Total Ash Value Research Articles

Pharmacognostic and Taxonomic Studies of the Leaf of Ageratum houstonianum Mill. (Compositae)

Ageratum houstonianum occurs as a common agricultural weed, it is managed in small and large cropping situation by tillage and can contribute to soil fertility as a waste mulch. The aim of this study was to employ the pharmacognostic and taxonomic parameters to evaluate the leaves of Ageratum houstonianum. The leaves were collected, identified, air dried, pulverized and subjected to microscopy, micromeritics, chemomicroscopy, fluorescence, soluble-extractive values, moisture content and ash values using standard procedures. The result obtained from the microscopy showed an irregular epidermal cell shape and a sinuous anticlinal wall pattern, anomocytic type of stomata, double armed trichome and amphistomatic stomatal distribution on both the abaxial and adaxial surfaces. The stomatal index for the abaxial surface was 11.6% and for the adaxial surface was 25.6%.The micromeritic evaluation of the powdered leaf revealed a Carr’s index of 25.23%, Hausner’s ratio of 1.33 and an angle of repose of 38.8o indicating a poor flow. The result for chemomicroscopy showed the presence of oils, protein, lignin, mucilage and calcium oxalate crystals. For moisture content, the result was 12.7%w/w, the Total ash value was 14%w/w, Acid-insoluble ash value was 0.7%w/w,water-soluble ash value was 7.7%w/w, methanol-soluble extractive value was 17%w/w, ethanol-soluble extractive value was 16%w/wand the water-soluble extractive value was 21%w/w. The data obtained from the pharmacognostic and taxonomic studies provided information for the identity, quality and purity of Ageratum houstonianum.

Pharmacognostic and physicochemical analysis of the leaves of Fadogia andersonii Robyns (Rubiaceae)

Fadogia andersonii has long been used in Africa in treatment of diseases including inflammation, arthritis, malaria and as aphrodisiac. The use and demand of this medicinal plants has been growing over long period of time. This study was carried out to determine some important pharmacognostic parameters of F. andersonii leaf. Evaluation of the fresh, powdered leaves was carried out to determine the macro-morphological, qualitative and quantitative microscopic, chemomicroscopic features, physicochemical properties and elemental analysis of the leaves. The leaves are pinnate opposite arranged, oblique lamina, glabrous appearance, elliptical in shape, entire margin with reticulate venation. The microscopy revealed straight polygonal wall of epidermal cells, paracytic stomata, unicellular trichomes, xylem, phloem, prismatic & druse crystals, and starch grains. Chemomicroscopy revealed presence of cellulose, cutin, lignin, tannins, starch, calcium oxalate crystals and gum & mucilage. The physicochemical parameters for the leaves estimated include moisture contents (13.11%), total ash value (5.67%), water soluble ash (1.33%), acid insoluble ash (2.00%), water extractive values (13.33%) and alcohol extractive values (10.67%). Elemental analysis revealed the presence of iron, copper, manganese, zinc, nickel, and lead. The pharmacognostic standard observed in this study will be of help in correct identification and quality control of F. andersonii.

The Comparative Analysis of Karanja Kshara Samples -Prepared According to Different Ayurvedic Textual References

Karanja Kshara is an alkali, extracted from water soluble ash of the plant – Karanja {Pongamia pinnata (L.)}. The Kshara preparation techniques differ according to various authors, with respect to the ratio of water added to ash, soaking time, folds of cloth and number of filtrations. In the current study, Karanja Kshara was prepared as per different classical methods and analysed for the differences. Three samples of Karanja Kshara were prepared, according to the textual references from Sushrutha Samhita (Sample A), Sharngadhara Samhita (Sample B) and Rasa Tarangini (Sample C). Analysis of the methods of preparation along with organoleptic and Physico-chemical tests were conducted. There was a 14% yield of Kshara in Sample A, 7.45% of yield in Sample B and 7.54% in Sample C. In physicochemical analysis, there was 6.8%, 6.1% and 5.4% of loss on drying in Samples A, B and C, respectively. Total ash value was 84.7%, 85.78% and 87.89% in Samples A, B and C respectively. Acid insoluble ash value was 11.34%, 11.04% and 9.15%. pH value was 10.36, 10.30 and 10.37. Traces of Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Sulphur, oxides of silica, Carbonate & Bicarbonate were found in all the 3 samples. There are very few notable differences found in the results, however, they are quite similar. In terms of yield, economy and alkalinity, sample A (Sushrutha Samhita) can be considered as the better method while sample method C (Rasatarangini) is easier and faster.

Pharmacognostical Studies and Anti-oxidant Activity of Tagetes erecta (Marigold) LINN Flower

Plants are the living gifts of nature. Drugs obtained from plants have very low side effects and are very popular worldwide. Tagetes erecta Linn locally known as Genda Phool (Marigold) belongs to the family Asteraceae. It is containing about 50 species of annual or perennial herbaceous plant. The plants have numerous pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antiepileptic, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antidepressant, antifungal etc. It is used as wound healing, soothing and softening the skin and thus used in skin care products. Microscopic parameters (Tagetes erecta) showed the presence of calyx (dark green, ovate), corolla (Bright orange, oblanceolate), cortical portion and fibro vascular bundle and macroscopic parameters showed that the flower is of bright orange colour, aromatic odour and distinctly bitter taste. Total ash value, water soluble ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble extract value, alcohol soluble extract value, loss on drying (moisture content) were found to be 4.91% w/w, 1.63% w/w, 0.2% w/w, 72% w/w, 16.7% w/w and 7.44% w/w respectively. Phytochemical analysis of different extract showed the presence of different primary and secondary metabolites like tannins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, alkaloids compound etc. The IC50 value was calculated.

Anatomical characterization and physicochemical standardization of Gongronema latifolium Benth. (Apocynaceae)

Gongronema latifolium Benth belongs to the family Apocynaceae. Generally, the leaves and stems of G. latifolium are used as medicine and spices for sauces, soups and salads in Southern Nigeria. In view of its medicinal uses, the present study aimed at documenting anatomical characters and physicochemical properties for its standardization. The leaf epidermis, transverse section of the midrib, petiole and stem were prepared using standard procedures. Physicochemical properties of the powdered plant were conducted following standard methods. The leaf epidermal layer revealed anomocytic stomata, calcium oxalate crystals (rosette), uniseriate multicellular trichome (non-glandular). The midrib has an abundantly non glandular trichome with numerous rosette crystals. The percentage extractive values for ethanol, distilled water and petroleum ether in the leaf powder were 16.71±0.53, 13.24±0.71 and 2.08±0.13%, respectively, while that of stem were 12.51±0.15, 10.90±0.53 and 1.10±0.21, respectively. The moisture content and total ash values for the leaf powder were 11.45±0.53 and 9.70±0.17%, respectively while for the stem were 11.07±0.38 and 7.50±0.05, respectively. In the light of frequent consumption and use of G. latifolium as medicine, some of the pharmacognostic standards provided herein may be useful for its proper identification and subsequent compilation in a monograph.

Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of fried peanut cracker coated with wheat–cassava composite flour

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of fried peanut cracker snacks coated with wheat (80%) and cassava (20%) composite flours.Design/methodology/approachThe peanuts were sorted, boiled, drained, roasted, coated and fried at temperature of 150–180°C for 154.6–240 s. The fried peanut cracker-coated (FPCC) snacks produced were analyzed for proximate composition (moisture, crude fat, crude protein, crude fibre, total ash and carbohydrate contents), rancidity indices (peroxide value, free fatty acid and iodine value), physical properties, colour (lightness, redness and yellowness), texture (hardness, fracturability, adhesiveness and cohesiveness) and sensory qualities (taste, crispiness, colour, odour and overall acceptability).FindingsThere were significant differences in moisture (p = 0.000), crude fat (p = 0.001), crude protein (p = 0.000), crude fibre (p = 0.001), total ash (p = 0.00) and carbohydrate (p = 0.001). The range of values for moisture content, crude fat, crude protein, crude fibre, total ash and carbohydrate contents were 2.6%–4.9%, 27.1%–34.7%, 21.0%–26.3%, 3.1%–4.1%, 2.1%–2.5% and 33.9%–36.4%, respectively, while peroxide, free fatty acid and iodine values ranged from 1.2 to 2.0 mEq/kg, 32.8–47.0 mg KOH/g and 1.2–2.0 gI2/100 g, respectively. The physical properties of the FPCCs showed decrease as the frying temperature and time increased. The values for lightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) ranged from 26.5 to 52.2, 11.4 to 22.0 and 37.0 to 42.5, while the texture attributes such as hardness (p = 0.001), fracturability (p = 0.023), adhesiveness (p = 0.001) and cohesiveness (p = 0.011) were significantly different and it ranged from 28.7 to 53.4 N, 28.6 to 48.3 N, 1.0 to 2.4 N/s and 0.0–0.1, respectively. The sensory score for wheat–cassava composite flours used for coating the snacks decreased as the frying temperature and time increased. The study shows that 20% of cassava flour incorporated into the formulation of coated snacks does not affect its overall acceptability.Research limitations/implicationsThere are scanty information/published works on physicochemical and sensory characteristics of fried peanut cracker coated with wheat–cassava composite flour.Practical implicationsThis research work helps in producing fried peanut cracker coated with composite wheat–cassava flours.Originality/valueThe study shows that 20% of cassava flour incorporated into the formulation of coated snacks does not affect its overall acceptability.

Quality Control Standardization and in-vitro Antioxidant Activity of Marsilea quadrifolia Linn.

Pharmacognosy Research,2022,14,2,140-145.DOI:10.5530/pres.14.2.20Published:April 2022Type:Original ArticleAuthors:Kancharla Bhanukiran, Tarkeshwar Dubey, and Siva Hemalatha Author(s) affiliations:Kancharla Bhanukiran, Tarkeshwar Dubey, Siva Hemalatha* Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA. Abstract:Background: The species Marsilea quadrifolia L. belonging to the family Marsileaceae is a semi-aquatic plant widely distributed in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of India. The whole plant of Marsilea quadrifolia L. is extensively used for its eminent medicinal properties. Objectives: Despite promising therapeutic benefits, the plant seems to be less explored, and consequently, the present investigation focuses on exploring pharmacognostical parameters, quality control standardization and antioxidant studies. Materials and Methods: The microscopical (transverse sections of leaves, petiole, stem, and root.) studies, leaf constants (stomatal number, vein islet number, etc.), and powder microscopic examination were performed. All physicochemical evaluations, like swelling index, foaming index, etc. were accomplished as per the World health organization (WHO) guidelines. TLC profiling and HPLC standardization of ethanolic extract was also performed. In vitro, antioxidant activities of ethanolic extract were carried out by various methods. Results: The transverse sections of all parts of the plant, leaf constants, and powder microscopy were reported with clear identification. Physicochemical parameters, i.e., foaming index (<100), Loss on drying (13.99 w/w), moisture content (13.75 w/w), total ash value (13.5 w/w) were done. Ethanolic extract was standardized with reference to quercetin and quantified HPLC data was calculated to be 2.1805±0.02089 mg/g. The antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract and its IC50 values are reported. Conclusion: We have reported complete pharmacognostical standardization of Marsilea quadrifolia L. as per WHO guidelines. We have reported the antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract of the whole plant of Marsilea quadrifolia L. along with quantitative estimation of quercetin using HPLC. Keywords: Quercetin, HPLC, Pharmacognosy, Phytopharmaceuticals, Sushni, European water clover. View:PDF (495.6 KB)

Significance of Kuttana in the preparation of Guggulu vati processed in Triphala kwatha

Background: Since vedic period, much importance is given for guggulu (Commiphora wightii, (Arn) Bhandari). One can get reference of guggulu as early as 3000 to 10,000 years ago in the veda, for treating human illnesses. References are available regarding usage of guggulu externally as well as internally during the period of charaka, sushruta and vagbhata for the treatment of medoroga and vatavikara. Śhodhana is a preliminary procedure which assist in removing or modifying the possible physical or chemical impurities from raw material and making them suitable for therapeutic use. It has been found clinically that guggulu kalpa usually pass in the faeces un-disintegrated or partially absorbed. To overcome this the kuttana (pounding) method is mentioned to facilitate quick disintegration which in turn helps in quick absorption of guggulu in the body. So present study was taken to know the effect of kuttana on the physico chemical properties of guggulu. Methodology: Guggulu (Commiphora wightii) Shodhana (procedure) was done in Triphala Kwatha and Guggulu (Commiphora wightii) Vati (tablet) were prepared with and without Kuttana (pounding) method. The prepared samples were tested for analytical parameters like organoleptic character, pH, friability, hardness, disintegration time, uniformity of weight, total ash, loss on drying, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extractive, water soluble extractive and HPTLC was done. Result: The organoleptic characters of all the both samples were same. Triphala Shodhita Guggulu (Commiphora wightii) Vati (tablet) prepared with Kuttana (pounding) showed less disintegration time. Pharmaceutical result revealed that the yield was increased in Triphala Shodhita Guggulu (Commiphora wightii). Conclusion: There was a decrease in pH, acid insoluble ash value, water soluble ash value, water soluble extractive value, weight variation value, hardness, disintegration time and increase in Moisture content, Total ash value, Alcohol soluble ash value of Triphala Shodhita Guggulu (Commiphora wightii) Vati (tablet) after Kuttana (pounding). From chromatographical analysis it is observed that a greater number of components were detected.

Standardization of Siddha Herbo mineral formulation Chanthirothaya tablet (CHTM) for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Introduction: Siddha System of Medicine is one of the traditional systems of Indian Medicine. The usage of herbal and mineral medicinal preparations is increasing each day for treating various diseases. Although there are many NSAIDs available nowadays to treat Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) clinically, the usage of herbomineral formulations comes into existence only after testing the drug for physiochemical and phytochemical analysis inorder to treat RA. Objective: The objective was to analyse Siddha Herbomineral formulation Chanthirothaya Tablet for Rheumatoid Arthritis by screening the physico chemical, phytochemical properties and its organoleptic characters of the tablet. Materials and methods: Chanthirothaya Tablet was prepared as per GMP Guidelines and subjected to analysis for physico chemical, phytochemical screening and its organoleptic characters at Noble research solutions, Chennai as per Pharmacopoeial laboratory for Indian Medicine (PLIM) Guidelines of AYUSH (Ayurveda, yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy) health system. Result: Physico chemical analysis report showed loss on drying at 105°C is 0.6533±0.293, total ash value 2.933±0.4726, acid insoluble ash 0.4133± 0.05033, water soluble extractive 14.3±1.311and acid soluble extractive 6.667±1.457, while screening of Phytochemicals showed the presence of alkaloid, Coumarin, Saponins, Tanins, Glycosides, phenolic compounds, steroids, triterpenoids and carbohydrates.

A Review on Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and Biological Potential of Gmelina Arborea Roxb (Shivan Plant)

Gmelina arborea Roxb belonging to family Lamiaceae. It is a fast growing deciduous tree, having vast medicinal importance and is one of the ingredients of dashamoola used in Ayurveda. As Dashamoola has kapha vata hara property and is well known in treating vata vyadhi, Gmelina arborea being the member of dashamoola is also said to have similar properties. Any plant which is used medicinally requires detailed study prior to its use because for the purpose of identification of the plant, to avoid the admixture of other drugs and also for its therapeutic efficacy the present study was undertaken to lay down pharmacognostical and physicochemical standards for Gambhari leaf. Pharmacognostical study reveals Moisture content, Total ash value, water and Acid insoluble value. Extractive value and alcoholic and aqueous extract respectively. Microscopic and Macroscopic evaluations. Leaf constants like stomatal variety, stomatal index, vein islet number, vein termination variety even have been given. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of Alkaloids, Carbohydrate, coumarins, steroids, Tannins. Medicinal uses of its roots, leaves, flowers, fruit, bark, pharmacological activity The roots, fruits and the leaves of Gambhari have countless medicinal value therefore traditionally it was commonly used as anthelmintic, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-aging, analgesic, diuretic, hepato-protective and antiepileptic agent. There is a lots of medicinal properties present in the Gmelina arborea plant. The present article gives all necessary information on plant. Keywords: Dashamoola, Gmelina arborea, Physico-chemical screening, Pharmacological activity, Medicinal uses.

Pharmaceutico-Analytical Study of Vanaspati Jarita Marita Yashada Bhasma

Yashada is one of the Sapta dhatu, which is chemically Zn, Yashada bhasma is used therapeutically in many diseases like Prameha, Pandu, Vatavyadi etc., in the form of Bhasma (ZnO). Objectives: To prepare Yashada bhasma and its physico-chemical analysis of Yashada bhasma. Materials and Methods: Yashada was subjected Samanya Shodhana, Vishesha Shodhana and Jarana as per Rasatarangini. Yashada marana was done as per Rasayana sara. Bhasma was subjected to physico-chemical analysis which mainly included classical Bhasma parikshas like Rekhapurnata, Varitara, Unama, Nischandrata etc and modern parameters like Acid Insoluble Ash, pH, Total Ash value etc and advanced analytical techniques like XRD, SEM and AAS. Results: After 1st Puta pale yellow colored Yashada bhasma passed classical Bhasma parikshas. In classical reference two Puta are mentioned so, the 2nd Puta was given. XRD reports shows major peaks which were identified as Zinc oxide (ZnO) compound. Hence indicates complete transformation of metal to Bhasma form. Scanning electron microscopy in Yashada Bhasma after 2nd Puta the particle size ranging from 5-10μm. AAS reports shows zinc percentage of 77.08% after 2nd Puta. Conclusion: Pale yellow coloured Yashada bhasma was prepared after two Gaja putas which passed the classical Bhasma parikshas.

Determination of Hydroxyproline Amount of Fermented Sausages by HPLC and Revealing the Relationship between Quality Parameters

Introduction: Fermented sausage is the food that has the largest share in consumption among other fermented meat products in Turkey. Although it is difficult to achieve the production standard in fermented sausage production, it is necessary not to exceed the legally determined reference values for quality production. Determining and controlling quality parameters in macro and micronutrients in the composition of fermented sausage, compliance with production standards, storage conditions, etc. has become a necessity.&#x0D; Purpose: It is aimed to determine whether there is adulteration and imitation in the production of fermented sausages, to determine the structural defects during and after production, to evaluate their compliance with legal regulations and their nutritional quality.&#x0D; Study Design: The study was mainly designed on the determination of hydroxyproline amounts with a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography device.&#x0D; Study Place and Duration: The samples used in the study were collected within the borders of Burdur province. All experimental studies were carried out at Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University (MAKU), Veterinary Faculty, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology; MAKU Scientific and Technology Application and Research Center and Uşak University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Food Engineering Laboratories. The study covers a period of 3 months between October 2020 and December 2020.&#x0D; Methodology: A total of 30 fermented sausage samples, which are offered for sale by butchers and markets, were collected, brought to the laboratory by cold chain and subjected to analysis. After the samples were analyzed in terms of hydroxyproline, physicochemical and textural aspects, they were evaluated statistically.&#x0D; Results: The pH values of the examined fermented sausages were 4.82-5.93, fat ratios were 12.50-38.50%, protein amounts were 12.24-24.49%, total ash values were 2.37-4.58%, salt values were determined as 1.97-4.05%, humidity values as 20.22-50.36%, water activity (aw) values as 0.80-0.97, hydroxyproline amounts as 2.01-14.85 g/kg. In the textural analysis, elasticity was found between 0.51-0.91 mm, cohesiveness values between 0.37-0.85 and hardness in the range of 94.50-2564.13 mm.&#x0D; Conclusion: The absence of adulteration in fermented sausage production, compliance with legal reference values and increasing the relevant inspections are of great importance in terms of the quality and nutritional value of the product.

Taxonomic and Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Leaf of Mussaenda philippica. (Rubiaceae)

Mussaenda philippica Linn. (Rubiaceae) a very important medicinal plant in the treatment of appendicitis and hepatitis as the locals use the species with the white flower. The objective of the study determines various taxonomic and pharmacognostic standards helpful to ensure the identity, purity, safety and efficacy of the medicinal plant, M. phillipica. The leaves were collected, identified, air dried and pulverized. Standard procedures were carried out to obtain microscopic features of the fresh and powdered samples, micromeritic, chemomicroscopy, flourescence properties, soluble extractive values, moisture contents and ash values. The results of the microscopy study of the fresh leaf revealed hypostomatic distribution of stomata with paracytic stomata on the abaxial surface of the leaf only, stomatal number of 56.8, stomatal index of 25.06%, and epidermal number of 169.8, while the adaxial surface had an epidermal number of 241.9. The plant sample of the leaf also possessed unicellular trichomes. Micromeritic properties of the powdered leaf samples showed bulk volume of 35.33±0.33, tapped volume of 28.00±0.00, bulk density of 0.28±0.00, tapped density of 0.35±0.00, angle of repose of 35.4°, Carr’s Index of 20.90±0.74, Hausner’s ratio of 1.26±0.01. Chemomicroscopy study on the leaf powder revealed the presence of lignin, starch, cellulose, calcium oxalate crystals, oil, mucilage and protein. The moisture content was 11 %w/w. Results for the total ash, acid-insoluble ash and water-soluble ash values were 9 %w/w, 1%w/w and 5 %w/w respectively. Results for the ethanol-soluble, methanol-soluble and water-soluble extractive values were 18%w/w, 17 %w/w and 25 %w/w respectively. The above results could be used to establish pharmacopoeial standard of fresh and powdered drug of M. philippica.

Microscopic, Physicochemical and Phytochemical Evaluation of Stem bark of Aubrevillea kerstingii (Harms) Pellegr. (Mimosaceae)

Microscopic, physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation gives detailed valuable information that is useful in determination of the identity, quality and purity of medicinal plants, crude drugs and herbal products. The research was carried out in order to determine the microscopic, physicochemical and phytochemical parameters of stem bark extract of Aubrevillea kerstingii. The macroscopic, microscopic, chemo-microscopic and physicochemical and preliminary phytochemical screening parameters were determined according to standard methods.The microscopic features revealed the presence of thin walled, radially arranged cork cells, well developed cortex, bundles of sclerenchymatous cells and numerous prismatic calcium oxalate crystals The chemo-microscopy of the powdered stem bark revealed the presence of some cell wall materials and cell inclusions. Physicochemical parameters determined in this study showed moisture content to be 8.2 ± 0.07, total ash value 9.23 ± 0.56, acid insoluble ash 1.49 ± 0.12, water soluble ash 5.52 ± 0.10, alcohol extractive value 26.50 ± 0.61 and water extractive value 33.4 ± 0.36. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and carbohydrate. The parameters of stem bark of Aubrevillea kerstingii determined in this study will help in establishing the quality and purity of the plant.&#x0D; Keywords: Aubrevillea kerstingii, Fabaceae, Physicochemical, Phytochemical

Micromorphological and Pharmacognostic Studies of Leaf and Stem of Solenostemon monostachyus P. Beauv (Lamiaceae)

Solenostemon monostachyus P. Beauv (Lamiaceae), it’s ethnomedical uses include anti-plasmodial, anti-pyretic, antiulcerogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities. The aim of this study was to employ the quality control parameters in the evaluation of the leaf and stem of Solenostemon monostachyus to aid in the identification and standardization of the medicinal plant. The plant leaves and stems were collected, identified, air-dried, pulverized and stored in separate glass containers. Standard procedures were employed to obtain the microscopic features of the fresh and powdered samples, micromeritic, chemomicroscopy, fluorescence properties, moisture contents, ash values and soluble extractive values. The results of the microscopic studies using fresh and powdered leaf samples revealed the presence of diacytic stomata on both the abaxial and adaxial surfaces (amphistomatic), with stomatal index of 27.9% and 14.8% respectively. The result of the micromeritics properties of the powdered leaf and stem samples showed angles of repose of 38.0o and 46.0o, Carr’s index of 23.7% and 32.5% and Hausner’s ratios of 1.3 and 1.5 respectively. Results for the moisture content, total, acid-insoluble and water-soluble ash values were 11.7%w/w, 13.7%w/w, 1.8%w/w and 9.4%w/w for the leaf and 13.3%w/w, 17.3%w/w, 1.8%w/w and 9.2%w/w for the stem respectively. Extractive values for water-soluble, methanol-soluble and ethanol-soluble were 26.5%w/w, 32.3%w/w, 14.5%w/w and 15.5%w/w, 15.8%w/w and 14.5%w/w for the leaf and stem respectively. Chemomicroscopy indicated the presence of lignin, calcium oxalate crystals and protein in the leaf and stem. The results obtained therefore could be used to establish pharmacopoeial standard for the fresh and powdered drug products of Solenostemon monostachyus, thus preventing adulteration.

Aloin Content Determination In Aloe Vera With Its Physicochemical Properties Along With Its Physicochemical And Phytochemical Evaluation In Piper nigrum

Abstract-India has a vast diversity of herbs. Around 3,000 years before, these herbs were acknowledged and use as medicinal plants and helpful for treating people. New scientific research has established that some plants and herbs have presence of many active compounds and possess specific pharmacological properties. Aloe vera (ghritkumari) and Piper nigrum (black pepper or maricha) are the oldest plants which are used as a medicinal herb as well as in household. Aloe vera or Ghritkumari species are currently used by cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Aloe vera has antibacterial, antiviral, and antiseptic properties which help to treat skin-related problems. Piper nigrum is a species that is used in various medications since very old times. They have also been used as domestic medicine against various infections, a quality attributable to the existence of certain chemical moieties in them. Physicochemical analysis and bioactive compound evaluation of the medicinal plants in essence ofAloe veraandPiper nigrum was undertaken in this study.In physicochemical analysis of aloe vera, many parameters were tested against pulp extract and leave extract (i.e., pulp and leave); parameters are color, odour, taste, total solid, total ash value, total dissolved solid, specific gravity, PH, refractive index. For aloin content evaluation, High-Performance Layer Chromatography techniques were used in the Aloe vera plant. In physicochemical analysis, many standardization parameters like alcohol soluble extractive values, water-soluble extractive values, loss on drying, total ash value, acid insoluble ash and total ash value of P. nigrum fruits were analysed. For phytochemical screening, following a 6-stage extraction process is performed, the extracts collected fromP.nigrum were exposed to a number of preliminary biochemical and phytochemical tests. The presence of tannins, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids wastested in the chloroform and aqueous extract which is used in the following investigation. However, from the aggregation of all our results, we concluded that the presence of these phytochemicals and bioactive component in these medicinal plants indicates potential therapeutic properties for welfare of humans.

Development of Herbal Ayurvedic Formulation as Digestive Tablets, Evaluation of it’s Pharmaceutical, Pharmacognostic Parameters and Screening of its Antioxidant Potential

Herbal digestive tablets are meant for treating indigestion problems. The indigestion problem is one of the major problems of all (the) ages of human beings. As trends for eating fast foods is increasing, simultaneously the improper digestion also tends to increase. There are a number of digestive tablets in the market but in attempt to improve their taste the actual motto behind their use is masked. To combat the indigestion problems, in the present study an attempt has been made to formulate, develop and evaluate herbal digestive tablets. The formula of the digestive tablet has been decided after deep review of Ayurvedic formulary of India. The ingredients of this formulation have been procured from authentic sources. The wet granulation method was used to prepare the granules for punching the tablets. After preparation, the herbal digestive tablets were subjected to various pharmaceutical evaluations and quality control evaluations as per the guidelines from World Health Organization (WHO). The formulation was also subjected to antioxidant screening using Phosphomolybdenum method. The digestive tablets are obtained as light brown-colored round tablets with pleasant odour and spicy taste with an average size of 8mm and smooth edges. Maximum extractive value was observed as 34% in methanol with a total ash value of 10.16%. Other parameters reported as bitterness value- 0.69 units, volatile oil content-8%, loss on drying- 12.3%, swelling and foaming index of 0.27 and less than 100 respectively. The tablets showed a total antioxidant potential of 0.51mg/mg as Ascorbic acid equivalent. Tablets also pass various pharmaceutical evaluation parameters like hardness, friability, weight variation, and disintegration test. Herbal digestive tablets have very excellent taste due to less bitter drugs. The tablet formula can be applied to prepare large scale production of digestive tablets.

Molecular docking of phenolic compounds and screening of antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of Olea europaea L. Ethanolic leaves extract

Oxidative stress has a crucial role in diabetic pathophysiology, therefore consuming naturally derived antioxidants as a remedial target. This study examines the naturally occurring antioxidant and antidiabetic of Olea europaea L. ethanolic leaves extract. Olea europaea L. leaves were macerated (OLE) by using absolute ethanol. Phytochemical and physiochemical analysis of OLE was screened using standard methods. The antioxidant effects were examined by DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil) radical scavenging assay. In vitro antidiabetic was assayed by α-amylase enzyme inhibition study. Ethanolic extraction of OLE by maceration technique, 10% yield. Loss on drying, foreign organic matters and total ash value of OLE showed 2%, 0.2% and 16.5%, respectively. Phytochemical test on OLE confirmed saponin, flavonoid, glycoside, tannin, phenol and carbohydrate presences. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of OLE is 490 mg GAE/g and 855 mg RUE/g of extract, respectively. OLE (IC50 38.37 ± 0.26 µg/ml) showed functional DPPH scavenging assay comparable to ascorbic acid (IC50 30.37 ± 0.17 µg/ml). In the alpha-amylase inhibitory activity, Acarbose showed an IC50 value of 20.06 ± 0.19 µg/ml, while OLE portrayed an IC50 value of 37.99 ± 0.15 µg/ml. The kinetic studies revealed that all samples at high concentrations reacted within a very short time, and a steady state was reached almost immediately. The lowest concentration showed slow kinetic behaviour implied longer periods before the constant state was reached. Molecular docking studies evidenced that most of the phenolic compounds of OLE interact with the active site of Human pancreatic α-amylase through the hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction confirming the alpha-amylase inhibitory effect. The results suggest that Olea europaea L. has been a conceivable natural bioactive source as an antioxidant and an antidiabetic agent.

Physical Characteristics, Total Phenolic, and Flavonoid Content of Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Leaves Extract

Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt is an herbal plant that has been widely used for the treatment of various types of diseases. The phenolic and flavonoid content of plant extracts largely determine their pharmacological activity. The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the ethanol extract of C. grandis leaves. Leaf samples in this study were obtained in the area of ​​Dalung, North Kuta, Badung, Bali. The powdered C. grandis leaf was extracted by maceration method using 70% ethanol followed by evaporation using an oven at 45oC to obtain a thick extract. The non-specific parameters of the extract were then determined, such as moisture content, ash content, and acid insoluble ash. Total phenolic content was determined using the follin-ciocalteu method and total flavonoid content was determined using the aluminum chloride method. Based on the research results, the yield of C. grandis leaf extract was 19.36%. C. grandis leaf extract has a description of a thick and sticky extract, blackish brown color, distinctive aroma, and a bitter sour taste. The water content of the ethanolic extract of C. grandis leaves was 9.93±0.03% (g/g). The total ash value of the simplicia and ethanolic extract of C. grandis leaves were 20.76±0.15% (g/g) and 27.38±0.19% (g/g), respectively. The acid insoluble ash content of the extract was 4.05±0.30% (g/g). The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the extract were 111.92±0.49 µg GAE/mg dry extract and 73.60±3.53 µg QE/mg dry extract, respectively.

Molecular docking of phenolic compounds and screening of antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of Moringa oleifera ethanolic leaves extract from Qassim region, Saudi Arabia

IntroductionOxidative stress is crucial in diabetic pathophysiology, hence the prerequisite of ingesting naturally derived antioxidants as a remedial target. This study investigates the naturally occurring antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of Moringa oleifera ethanolic leaves extract. MethodsMoringa oleifera leaves were macerated (MOLE) by using 70% ethanol. Physiochemical and phytochemical examinations of MOLE was assayed using standard methods. The antioxidant activity was analyzed by DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil) radical scavenging assay. In vitro antidiabetic was analyzed by pancreatic α-amylase enzyme inhibitory assay. The molecular docking was performed using AutoDock Vina v1.1.2 in PyRx 30.8. ResultsEthanolic extraction of MOLE by maceration technique, 14 % yield. Loss on drying, foreign organic matters and total ash value of OLE showed 0.27 w/w, 0.8 % and 19 %, respectively. Phytochemical test on MOLE confirmed starch, carbohydrate, flavonoid, gum, glycoside, saponin, tannin, and phenol presences. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of MOLE are 260 mg GAE/g and 755 mg RUE/g of extract. MOLE (IC 50 55.6 ± 0.18 µg/mL) showed functional DPPH scavenging assay comparable to ascorbic acid (IC 50 46.71 ± 0.24 µg/mL). In the alpha-amylase inhibitory activity, Acarbose showed an IC 50 value of 19.45 ± 0.26 µg/mL, while MOLE portrayed an IC 50 value of 27.54 ± 0.07 µg/mL. Docking studies revealed that most phenolic compounds found within MOLE have minimum docking scores and high binding affinity against Human pancreatic alpha-amylase. ConclusionsThe invitro and docking results suggest that MOLE has been a viable natural bioactive source and might be a great potential source for future antidiabetic medicine.