Total Antioxidant Capacity Values Research Articles

Response Surface Methodology: An Optimal Design for Maximising the Efficiency of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Total Phenolic Compounds from Coriandrum sativum Leaves

The optimization of total phenolic compounds (TPC) extraction yield and maximization of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) from coriander leaves were investigated using response surface methodology. The extraction of TPC was carried out using microwave-assisted extraction. A Box-Behnken design was used to study the effects of the three independent variables, solvent concentration (ethanol/water 20–80%), microwave power (100–500 watt) and irradiation time (30–150 s) on the response. A second-order polynomial model was used to predict the reaction. The regression analysis showed that about 99% of the variations could be explained by the models. The predicted values were 50.97 GAE/g dw and 5.75 mg GAE/g dw for TPC and TAC. The reaction surface analysis showed that the optimum extraction parameters that maximized the extraction of antioxidants yield were 52.62% ethanol, 452.12 watt and 150 s. Under optimal conditions, the experimental values for TPC and TAC were 49.63 ± 0.93 mg GAE/g dw and 5.55 ± 0.07 mg GAE/g dw, respectively. The experimental values are in agreement with the predicted values, indicating the suitability of the model used and the success of the response surface methodology in optimizing the extraction conditions.

Enhancing Secondary Metabolite Production in Pelargonium graveolens Hort. Cell Cultures: Eliciting Effects of Chitosan and Jasmonic Acid on Bioactive Compound Production

This study explores the effects of chitosan (CHT) and jasmonic acid (JA) elicitors on rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens Hort.) cell suspension cultures, aiming to enhance the production of phenolics and flavonoids and antioxidant properties. Elicitation with CHT and JA resulted in varied biomass yields and callus characteristics, with higher concentrations generally leading to increased phenolic accumulation. Optimal biomass was achieved with CHT4 (75 mg/mL) and JA3 (50 µM) treatments. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed changes in phenolic compound composition and quantities, with specific compounds induced by either CHT4 or JA3. For instance, gallic acid content increased significantly in CHT4-treated cells, while catechin content increased notably in both CHT4 and JA3 treatments. Antioxidant enzyme activities like superoxide dismutase and peroxidase increased with elicitor concentration, particularly in CHT4 and JA3 treatments. Both treatments exhibited potent antioxidant activity, with JA3 exhibiting the lowest IC50 value in the DPPH assay and highest total antioxidant capacity (TAC) values. Surprisingly, both CHT4 and JA3 extracts effectively inhibited tyrosinase activity. These findings underscore the efficacy of CHT and JA elicitors in enhancing phenolic and flavonoid production, boosting antioxidant capacity, and inhibiting tyrosinase activity in P. graveolens cultures, offering promising implications for further research and industrial applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic sectors.

Expansion of a food composition database for the food frequency questionnaire in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES): a comprehensive database of dietary antioxidants and total antioxidant capacity.

This study constructed a comprehensive database of dietary antioxidants and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) to facilitate the estimation of daily antioxidant intake using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). This database was applied to 3 general population-based cohorts (n=195,961) within the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). To establish a database of 412 foods derived from recipes of a 106-item FFQ, we followed a pre-established standardized protocol. This included the selection of source databases, matching of foods, substitution of unmatched items with identical foods and input of values, and assessment of coverage. For each food, the TAC was estimated by summing the individual antioxidant capacities, calculated by multiplying the amount of each antioxidant by its vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity. We identified 48 antioxidants across 5 classes: retinol, carotenoids, vitamins C and E, and flavonoids, with flavonoids divided into 7 subclasses. TAC values were then established. Coverage exceeded 90.0% for retinol, carotenoids, vitamin C, and vitamin E, while coverage for flavonoids was 60.9%. The daily intakes of 4 antioxidant classes-all but vitamin E-were higher in women than in men. The Ansan-Ansung cohort exhibited the highest levels of dietary TAC, vitamin E, and flavonoids, while the Health Examinees Study cohort displayed the highest values for retinol, carotenoids, and vitamin C. We customized a comprehensive antioxidant database for the KoGES FFQ, achieving relatively high coverage. This expansion could support research investigating the impact of dietary antioxidants on the development of chronic diseases targeted by the KoGES.

Evaluation of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the hydroethanolic extract of the leaves of <i>Blighia sapida</i> KD Koenig

Blighia sapida is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases in Togo. This study aimed to assess the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Blighia sapida. To this end, a phytochemical screening was carried out, followed by an assessment of DPPH, total antioxidant capacity, ex vivo lipoperoxidation tests on Sprague Dawley rats, and an evaluation of anti- inflammatory activity by the egg albumin denaturation test. The leaves extract scavenged the DPPH free radical with an IC50 of 172 ± 0.577µg/mL and its total antioxidant capacity value was 40.174 ± 0.638 mg Eq AA/g. In the ex vivo lipoperoxidation test on the kidney and liver, the extract showed a significant inhibitory effect. Phytochemical tests revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponosides, and carbohydrate compounds. The present results showed that Blighia sapida leaves possess antioxidant and anti- inflammatory properties which may be linked to the bioactive compounds they contain, suggesting their use to prevent oxidative and inflammatory processes.

Presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and persistent organochlorine pollutants in human Milk: Evaluating their levels, association with Total antioxidant capacity, and risk assessment

Breastfeeding provides numerous health benefits for both infants and mothers, promoting optimal growth and development while offering protection against various illnesses and diseases. This study investigated the levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), organochlorine pesticides (OCP) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in human milk sampled in Zadar (Croatia). The primary objectives were twofold: firstly, to evaluate the individual impact of each compound on the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) value, and secondly, to assess associated health risks. Notably, this study presents pioneering and preliminary insights into PAH levels in Croatian human milk, contributing to the limited research on PAH in breast milk worldwide. PCB and OCP levels in Croatian human milk were found to be relatively lower compared to worldwide data. Conversely, PAH levels were comparatively higher, albeit with lower detection frequencies. A negative correlation was established between organic contaminant levels and antioxidative capacity, suggesting a potential link between higher antioxidative potential and lower organic contaminant levels. Diagnostic ratio pointed towards traffic emissions as the primary source of the detected PAH. The presence of PAH suggests potential health risk, underscoring the need for further in-depth investigation.

The role of germination and boiling processes on bioactive properties, fatty acids, phenolic profile and element contents of hemp seeds and oils

In this study, the effect of boiling and germination processes on oil contents, bioactive compounds, fatty acids, phenolic constituents and mineral amounts of hemp seeds was investigated. The oil quantities of hempseeds were assessed to be between 30.69% (boiled) and 33.17% (control). The carotenoid quantities of the hem seeds were assessed to be between 0.68 (boiled) and 2.31 µg/g (raw hempseed). The total phenol quantities and antioxidant capacity values of raw (control), boiled and germinated hempseeds were assigned to be between 29.97 (control) and 51.52 mgGAE/100g (boiled) to 1.39 (control) and 2.46 mmol/kg (boiled), respectively. Total phenol, flavonoid and antioxidant capacity values of germinated and boiled hemp seeds were higher than the control. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, catechin, rutin, quercetin and cinnamic acid amounts of boiled hempseeds were found at partly high levels compared to raw (control) hempseed. Oleic and linoleic acid quantities of the hempseed oils were assessed to be between 15.83 (control) and 16.61 (germinated) to 57.24 (germinated) and 57.47% (control), respectively. Phosphorus was established at the highest quantities in all hempseeds, and followed by potassium, magnesium, calcium (except control) sulphur and sodium in descending order. Iron was measured at the highest quantities, and followed by Mn, Zn, and Cu. The protein quantities of the hempseed samples were established to be between 24.97 (control) and 27.44 % (boiled).

Quantification of phenolic compounds in dietary supplements and antioxidant activities

Dietary supplements (DS) are products that are recommended for the treatment of various health issues, especially during the global pandemic, and the accuracy of the labeling information of these supplements plays a significant role in human health. In this study, a novel high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method was developed and validated to determine the accuracy of the labeling information of commercial dietary supplements containing phenolic compounds (rutin, quercetin, and resveratrol). The mobile phase, flow rate, and column temperature were optimized. Validation studies were carried out to prove the validity of the developed method. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values ​​of rutin, quercetin, and resveratrol were found in the range of 4.83-6.62 ng/mL and 16.09-22.07 ng/mL, respectively. Recoveries% were calculated in the range of 99.52-100.19% and 99.78-100.34% in the intra-day and inter-day analysis, respectively. The IC50 values of the dietary supplement extracts obtained by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method ranged from 0.08 to 0.76 mg/mL. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) values of DS1, DS2, DS3, DS4, DS5, measured employing the Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) method, were found to be 0.09, 0.03, 0.10, 0.10 and 0.40 mmol trolox per gram of extract, respectively. KEY WORDS: Dietary supplement, HPLC-DAD, Phenolic compound, Antioxidant activity Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(4), 853-862. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i4.3

Comparative Assessment of Total Antioxidant Capacity of Unstimulated Saliva Which Can Reflect the Oxidative Stress between Autism Children and Normal Children

ABSTRACT Aim: To assess the level of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the unstimulated saliva of autism children and normal children. Methods: A total of 60 children participated in the study (autism children—30; normal children—30) in the age-group of 7–14 years, at a Special Needs Children’s Home in Salem district. Both groups were further subdivided into subgroups of 15 children each (caries-free and caries-active). All children were given instructions regarding saliva sample collection, and unstimulated saliva samples were collected in sterile cryovials and transported to the laboratory at 4°C, where the TAC of saliva was evaluated using the spectrophotometric assay. Results: TAC of autism children was comparable to that of normal children due to personal care and improved diet. TAC was increased in caries-active children when compared to caries-free children in both groups. When comparing the mean values of TAC in caries-active and caries-free children of both groups, it was not statistically significant. So, from the above results, it can be assumed that the diet, age, and caries activity have a definitive influence on the TAC level of saliva. Conclusion: Personal hygiene, diet, age, and caries activity have a definitive influence on the level of TAC in saliva.

Biological and physical studies on the protective and therapeutic roles of ashwagandha seed extract against the potential toxic effect of amoxicillin in rats

Background Ashwagandha plant enhances the body’s defense against toxicants through improving the cell-mediated immunity. Objective The present work was performed to assess the protective and therapeutic efficiencies of ashwagandha seed extract (ASE) against the harmful effects of amoxicillin (AM) treatment on biological and physical parameters in the brain, liver, and testes tissues of rats. Materials and methods Total RNA was isolated from brain, liver, and testes tissues to assess the gene expression of steroid 5 alpha-reductase 1 (5α-R1), multidrug resistant 1b (mdr1b), and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) genes, respectively. The cDNA was synthesized and real-time polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) was performed, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was measured. Histological examination and physiological tests for the cerebral cortex of brain tissue were recorded. Results and conclusion Our findings revealed that AM treatment (90 mg/kg. b.wt.) caused detrimental effects in all biological parameters, including up-regulation of gene expressions and reduction of TAC values in brain, liver, and testes tissues, in addition to severe damage to histological architectures in the cerebral cortex, including hemorrhage and neurodegeneration. ASE treatment at different doses (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) significantly enhanced the biological and physical parameters. As the ASE dose level increased, it was observed that these improvements in gene expressions and TAC also increased. Gene expression enhancements were more pronounced in the therapeutic efficacy of ASE, whereas TAC enhancements were more pronounced in the protective efficacy of this medicinal plant extract, particularly in brain and liver tissues. In terms of histopathological parameters, the damage caused by AM was reduced by using 300 mg/kg of protective ASE than 200 mg/kg of therapeutic ASE. Biophysical investigation indicated that relaxation time and enthalpy were restored and improved, while DC conductivity was not recovered by ASE use against AM damages. The present investigation provided biological and physical evidence for protective and therapeutic efficiencies of ASE against lesion effects of AM in the previously mentioned tissues of rats.

Quality and biological properties of vinegar processed from non-valorized fruits in Southern Portugal

The processing of vinegar from non-valorized fruits and agricultural surpluses is an attractive strategy for biomass waste management. The present study aimed to characterize vinegar of fermented fruits, namely fresh fig, plum, dried fig, grape, raspberry, and apricot. Physicochemical and microbial quality, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), mineral composition, and antimicrobial capacity against bacteria and yeasts were studied. Grape and apricot vinegar had the highest values of TAC (39.31±0.25, 34.10±1.44 DPPH µg Trolox/100 mL, respectively), while grape contained the highest TFC (35.73±3.86 mg catechin/100 mL) and raspberry and fresh fig, the highest TPC (55.40±1.1, 64.10±0.0 mg gallic acid/100 mL, respectively). Potassium, calcium and sodium were the most abundant minerals in the vinegars with dried fig standing out for its richness in potassium 1223.83±89.48 mg/L, calcium 17.70±1.31 mg/L, magnesium 2.39±0.24 mg/L, and zinc 4.33±0.17 mg/L. The enterobacteria Cronobacter sakazakii and Salmonella Typhimurium were the most tolerant (10.00±0.00–26.39±1.60 mm), while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most sensitive bacteria (26.36±3.61–40.17±2.72 mm) as well as Gram + (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria innocua) (21,20±8,37–31.11±2.41 mm). The acetification processes resulted in vinegars with a good hygienic status, and levels of acetic acid (≥5 %) complying with the legislation.

Exploring the potential of Cytisus purgans as a source of bioactive molecules: In vitro pharmacological evaluation

IntroductionCytisus purgans is an uncommon species found in Algeria (Aures, Mahdids and Lella Khadidja). In the current study, we present, to the best of our knowledge, the first detailed chemical profile of its extracts and collect various pieces of evidence that underscore their therapeutic potential. MethodsThe ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of C. purgans was purified using different chromatographic methods. The bioactive compounds obtained were analysed by NMR and mass spectroscopy to identify their structures. The therapeutic potential of the extracts was investigated using several in vitro assays. Results and discussionThe developed spectral analysis techniques enabled the structural elucidation of seven compounds. The analysis identified four isoflavones, including daidzein, genistein, isoprunetin and biochanin A. Additionally, one flavone, chrysin and one flavonol, quercetin, were positively identified. Notably, the phytosterol daucosterol was also isolated and characterised. The studied extracts were found to be rich in polyphenols and flavonoids. The EAE had the highest polyphenolic (163.85 ± 3.82 mg GAE/g dry extract) and flavonoid content (180.84 ± 3.68 mg QE/g dry extract). The extracts showed potent anti-oxidant activity, as demonstrated by DPPH 50 % inhibitory concentration (EAE: IC50 = 26.66 µg/mL, BuE: IC50 = 30.91 µg/mL), ferric reducing anti-oxidant power IC50 (EAE: IC50 = 6.37 ± 0.27 µg/mL, BuE: IC50 = 13.02 ± 0.1 µg/mL) and total anti-oxidant capacity values (EAE 106.57 ± 5.81 AAE/g dry extract, BuE 105.46 ± 8.64 AAE/g dry extract). This anti-oxidant activity contributed significantly to effective sun protection (EAE sun protection factor (SPF) = 87.84, BuE SPF = 31.67). Additionally, the extracts inhibited acetylcholinesterase (EAE IC50 = 24.40 ± 2.84 µg/mL, BuE IC50 = 68.07 ± 02.26 µg/mL) and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes (EAE IC50 = 36.39 ± 0.75 µg/mL, BuE IC50 = 66.19 ± 01.25 µg/mL) the most and significantly inhibited urease (EAE IC50 = 77.82 ± 4.59 µg/mL, BuE IC50 = 127.05 ± 2.87 µg/mL). ConclusionConsidering the findings, C. purgans emerges as a promising reservoir of bioactive compounds that have the potential to contribute to the development of treatments for specific diseases. The identification of these compounds and their therapeutic potential provides valuable insights into their potential use in drug development.

Comparing the Levels of Total Plasma Antioxidant Capacity in Hamadan Hospitals Between Radiographic Technologists and Non-radiographic Technologists

Background: Changes in the plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) are considered an important prognosis in the formation and progression of many atherogenic diseases, the TAC, carcinogenesis, and inflammation. In this study, plasma TAC values were measured in radiographic and non-radiographic technologists. Methods: The present study was conducted on 75 people exposed to radiation in the radiology centers of Hamadan hospitals and 75 non-radioactive people working in the other non-radiology departments of Hamadan hospitals. The people in the studied population were matched in terms of age and gender. After preparing their blood samples, the plasma of each was separated, and then, the plasma TAC values were measured by the calorimetric method. Results: The results showed that the antioxidant capacity of total plasma was lower in radiographic technologists compared to individuals working in other non-radiology departments, so that in the two studied groups, it was 5.32±0.66 and 6.70±0.95 μmol/L, respectively (P<0.0001). Conclusion: The findings of this research revealed that the plasma TAC was lower in radiographic technologists than in individuals working in other non-radiology departments. Therefore, people exposed to radiation are more exposed to risks caused by changes in plasma TAC, and the use of antioxidant substances is recommended for these people.

Non-Thyroidal Illness in Chronic Renal Failure: Triiodothyronine Levels and Modulation of Extra-Cellular Superoxide Dismutase (ec-SOD).

Oxidative stress (OS) is implicated in several chronic diseases. Extra-cellular superoxide dismutase (ec-SOD) catalyses the dismutation of superoxide anions with a protective role in endothelial cells. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), OS and thyroid dysfunction (low fT3 syndrome) are frequently present, but their relationship has not yet been investigated. This cohort study evaluated ec-SOD activity in CKD patients during haemodialysis, divided into "acute haemodialytic patients" (AH, 1-3 months of treatment) and "chronic haemodialytic patients" (CH, treated for a longer period). We also evaluated plasmatic total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and its relationships with thyroid hormones. Two basal samples ("basal 1", obtained 3 days after the last dialysis; and "basal 2", obtained 2 days after the last dialysis) were collected. On the same day of basal 2, a sample was collected 5 and 10 min after the standard heparin dose and at the end of the procedure. The ec-SOD values were significantly higher in CH vs. AH in all determinations. Moreover, the same patients had lower TAC values. When the CH patients were divided into two subgroups according to fT3 levels (normal or low), we found significantly lower ec-SOD values in the group with low fT3 in the basal, 5, and 10 min samples. A significant correlation was also observed between fT3 and ec-SOD in the basal 1 samples. These data, confirming OS and low fT3 syndrome in patients with CKD, suggest that low fT3 concentrations can influence ec-SOD activity and could therefore potentially contribute to endothelial oxidative damage in these patients.

KEÇİBOYNUZUNUN (CERATONİA SİLİQUA L.) NİKOTİN BAZLI OKSİDATİF STRESE ETKİSİ

OBJECTIVE: In this study the antioxidant effect of carob plant, ıt's effects of nicotine-induced oxidative stress and the number of pyramidal cells in the rat hippocampus in cornu ammonis (CA) were investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the study, 28 adult Wistar Albino male rats were used. Rats are divided into four groups as control group, carob group, nicotine group and nicotine + carob group. Nicotine was applied to the experimental group, and carob extract was applied to the treatment group as well as nicotine. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), total oxidant capacity (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAS) values were measured by spectrophotometric analysis on the lung, brain, kidney, heart and liver tissues. Oxidative stress index (OSI) and GSH / GSSG values, respectively, were calculated as TOS/TAS and GSH/GSSG rates. The number of pyramidal cells in the CA was estimated using the optical fractionator technique. RESULTS: It is seen that the TAS level in the kidney tissue of the nicotine group is significantly lower than the control and carob groups. In brain tissue, the TAS level of the nicotine group was significantly lower than that of other groups (p<0.001). The OSI value of the nicotine group was significantly higher in liver tissue compared to the control group (p<0.001). Nicotine exposure has been shown to cause a significant reduction in the number of pyramidal cells in CA. CONCLUSIONS: It is understood that Carob plant is an important phytomedical plant that has antioxidant properties against nicotine by increasing TAS level in oxidative stress formation.

The Inflammatory and Oxidative Status of Newly Diagnosed Class III and Class IV Lupus Nephritis, with Six-Month Follow-Up.

Lupus nephritis (LN) is the most frequent and severe complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A prospective cohort with a six-month follow-up was performed. Twelve SLE patients diagnosed with LN Class III, twelve NL Class IV patients, and twelve healthy control subjects (HC) were included. SLE data, renal function, oxidants, antioxidants, and inflammation were determined at baseline and six-month follow-up. During the six-month follow-up, the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI-2K) decreased in both LN Class III (20.08 ± 6.92 vs. 11.92 ± 5.87, p < 0.001) and LN Class IV (25.33 ± 6.01 vs. 13.83 ± 5.52, p < 0.001) patients. Furthermore, the values of the C4 component also increased during follow-up for LN Class III (25.36 ± 6.34 vs. 30.91 ± 9.22, p = 0.027) and LN Class IV (12.18 ± 3.90 vs. 20.33 ± 8.95, p = 0.008) groups. Regarding inflammation markers, both groups presented decreased C-reactive protein (CRP), but this was only significant for patients with LN class III (7.93 ± 1.77 vs. 4.72 ± 3.23, p = 0.006). Renal function remained stable in both groups, with no changes in eGFR. Patients with LN Class III and Class IV showed higher baseline levels for lipoperoxides (Class III p < 0.01, Class IV p < 0.1) and carbonyl groups in proteins (Class III p < 0.01, Class IV p < 0.1) compared to HC. Moreover, both groups presented lower baseline values of total antioxidant capacity (Class III p < 0.01, Class IV p < 0.1) and catalase (Class III p < 0.01, Class IV p < 0.1) compared to HCs. However, antioxidant and oxidant markers did not show significant differences between baseline values and at six months for either of the two study groups. In conclusion, patients show an imbalance in the oxidative state characterized by the increase in the oxidants LPO and protein carbonyl groups and the decrease in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes TAC and CAT compared to HC. However, the patients did not present an increase in disease activity and renal function improvement. The glomerular filtration rate did not change during the length of the study, and SLEDAI -2K, C3, and C4 improved. The early co-management between Rheumatologists and Nephrologists is essential to prevent the rapid progression of LN. It would be interesting to administer antioxidant supplements to patients with a recent diagnosis of LN and evaluate its effect in a follow-up study.

Impact of a 50bp insertion/deletion polymorphism of the superoxide dismutase-1 on oxidative stress status and risk of keratoconus

Keratoconus (KC) is characterized by the predominant primary ectatic disease, affecting the cornea, necessitating corneal transplants in some cases. While some loci associated with KC risk have been identified, the understanding of the disease remains limited. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes play a crucial role in countering the reactive oxygen species and providing protection against oxidative stress (OS). Accordingly, the objective of this study was to investigate a potential association of a 50 nucleotide base pairs (bp) insertion/deletion (I/D) within the SOD1 promoter, and the located 1684 bp upstream of the SOD1 ATG, with KC in the Iranian population. Additionally, an assessment was conducted on SOD activity and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), as determined by the ferric reducing-antioxidant power assay, along with malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. In this case-control study, genomic DNA was extracted from the blood cells of KC (n = 402) and healthy (n = 331) individuals. The genotype of this gene was determined using the PCR technique. Furthermore, the amount of SOD enzyme activity and the MDA and TAC levels were measured in the serum of the study groups. The (I/I) genotype was present in 84.23%, the (I/D) genotype in 15.06%, and the (D/D) genotype in 0.69% of both groups. A statistically significant relationship was seen between different genotypes and TAC, MDA, and SOD1 activity indices (P < 0.05). Individuals with the D/D genotype exhibited a decrease in total antioxidant capacity, an increase in the amount of MDA, and a decrease in SOD1 enzyme activity (P < 0.05). Moreover, the logistic regression analysis of KC development indicated that elevated levels of MDA increased the risk of KC incidence in the patient group compared to the healthy group, while a higher activity of SOD1 and greater values of TAC decreased the KC risk. The removal of the 50 bp fragment reduced SOD1 activity and elevated OS levels, thereby impacting the oxidant-antioxidant balance. This could potentially play a significant role in individuals afflicted by KC.

Oxidative stress induction by OCPs and OPPs pesticides may cause lung cancer incidence

Background and aims Pesticides are nowadays known as one of the most important causes of human disorders worldwide. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in the development of lung cancer. Methods We determined the levels of seven derived OCP residues (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, 2,4 DDT, 4,4 DDT, 2,4 DDE, and 4,4 DDE) and enzymatic antioxidant biomarkers including paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), erythrocyte’s acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and non-enzymatic antioxidant biomarkers, including total antioxidant capacity (TAC), protein carbonyl (PC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) in the blood samples of 51 lung cancer patients and 51 healthy subjects as controls. Furthermore, the effects of OPP exposure on the development of lung cancer and oxidative stress (OS) are indirectly assessed by measuring AChE and PON-1 enzyme activities. Results The average values of all the measured OCPs were significantly higher in lung cancer patients when compared with healthy control subjects (p < 0.05). AChE, PON-1, GPx, and CAT activity levels, as well as the amounts of PC, MDA, and NO were higher in patients with lung cancer than in the control subjects (p < 0.05), while TAC values were lower in the patients. Moreover, our data showed a significant association between OCP concentrations and OS parameters (p < 0.05). Conclusion The results suggest that OCPs and OPPs may have a role in lung cancer incidence in southeastern Iran, and at least one of the mechanisms by which OCPs and OPPs may contribute to increasing the development of lung cancer in the studied area is through OS generation.

Comparison of Total Antioxidant Capacity of Milk of Crossbred Holstein Friesian and Vechur Cattle during Different Lactation

Background: Milk is a rich source of vitamins, minerals, fats and high quality proteins. Milk proteins such as casein, lactoferrin and amino acids in milk like tyrosine, cysteine, tryptophan, lysine, etc. have antioxidant properties. The objective of this study was to compare the antioxidant level of milk of crossbred Holstein Friesian (CBHF) and Vechur cattle during different stages of lactation. Methods: Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was estimated by using ferric reducing antioxidant assay. Milk samples from six animals each of CBHF and Vechur cattle were collected separately at early lactation, mid lactation and late lactation period. Results: Milk samples from CBHF and Vechur cattle during the early stages of lactation had significantly higher total antioxidant capacity than milk samples from later stages of lactation. This could be because of the high fat content in the early phases. The total antioxidant content of Vechur milk was higher than that of CBHF milk throughout lactation. The milk of the Vechur cow contains higher beta casein A2 than A1. No significant difference in the TAC values noticed between milk of mid and late lactation in both CBHF and Vechur cattle. The high antioxidant capacity of milk from Vechur cattle suggests that it has a great therapeutic potential. Different animal milk and milk products with antioxidant defense systems can be considered to have health-beneficial effects against free radical damage.

Consequences of dietary cinnamon and ginger oils supplementation on blood biochemical parameters, oxidative status, and tissue histomorphology of growing Japanese quails

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of various concentrations of ginger and cinnamon oils as antibiotic substitutes on some blood biochemical parameters, antioxidant capacity, and histopathological profile of the liver and gut of growing Japanese. A total of 900 Japanese quails were randomly allotted into 6 treatment groups. Each group had 5 replicates (30 chicks each). The first group received a basal diet and served as the control, while the second received a basal diet plus 0.5 g of colistin antibiotic/kg diet. The third and fourth groups were supplemented with 0.5 mL and 1.0 mL of ginger oil (GO)/kg diet, respectively. While the fifth and sixth groups received basal diet with 0.5 and 1.0 mL of cinnamon oil (CO)/kg diet, respectively. Results showed that adding herbal oils significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and urea levels compared to control and colistin groups. Various levels of GO and CO significantly (P < 0.05) reduced cholesterol levels compared to control birds. Compared to the control and antibiotic groups, Japanese quails supplemented with various levels of herbal oils (GO and CO) had more extraordinarily significant (P < 0.05) values for total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GSR). Regarding histopathologic examination, the jejunum displayed a nearly empty lumen, a few fusions, and mild goblet cell metaplasia. On the other hand, the duodenum looked tall and had a few fusions of villi and remnants of removal in its lumina. It could be concluded that cinnamon and GO improved birds' blood biochemical parameters, electorate oxidative stress, and enhanced intestinal and hepatic histology of the treated quails. Also, the levels of 0.5 mL CO and 0.5 mL GO may be an acceptable substitute for antibiotics (colistin) in the diets of growing Japanese quail.

Liver Oxidative Status, Serum Lipids Levels after Bariatric Surgery and High-Fat, High-Sugar Diet in Animal Model of Induced Obesity.

Nutritional status is a major determinant of hepatocyte injuries associated with changed metabolism and oxidative stress. This study aimed to determine the relations between oxidative stress, bariatric surgery, and a high-fat/high-sugar (HFS) diet in a diet-induced obesity rat model. Male rats were maintained on a control diet (CD) or high-fat/high-sugar diet (HFS) inducing obesity. After 8 weeks, the animals underwent SHAM (n = 14) or DJOS (n = 14) surgery and the diet was either changed or unchanged. Eight weeks after the surgeries, the activity of superoxide dismutase isoforms (total SOD, MnSOD, and CuZnSOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and lutathione S-transferase, as well as the thiol groups (-SH) concentration, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidative stress (TOS) levels, and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration liver tissue were assessed. The total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations were measured in the serum. The total SOD and GPX activities were higher in the SHAM-operated rats than in the DJOS-operated rats. The MnSOD activity was higher in the HFS/HFS than the CD/CD groups. Higher CuZnSOD, GST, GR activities, -SH, and MDA concentrations in the liver, and the triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations in the serum were observed in the SHAM-operated rats than in the DJOS-operated rats. The CAT activity was significantly higher in the HFS-fed rats. Lower TAC and higher TOS values were observed in the SHAM-operated rats. Unhealthy habits after bariatric surgery may be responsible for treatment failure and establishing an obesity condition with increased oxidative stress.