that the correlation between the skinfold method and hydrostatic weighing (0.931) is somewhat higher than that between the impedance method and hydrostatic weighing (0.830). This is, perhaps, not surprising given the fact that the impedance method is based on an estimate of total body water which is then used to calculate body fat content. The skinfold method gives an estimate of body density, and the assumptions involved in the conversion from body density to body fat content are the same for both methods.

Antipyrine Space Studies and Cell Water Estimates in Infants of Low Birth Weight

Extract: Antipyrine space (APS) studies in 44 normally grown (NG) neonates revealed estimates of total body water (TBW) comparable to those found by earlier investigators utilizing desiccation analyses. Body water per kilogram of body weight was higher in the 32 premature infants than in the 12 mature neonates, even after correction for presumed changes in body fat during growth (mean APS/lean mass was 846 ml/kg in premature and 782 ml/kg in mature infants, P < 0.01), suggesting less hydration of lean mass with maturity. Cell water (ICW) estimates, obtained by concurrent bromide and antipyrine dilution studies revealed no differences between mature and premature neonates after fat corrections (mean ICW/lcan mass was 391 ml/kg in premature and 368 ml/kg in mature neonates, P > 0.10). Prompt decrease in cell water was evident in the mature NG infants (correlation coefficient for ICW/APS versus study age: r = −0.76; ICW versus study age: r = −0.58), whereas such changes were absent in the premature infants (ICW/APS versus study age: r = −0.08; ICW versus study age: r = −0.16).Total water and cell water estimates in 23 intrauterine growth-retarded (IGR) neonates also studied were comparable to those of weight peers (mean APS, 790 ml/kg and ICW, 379 ml/kg in IGR; mean APS, 809 ml/kg and ICW, 375 ml/kg in NG prematures) but considerably in excess of values seen in gestational peers (mean APS, 688 ml/kg and ICW, 324 ml/kg in NG mature infants). The high total body water and cell water values were particularly prominent in the earlier-studied IGR infants (mean APS, 841 ml/kg and ICW, 494 ml/kg); a notable finding was the rapid downward adjustment of cell water to values similar to those in NG mature infants (ICW, 335 ml/kg in later-studied IGR infants and 314 ml/kg in later-studied NG mature neonates). This expansion of cell water in earlier-studied IGR infants persisted despite correction for a presumed total depletion of body fat (ICW/lean mass, 494 ml/kg in IGR infants, and 389 ml/kg in NG mature babies; ICW/APS was 0.56 in IGR neonates and 0.50 in NG mature infants, P < 0.001 for both). These findings indicate a real increase in cell water at birth in the IGR infant.Speculation: Changes in body composition in infants with intrauterine growth retardation (IGR) include sizable expansions, on a per kilogram basis, of all body water compartments. Although these findings resemble those observed in chronic protein-calorie malnutrition, rapid adjustments toward normal in the early hours after birth suggest a more transient, acute expansion, primarily of cell water, in the IGR neonate. These changes may reflect impaired cellular metabolism and increased cell acidity consequent to an increased asphyxial stress of labor and delivery in these infants

Measured specific gravity, predicted specific gravity and total body water relationships in normal young men.

The purpose of this investigation was to compare measured specific gravity values with predicted specific gravity values from skinfold measures using various prediction formulae. Skinfold measurements were made of the unbilicus, triceps and chest of each of twenty-six young adult males. Specific gravities were predicted from the measurements using different formulae. Specific gravity was then determined for each subject by underwater weighing. Total body water was determined for each subject using the tritium dilution technique. Predicted specific gravity values from the male triceps skinfold formula were not significantly different from actual specific gravity values. Predicted specific gravity from the male umbilicus skinfold measures and from the male chest skinfold formula were significantly different from actual specific gravity. Specific gravity was also predicted from a formula for females and all of these predicted specific gravity values were significantly different from actual specific gravity. Estimates of total body water revealed that body water content averaged 53 per cent of body weight and a range of 11 per cent. This variation is important and must be considered when small samples are used for measuring specific gravity by the water displacement technique.

TOTAL BODY WATER ESTIMATIONS IN DAIRY CATTLE USING TRITIATED WATER.

TOTAL BODY WATER ESTIMATIONS IN DAIRY CATTLE USING TRITIATED WATER.

MEASURES OF BODY FAT AND HYDRATION IN ADOLESCENT BOYS

A study of total body fat by simultaneously performing a variety of measurements of adiposity on each of 66 adolescent boys is described. Estimates of total body fat by densitometry indicate a 50% loss of body fat's contribution to total body weight from 12 to 18 years. Total body water, as measured by deuterium oxide, increases from 61% at age 12 years to 65% at age 18 years. Fat loss from this measurement closely parallels the fat changes estimated from densitometry. Lean body mass, hydration and adiposity appear to reach adult values at the sixteenth year. Subcutaneous fat measured by soft tissue x-rays films of the arm shows a similar fat loss, and of the same magnitude, when compared to densitometry and total body water estimates of fat. The triceps skinfold has a high correlation in estimating losses in fat during adolescence. The skinfold technique at this site provided a practical and accurate estimate of adiposity in adolescent boys.

Body composition in vivo. I. The estimation of total body water with antipyrine and the relation of total body water to total body fat in rabbits

Total body water estimates made in eight rabbits by the antipyrine dilution technique ranged from 52.6 to 69.7% of fasted liveweight. These estimates agreed closely with subsequent measurements of total body water, made by dessicating samples of the minced bodies, which ranged from 50.6 to 68.7% of the fasted liveweight. The relationship between total body water and total body fat was determined in 47 fasted rabbits in which these body components ranged from 47.2 to 71.8 and 3.6 to 34.6 % of liveweight respectively. This relationship was y = 95.5 - 1 .30x, where x and y are the percentages of water and fat respectively in the live animal. The mean water content of the lean body mass was 72.6 � 1.1 % for the 47 rabbits in these experiments.

Total body water in Merino and Romney Marsh Sheep estimated by alcohol (ethanol) dilution.

A simple method for the estimation of total body water in sheep by alcohol dilution is described. It was found that Romney Marsh ewes have a significantly higher water content than Merinos. Increased total body water is therefore not the factor which allows the Merino to survive in a hot dry environment in which the Romney Marsh does not thrive. It is pointed out that total body water cannot be used in the usual way for the determination of the fat content in live sheep.

Estimation of total body water (virtual tritium space) in the rat, cat, rabbit, guinea-pig and man, and of the biological half-life of tritium in man.

The Journal of PhysiologyVolume 154, Issue 1 p. 169-176 ArticleFree Access Estimation of total body water (virtual tritium space) in the rat, cat, rabbit, guinea-pig and man, and of the biological half-life of tritium in man J. M. Foy, J. M. FoySearch for more papers by this authorH. Schnieden, H. SchniedenSearch for more papers by this author J. M. Foy, J. M. FoySearch for more papers by this authorH. Schnieden, H. SchniedenSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 November 1960 https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1960.sp006571Citations: 71AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume154, Issue1November 1, 1960Pages 169-176 RelatedInformation

The estimation of extracellular and total body water in the newborn human infant with radioactive sodium and deuterium oxide

Summary On the basis of dilution of a known quantity of intravenously injected sodium chloride tagged with a radioactive isotope of sodium, the extracellular fluid volume in three newborn human infants has been found to average 43.5 per cent of the body weight. Similar measurements with deuterium oxide gave a volume of total body water equal to 74.6 per cent of body weight.