Total Annual Revenue Research Articles

Urban commercial marketing and economic factors, an evidence from Mashhad (Iran)

The present study attempts to spatial and temporal analysis of the reactions between urban commercial marketing and influencing economic factors in Mashhad City (Iran). For this purpose, statistical and spatial data from 18 selected commercial complexes and trading towers were collected using official documents, fieldwork observations, and surveys of some interviews for time windows of 2010 and 2020. The total annual revenue, as the commercial marketing indicator, was chosen as the dependent variable to indicate the mean productivity and profitability of shop stores in the case studies. Besides, eight factors, including commercial marketing and urban regional characteristics were chosen as independent factors. Results revealed that the mean values of commercial interest rates were recorded equal to 0.71 and 0.64 in 2010 and 2020, revealing the overall decrease in profitability of the commercial complexes within the recent decade. Despite the growing rate of construction of renewal mega projects and trading towers in the central district of Mashhad City, the marketing revenues and commercial interests had no positive relationships with city center profits in the recent decade. The land price market has severely changed the spatial structure and economy of Mashhad, such as commercial projects and marketing. It means that the main motivation for marketing in commercial complexes can be considered as regional land values instead of the traditional function of the religious city center.

The Contribution of Gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) Income to Farmers’ Households Income in Pesisir Selatan District

Gambier productivity in Pesisir Selatan District is low, affecting gambier farmers' household income. Furthermore, the price of gambier fluctuates, especially between 2019 and 2022. This study aims to describe gambier cultivation carried out by farmers in Pesisir Selatan and analyze the contribution of gambier income to farmers' household income in Pesisir Selatan. This descriptive study used the survey approach on two districts of gambier-producing centers in Pesisir Selatan, namely Koto XI Tarusan and Sutera Sub-district. The sample size is sixty farmers, who were chosen using a purposive sampling strategy based on the criteria of farmers who have harvested their gambier. The data gathered include gambier farming activities, markets, production, revenue, costs, gambier income, and household income. The findings revealed that weeding and pest spraying were done three times each year on average. Farmers fertilize their crops between two and four times every year. Harvesting was also done 2-4 times a year. Gambier production averaged 899.83 kg each period, or 2,384.56 kg per year. The gambler's average selling price was Rp. 41,250, -/kg. The average gambier revenue each year was Rp 98,363,031.25, -. The annual income from the gambier business was Rp. 21,656,558.34, - or Rp. 1,804,713.19, - per month. Farmers' total annual revenue was Rp. 59,911,051.33, - or Rp. 4,992,587.61, - per month. Gambier contributed 36% of the total household income in Pesisir Selatan. Gambier farmers in Pesisir Selatan do not just grow gambier for a living. Rice farming and oil palm plantations provide additional household income.

An Evaluation of Performance of Indigenous Chicken and Irish Potato Value Chains by Smallholder Farmers under Kopia Project in Meru County, Kenya

Adequate, nutritious and safe food is a basic human need. A bilateral project on food security was implemented in Meru County with support from the Republic of South Korea and the County government of Meru between January 2020 and December 2022. The ordinary two-year handover period is ending in December 2024. Its objective was to improve the performance of indigenous chicken and Irish potato value chains among smallholder producers. Despite the existence of high demand for both Indigenous chicken and Irish potatoes, market supply remains low. A stratified sampling method was used to identify 4 Indigenous chickens, Ng’onyi, Mbaria, Ntalami, and Kangeta, and 2 Irish potatoes, Katheri and Murungurune villages, to serve as models. Two hundred practising farmers were selected from each village. All the farmers identified inadequate knowledge, poor genetic materials (Indigenous chicken and Irish potato), high disease incidences, and poorly developed market structures as the main challenges they faced. A training hall was constructed in each of the six model villages and equipped with a computer, a printer, and a monitor. Each chicken-keeping village had a hatchery unit, and those growing potatoes had a potato storage unit constructed and equipped. Egg incubators and Hatchers were provided to the Indigenous chicken-keeping villages. A motorcycle to assist lead-farmer movement was provided to each model village. A curriculum with 22 areas and another one with 20 units were developed to train the Indigenous chicken keepers and Irish potato farmers, respectively. Each curriculum included both technical and non-technical aspects. A total of 73, 837 day old Improved Indigenous chicks were equitably supplied to all the four model villages, with 41600 day old chicks procured from Kenya agriculture, livestock research organization (KALRO) and 32237 locally hatched. A total of 51 tonnes of assorted clean-seed potatoes were procured and supplied to the farmers. The total annual revenue from eggs (tray) rose from Ksh15583.3 before intervention to Ksh133588.7 after intervention. The quantity of eggs sold in trays increased from 54.4 to 193.7, while those sold in pieces increased from 482 to 969. The number of hens sold increased from 17 to 29, and that of cocks sold doubled from 15 to 30. However, all the variable cost components increased during the intervention period. Broilers Mash witnessed the biggest increase in cost by 217.6% from Ksh 1358.9 before intervention to Ksh 2956.5. Despite a rise in the total variable cost by 213%, the average annual gross margin rose from Ksh.7092 to Ksh 91523. The Irish potato farmers had an increase of 192 % in weight (Kg/acre) of total tubers, with production rising from 8711 to 16711 Kg. The potato farmers had a 75.4% increase in household incomes, and their gross margins increased by 76.9 %. The potato farm gate prices increased by 28.57%. After interventions, the potato farmer's gross margin recorded an increase from Ksh. 9 566.5 to 16927.4, translating to a 77% increase. The average total seasonal production increased from 1,394.5 Kg to 2,120.5 Kg. The revenue received from potatoes per season increased from Ksh.46855.2. to Ksh.91605.6 per season. The increase in revenue was a result of the increase in the quantity produced and the price per kg. From the results above, it can be concluded that the implementation of the Indigenous chicken and Irish potato value chains project helped to improve production and household incomes. It is recommended that policy-makers adopt this model village approach in all the agricultural-based value chains.

Effect of shipping company demographic characteristics on cabotage vessel finance and repayment in Nigeria

The research examined the effect of shipping company demographic characteristics on cabotage vessel finance and repayment in Nigeria. The Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) have been concerned about the inability of the Ship Acquisition and Ship Building Fund (SASBF) beneficiaries to pay back disbursed loans fully, resulting in the suspension of further disbursement of the fund required for the development of Nigerian local content capacity. The Cabotage Act 2003 was intended for local content development of shipping and maritime logistics capacity. The fund realized through a 2% surcharge on cabotage trade has accrued since inception, but no shipowner has benefited from the CVFF loan. The study relied on both primary and secondary data. Data was collected through a well-structured questionnaire. The study utilized a Statistical Product Service Solution (SPSS v. 23) and a one-sample chi-square test as statistical tools for data analysis. The results reveal that demographic characteristics of shipping companies, such as age, number of vessels, number of employees and total annual revenue, significantly influence CVFF loan repayment. Purpose: To identify and analyze the shipping company demographic characteristics which influence cabotage vessel finance and repayment in Nigeria. The findings suggested practical steps for effective CVFF loan disbursement and reliable loan recovery. Methodology: The study utilized Statistical Product Service Solution (SPSS v. 23) and a one-sample chi-square test as statistical tools for data analysis. Results: The demographic characteristics of a shipping company, such as company age in years, number of employees, share capital, number of vessels and shipyards as well as the age of vessels and shipyards has a significant influence on her Character, Capacity, Credibility, Capital, Conditions, Collateral and Creditworthiness of the organization. Theoretical contribution: The research contributed to exploring, understanding, and applying the probability of credit default theory in shipping finance loan repayment. The demographic internal microeconomic organization Character, Capacity, Credibility, Capital, Conditions, Collateral and Creditworthiness significantly affects the ability of CVFF fund beneficiaries to repay the loans. Practical implications: Prospective borrower indigenous maritime operators should be duly and professionally evaluated to ensure sustainable cash flow and revenue projection during and after granting CVFF loans to guarantee complete repayment.

Influences on the Success of Malaysian Commercial Art Gallery: A Case Study of Segaris Art Center

During the global lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, many art galleries worldwide on average have lost more than 70% of their total annual revenue. Art galleries suffered a 77% financial activity downfall in Asia, the second-highest drop recorded worldwide. This impact obliquely caused many commercial art galleries including in Malaysia to despair and cease their operation on promoting art to society. Therefore, the research seeks to identify the factors influencing Malaysian commercial art gallery success using Segaris Art Center as a case study. An in-depth interview with two employees from Segaris Art Centre was conducted to explore their standpoints on the studied topic. As a result, some factors that led to success were identified, namely, cultivating the new artists, staff management, financial management, marketing, and active art activities. It was also found that the art gallery should maximise the utilisation of digital technologies for wide-range engagement and a better interactive gallery experience.

Assessment and Analysis of Ecotourism Resources in China Based on RIAM System

Abstract Ecotourism resources constitute the basis of ecotourism development. This paper firstly constructs the evaluation indexes of ecotourism resources based on the RIAM model and selects three indexes of site condition resources, landscape resources and ecological environment resources to build the evaluation model. Then we use the entropy value method and hierarchical analysis method to determine the weights of evaluation indicators, construct a judgment matrix, and use the extreme value method to standardize the original data to eliminate the variability of metric units and normalize the standardized matrix to calculate the indicator weights. Finally, China’s ecotourism resources are comprehensively evaluated and scored, and typical ecotourism areas are selected to analyze their economic benefits, natural ecological index and tourism base index. China’s ecotourism site condition resources were scored as 96, landscape resources were scored as 96, and ecological environment resources were scored as 97. In terms of economic benefits, the total annual revenue of A national ecotourism site increased by 134% in 2017 compared with 2012; accommodation income decreased by 9%, entertainment income increased by 200%, other income increased by 49%, and received 167% more visitors. The RIAM-based model enables effective analysis and evaluation of ecotourism resources in China.

Transforming Specialty Care Delivery and Payment Under Global Budgets—Insights from the Provision of Surgical Services in Maryland

This Viewpoint discusses Maryland’s global budget revenue model, which centrally regulates reimbursement rates for all payers via a hospital-specific, prospectively set cap on total annual revenue across all care sites.

Performance and Prospects of the Wa Municipal Assembly in Revenue Generation

The Wa Municipality has several developmental challenges such as rapid population growth, high rates of illiteracy, poor environmental sanitation, and poverty. Besidesthe developmental challenges, the Municipality’s average contribution of IGF to its total annual revenue basket is minimal. This has created room for more dependence on external sources for development funds which often fluctuate and are generally on a decline. The study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the prospects of the Wa Municipal Assembly in relation to levels of revenue generation. Primary and secondary data were used for the study. Questionnaires and structured interview schedules were used to collect primary data from 467 respondents within the Municipality. The study shows that the Assembly’s potentials in relation to revenue generation are tourism promotion, investment in agriculture, improving on the database, expanding the revenue base, and taking advantage of the presence of NGOs and CBOs. It is concluded that the Wa Municipal Assembly should properly identify and valuate properties in a timely manner, adopt good resource mobilisation strategies, properly train Revenue Collectors and finally take keen interest in tapping into the prospects identified by the study so as to improve on levels of revenue generation.

Process and technoeconomic analysis of bioethanol production from residual biomass of marine macroalgae Ulva lactuca

In the present work, the residual biomass of the green seaweed Ulva lactuca was chosen as feedstock to undergo separate hydrolysis and fermentation process to produce bioethanol. The hydrolysis process was optimized for cellulase, biomass, temperature, and time conditions. The maximum yield of fermentable sugars was 13.48 mg/mL. The recovered hydrolysate was subjected to fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The bioethanol produced was subjected to gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry analysis to determine the presence of ethanol. The technical performance and economic feasibility of the bioethanol production from U. lactuca were evaluated using the lab-scale data obtained for optimized conditions. The plant capacity was 10 MT/day of bioethanol production. The plant's capital investment and annual operating cost were 3.18 M$ and 0.86 M$ respectively. The total annual revenue of the plant was 1.41 M$. The minimum selling price of bioethanol was 0.47 $/kg. The ROI, payback period, IRR and NPV of the plant were 16.99 %, 5.89 years, 11.57 % and 291,000 $ respectively. The utilization of residual biomass for biofuels helps to develop an economic and environmentally sustainable plant.

Preparation of valuable pyrolysis products from poplar waste under different temperatures by pyrolysis: Evaluation of pyrolysis products

Poplar waste is used as feedstock to prepare valuable pyrolysis products by pyrolysis under different temperature. The bio-oil is rich in aldehyde with the maximum relative content of 47.15%, which has potential application in chemical industries. Pyrolysis temperature has significantly influenced the composition and heating value of bio-gas. The maximum heating value of bio-gas is 14.56 MJ/Nm3. Biochar is used as an adsorbent to adsorb Ag+ from aqueous solution with the adsorption capacity of 76.09 mg/g. Biochar forms the value-added Ag-Biochar composite by reduction after adsorption Ag+. While, Ag-Biochar composite can be used as catalyst for methyl orange removal with the maximum removal of 94.08%. Ag-Biochar composite is also used as lithium ion battery cathode material for energy storage with the specific capacity of 345 mAh/g. Besides, preliminary economic analysis is used to evaluate the economics of pyrolysis process with the total annual revenue of $115, 725/year.

Individual and national financial impacts of informal caring for people with mental illness in Australia, projected to 2030.

Mental illness has a significant impact not only on patients, but also on their carers' capacity to work. To estimate the costs associated with lost labour force participation due to the provision of informal care for people with mental illness in Australia, such as income loss for carers and lost tax revenue and increased welfare payments for government, from 2015 to 2030. The output data of a microsimulation model Care&WorkMOD were analysed to project the financial costs of informal care for people with mental illness, from 2015 to 2030. Care&WorkMOD is a population-representative microsimulation model of the Australian population aged between 15 and 64 years, built using the Australian Bureau of Statistics Surveys of Disability, Ageing and Carers data and the data from other population-representative microsimulation models. The total annual national loss of income for all carers due to caring for someone with mental illness was projected to rise from AU$451 million (£219.6 million) in 2015 to AU$645 million (£314 million) in 2030 in real terms. For the government, the total annual lost tax revenue was projected to rise from AU$121 million (£58.9 million) in 2015 to AU$170 million (£82.8 million) in 2030 and welfare payments to increase from AU$170 million (£82.8 million) to AU$220 million (£107 million) in 2030. The costs associated with lost labour force participation due to the provision of informal care for people with mental illness are projected to increase for both carers and government, with a widening income gap between informal carers and employed non-carers, putting carers at risk of increased inequality.

Hybrid photovoltaic/solar chimney power plant combined with agriculture: The transformation of a decommissioned coal-fired power plant

Due to fossil fuel shortage and high carbon emissions, more and more inefficient coal-fired power plants are being decommissioned. Many redundant resources like chimneys and electric equipment are thus left behind, which can be combined with renewable energy for transformation. Therefore, a hybrid photovoltaic/solar chimney (PV/SC) power plant combined with agriculture is proposed to transform a decommissioned thermal power plant in Ningxia, China. The collector canopy is partially covered with PV modules and simultaneously serves as an agricultural greenhouse for planting activities. Meanwhile, the hot air flow under the canopy can be integrated with air source heat pumps (ASHPs) for domestic heating. Detailed mathematical models are developed to investigate power generation and heat collection performance. The economic and environmental benefits are quantitatively evaluated. The results show that the average daily power generation capacity of PV and SC can reach 334.2 MWh and 9.3 MWh, respectively. The total power generation capacity increases by 5.98% compared with an equivalent single PV power plant. The annual CO2 emission reduction can be up to 1.27 × 106 tons, and the total annual revenue is more than $ 5.47 million. The transformed plant has an impressive comprehensive solar energy conversion efficiency of 14.2% considering power generation, agricultural production and heating, which is 36.9% higher than that of an equivalent conventional PV power plant. The proposed plant has a power generation capacity of 343.5 MWh/d and can bring about notable economic and environmental benefits, which are of great significance to the transition of renewable energy and achieving lower carbon emissions. This work can provide a feasible reference for the upgrading of industries with high pollution and low efficiency.

Are culturally vibrant communities healthier? Relationships between performing arts activity and health outcomes in the 500 largest US cities.

Recent reviews have demonstrated broad links between performing arts participation (e.g. music-making; dancing; acting) and receptive engagement (e.g. listening to music; attending a dance/theatre performance) and improved health, including reduced disease and mortality risk. However, no investigations to date have interrogated the links between community-level performing arts activity (i.e. participation + receptive engagement) and health outcomes - that is, do the performing arts help create healthy communities? This study aims to address this question by examining links between performing arts activity and health outcomes across 500 cities in the US. Secondary analysis of demographic, health outcome, performing arts activity (estimated by annual performing arts revenue), and preventive/unhealthy behaviour data for 500 large cities in the US - data extracted from the US Centers for Disease Control 500 Cities Project, Dun & Bradstreet Hoovers Database, and US Census. Links between performing arts activity and 12 health/disease outcomes were evaluated using a series of hierarchical beta regression models which progressively controlled for demographic variables and preventive/unhealthy behaviour prevalence. The 500 analysed US cities comprise 33.4% of the total US population and 84,010 performing arts businesses (total annual revenue $27.84 billion). No significant associations were found between performing arts activity and 9 of 12 health outcomes in fully adjusted models (p ⩾ .17). Statistically significant relationships (p < .01) between increased performing arts activity and increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke were determined to be clinically equivocal. This study contributes to a growing body of conflicting epidemiologic evidence regarding the impact of the performing arts on health/disease and mortality outcomes, evaluated using a range of disparate methodologies. A consensus, psychometrically rigorous approach is required to address this prevailing uncertainty in future epidemiologic studies examining the effects of performing arts activities both within and across countries and communities.

National patient groups in Canada and their disclosure of relationships with pharmaceutical companies: a cross-sectional study

ObjectivesThis study investigates the information and policies that Canadian patient groups post on their publicly available websites about their relationships with pharmaceutical companies.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingCanadian national patient groups.ParticipantsNinety-seven patient groups with...

Economic Analysis of Thyme (Origanum Syriacum) Production for Smallholder Farmers

Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants significantly contribute to affordable healthcare and livelihood security. This study aims to investigate the economic analysis of Syrian oregano (Origanum syriacum) production with total area of 1000 m2, depending on some standard economic indicators. The results showed that the annual net profit constitutes 56% of the total annual revenues. Furthermore, the net present value after six years was a positive value, and the index of profitability was 2.71, which confirms the economic viability of this project. The internal rate of return (IRR) reached 90.67%, which is a good number compared to the bank interest rate. Although this project does not occupy large areas, (a small possession 500-2000 m2 is sufficient for its establishment), but it is able to achieve guaranteed profits within a short period. Therefore, Thyme cultivation should be expanded by providing small farmers the necessary technical support and drawing their attention to economic efficiency of such project.

EKONOMSKI I DRUŠTVENI TROŠKOVI OVISNOSTI O KOCKANJU U HRVATSKOJ – DRUGA STRANA MEDALJE

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COSTS OF GAMBLING ADDICTION IN CROATIA – THE OTHER SIDE OF THE MEDAL ABSTRACT Gambling, as a behavior primarily aimed at entertainment and leisure, is risky due to the potential development of harmful psychosocial consequences, i.e. the development of gambling addiction symptoms. These include the full range of health (physical and mental), social (family, friends, community), and economic (employment, finances, and crime) adverse consequences. The aim of this research is to calculate the economic and social costs of gambling addiction in the Republic of Croatia in order to provide science-based indicators to encourage positive regulatory changes that would ensure a balanced market between profitable and risky elements of the gambling industry. The research starts from the scientific research on the prevalence of gambling addiction in the adult Croatian population and the official data on revenues in the state budget from all gambling activities. Two of the most commonly used methodologies were used to calculate the social and economic costs: National Opinion Research Centre − NORC and Australian Productivity Commission − APC. The research uses original and strict criteria for the prevalence of gambling addiction. Regardless of the methodology used, the results show that the social costs of gambling addiction in Croatia account for between 34% and 77% of the total annual gambling revenue. Ljetopis socijalnog rada 2021., 28 (1), 37-70. 70 članci The results were interpreted in the context of general guidelines for improving the policy of responsible gambling, with the aim of reducing the likelihood of developing harmful psychosocial consequences in society. Key words: gambling; gambling addiction; economic costs; social costs; consequences

Elementos Marcantes da Prestação de Contas Voluntária das 100 Melhores ONGS do Brasil

A investigação identificou os elementos presentes na prestação de contas voluntária das “100 Melhores ONGs do Brasil” de 2018 de acordo com o Instituto Doar e Rede Filantropia. A análise considerou cinco dimensões: completude, acessibilidade, transparência, divulgação total e relevância. Fez-se uso da estatística descritiva, com ordenação por quartis conforme o porte das organizações, usando como critério de agrupamento a receita total anual. Com base em um checklist composto por 73 itens, os resultados indicaram que as ONGs utilizam seus websites principalmente para fornecer informações gerais e com o intuito de promover suas ações (relevância), evidenciando menor participação das demais dimensões, achado coerente aos estudos anteriores. Também em consonância à literatura, evidenciou-se que ONGs de maior porte apresentaram maior accountability, excetuando-se a dimensão transparência. O estudo contribui para que ONGs tenham subsídios para melhorar sua prestação de contas, aumentando a confiança de stakeholders e contribuindo para sua sustentabilidade financeira.

Socio-Economic Importance of Tree Nursery Enterprises in Lagos State, Nigeria

There is a growing interest to understand the role of tree nursery enterprises in Nigeria and the horn of Africa. Tree nursery enterprises, which are vital economic activities in major cities of Nigeria and particularly in the city of Lagos are not adequately studied and well documented. Therefore, this study seeks to fill a gap in understanding the socioeconomic importance and profitability potential of tree nursery enterprises. Multistage sampling technique with a 3-stage design was adopted in this study using aquantitative data collection techniques through the use of structured questionnaire administered to 120 nursery entrepreneurs. Data were analyzed using descriptive, inferential, and budgetary analysis. The result revealed that tree nursery entrepreneurs are literate, mostly male in their youthful age. Furthermore, the total annual revenue earned by the respondents was ₦1,712,222.22 with a mean annual net income of ₦1,458,038.72 while the return per naira invested was ₦5.71. This shows that tree nursery enterprise is profitable in the study area. However, most entrepreneurs were faced with shortage of land for establishments of tree nursery in the study area. Therefore, appropriate actions in reducing cost of land lease/purchase are recommended to encourage new entrepreneurs and strengthen the sector’s development.&#x0D; Keywords: Entrepreneur, Environment, Nursery enterprises, Profitability, Socio-economic and Tree seedlings.

Socio-economic benefit of rubber agroforestry system for improved livelihood in Edo State, Nigeria

Rubber Agroforestry System (RAS) is an innovative farming system contributing significantly to the livelihood of smallholders in Edo State. Data for this study were collected from 120 rubber smallholder farmers having a contiguous 2 hectares farmland with the aid of structured questionnaire using multistage sampling technique with a 3-stage design. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive, inferential, and budgetary analysis. The result revealed that majority of the RAS farmers were males, with an average mean age of 49 years and most of the RAS farmers had some level of education, they attained secondary and tertiary education with an average number of 8.3 years in education. Furthermore, the total annual revenue earned by the respondents was ₦992,500 ($ 2,756.94) with a mean annual net income of ₦527,003 ($ 1,463.90) while the return per naira invested was ₦1.69. This shows that for every ₦1 invested in the cropping combination in the RAS, there was a return of 69 kobo in the study area. Thus, RAS provides income and employment for smallholder community to be self-sufficient and economically independent. This study concludes that respondents valued RAS as an innovative sustainable agroforestry system capable of generating income and employment. Government therefore should leverage through adequate fiscal policy to enable easy credit facility by farmers

VILNIAUS MIESTO PAJAMOS: SVARSTYKLĖS IR SAIKAVIMAS XV–XVIII A.

The article analyses Vilnius City revenues from scales and meterage in the 15th-18th century. The right of the city of Vilnius to acquire scales and thus receive income was for the first time documented in the Privilege of Grand Duke Sigismund Kęstutaitis (Žygimantas Kęstutaitis) of 23 September 1432. The city retained such right until the very end of the 18th century. The regulatory aspects of scales operations were for the first time laid down in the sovereign’s entail of 1536: the magistrate and the merchants’ community would assign a treasury steward each to monitor it. Disagreements between the magistrate and the merchants’ community were accountable for the fact that in the 1640s the issue was readdressed and on 5 August 1647 an instruction for treasury stewards used throughout the 18th century was issued. The weighing house employed two treasury stewards, a scales clerk, and loaders. On average they worked 23–25 days a month, though at times it was required to work with no days off. City revenues from the scales before the occupation of 1655–1701 could have amounted to 3,000 threescores of groschen (or 35 percent of the total annual revenue). In 1662–1701 the average of scales income was 2,784 Lithuanian auksinas (or 32 percent of the total annual revenue), in 1712–1755 it plummeted to 723 auksinas (19 percent), and in 1757–1792 soared again to 2,529 auksinas (12 percent). Starting with 1757, the amount received from scales revenues in the city treasury doubled, though in general the proportion of this type of income decreased as a new gates tax was introduced in the city and other tariffs were increased. Expenses of the city related to scales maintenance were rather small and usually confined to a dozen or so auksinas for minor repairs of the weighing house, scales maintenance, firewood, etc. Additional expenses included paper required by the scales clerk and his salary (100–300 auksinas). The scales were always directly supervised by the city’s officials and there were no possibilities to rent them. It has not been established exactly when the city was granted the right of corn and other bulk product meterage, though income of this type had been documented since the 1620s. In 1662–1701 the average of such revenues amounted to 780 auksinas (or 8.9 percent of the total annual income), in 1712–1748 it decreased to 115 auksinas (4 percent), in 1749–1767 – to 6 auksinas (1.6 percent), and at least starting with 1772 the city did not receive this type of income whatsoever. As of the 1720s, merchants started keeping barrels at their places and paying taxes. Revenues from privately kept barrels were received in 1727–1779, on average amounting to 78 auksinas. Starting with 1781, due to unknown reasons, this type of income was no longer received at the city treasury. In the second half of the 17th-18th century, expenses related to the purchase of new barrels and iron binding of old ones were episodic though could account for up to 99 auksinas and even exceed the meterage income.