Total Amount Of Water Resources Research Articles

Assessment of forest food–water resources nexus and its utilization efficiency based on the Gaussian model

Abstract Forest resources are an important foundation for human survival and development, and their utilization and management are of great significance for sustainable development. Forests are important ecosystems that provide essential ecological services for human survival and development. Based on the Gaussian model, this article evaluates the grain and water resources in forest areas to explore the efficiency of forest resource utilization. By collecting and processing sample data from the forest areas of the Yangtze River Basin from October to December 2021, the food and water resources of the forest areas under different vegetation types and soil moisture content were obtained. The results indicate that the total amount of grain resources varies among different sample areas. The maximum weight is 6,000 kg and the minimum weight is 3,500 kg. The total amount of water resources varies among different sample areas, ranging from 600 to 2,000 m3.

The Main Problems of the Water Ecological Environment and Protective Countermeasures in the River Basin of the Altay Region, Xinjiang

This study systematically sorted out the situation of the water ecological environment in the river basins of the Altay region, and analyzed the main problems that exist concerning water environmental quality, water ecology, water resources, and other aspects. The Altay region has three major river systems: the Irtysh River, the Ulungur River and the rivers of Jimunai County. The water environmental quality of major rivers in the region remained stable, and the total amount of water resources in the Altay region is at the forefront of Xinjiang. However, insufficient ecological flow in the Altay basin, serious water ecological damage and water environmental risks are still prominent. Based on the main problems which were identified and the distribution of the river system, the Altay region would be divided into four areas: the Irtysh River Basin, the Ulungur River Basin, the river basins of Jimunai County, and the desert control unit in the south, and the four areas was divided into eleven water ecological environment control units. In order to provide scientific and technological support for the improvement of the water ecological environmental quality of the river basins in the Altay region, general ideas and countermeasures are put forward for protecting the water ecological environment of the river basin from the three aspects of enhancing water pollution prevention and control, strengthening the protection of water resources, and reinforcing water ecological protection and restoration.

Impact of watershed habitat quality based on land use: a case study of taking Ciyao River Basin

Land use pattern is one of the most important factors affecting the quality of habitats, which is taken as the research objective in this study. Based on the land use data of Ciyao river basin from 1985 to 2020, transfer matrix analysis, superposition analysis, and zoning statistics were carried out by ArcGIS. The impact of main threat sources (cultivated land, urban land, and rural residential land) on water quality was calculated using the investment model. The habitat changes and the impact of the habitat quality of the basin on the hydrological and water quality were analyzed. The findings demonstrated that the land-type conversion in Ciyao River Basin from 1985 to 2020 is mainly manifested in the conversion from cultivated land to construction land (94.49 km2), and from grassland to cultivated land (21.59 km2) and forest land (27.15 km2). The habitat quality of the Ciyao River Basin decreased gradually from North to South. The medium and high habitat quality areas are mainly concentrated in the headwater area of the river. Due to the change in land type, the habitat quality in the headwater area of the river significantly improved from 2005 to 2020, while the habitat quality in the confluence area of the Wuliang section significantly declined from 1995 to 2015. Due to the improvements of habitat quality in the source area of the river and water conservation capacity, the total amount of water resources and annual runoff depth of Ciyao River significantly increased from 2005 to 2019 without significant changes in precipitation. The water quality of the Ciyao River has improved due to development of environmental pollution control and the improvement of watershed habitat in 2016–2020.

Converting Climate Change Gridded Daily Rainfall to Station Daily Rainfall—A Case Study at Zengwen Reservoir

With improvements in data quality and technology, the statistical downscaling data of General Circulation Models (GCMs) for climate change impact assessment have been refined from monthly data to daily data, which has greatly promoted the data application level. However, there are differences between GCM downscaling daily data and rainfall station data. If GCM data are directly used for hydrology and water resources assessment, the differences in total amount and rainfall intensity will be revealed and may affect the estimates of the total amount of water resources and water supply capacity. This research proposes a two-stage bias correction method for GCM data and establishes a mechanism for converting grid data to station data. Five GCMs were selected from 33 GCMs, which were ranked by rainfall simulation performance from a baseline period in Taiwan. The watershed of the Zengwen Reservoir in southern Taiwan was selected as the study area for comparison of the three different bias correction methods. The results reveal that the method with the wet-day threshold optimized by objective function with observation rainfall wet days had the best result. Error was greatly reduced in the hydrology model simulation with two-stage bias correction. The results show that the two-stage bias correction method proposed in this study can be used as an advanced method of data pre-processing in climate change impact assessment, which could improve the quality and broaden the extent of GCM daily data. Additionally, GCM ranking can be used by researchers in climate change assessment to understand the suitability of each GCM in Taiwan.

Spatiotemporal Coupling Coordination Analysis of Social Economy and Resource Environment of Central Cities in the Yellow River Basin

With the rapid economic and social development and accelerated urbanization, the negative ecological impact of major river basins worldwide has been deepening, which is gradually threatening the sustainable development of cities. This study establishes the model of the coupling coordination relationship between social economy and resources environment of nine central cities in the Yellow River Basin. Based on the evaluation index system of social economy and resource environment, we quantitatively measure the coupling coordination degree and spatiotemporal pattern of the nine central cities from 2010 to 2017. The obstacle factors of coupling coordination were then diagnosed based on the obstacle degree model. The results showed that (1) the social economy and resources environment development indices of the nine central cities in the Yellow River Basin, as well as the coupling coordination of each central city, showed an overall upward trend from 2010 to 2017. (2) Most of the central cities in the Yellow River Basin were in the coordinated coupling stage, among which Xining and Lanzhou have the highest coupling degree. (3) The obstacle factors affecting the harmonious development coupling coordination of the nine central cities were natural growth rate of population, proportion of tertiary industry in GDP and per capita investment in fixed assets in social economy system, and per capita green area of parks, per capita total amount of water resources, and per capita industrial SO2 emissions in resources environment system. It is necessary to adopt different strategies for different cities to promote the coupling coordination development of urban social economy and resources environment in the Yellow River Basin.

Analysis of Water Resources Change and Water Use Structure in Shaanxi Province

This article analyzes the changes in water resources, water consumption, and water structure in Shaanxi Province, China from 2004 to 2018, based on the water resources bulletin data of Shaanxi Province. The results show that the inter-annual differences in the amount of water resources in Shaanxi Province in the past 15 years are obvious, and the change process of the amount of surface water resources is basically the same as that of the total amount of water resources. The amount of water resources varies greatly around 2012; the total amount of water used in Shaanxi Province and various types of water consumption have shown a significant upward trend. Among all types of water consumption, agricultural water consumption has the largest increase, with a linear trend rate of 38 million m3/a. The proportion of agricultural water used in various types of water shows a significant downward trend, and the proportion of domestic water and ecological water shows a significant upward trend.

Hydrological Simulation of Taizi River Basin with HSPF Model

With the development of economy and the increase of population, water resources are becoming more and more scarce. The total amount of water resources in the Taizi River Basin of Liaoning Province, China is 5.120 billion m3, and the per capita water resources amount is 845 m3. According to the United Nations standards, it is classified as a water shortage area.In order to better manage and protect water resources, this paper uses Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) model to simulate runoff in the Taizi River Basin. The Parameter Estimation (PEST) procedure was used to calibrate the hydrological parameters. The results showed that the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of the calibration period (2009-2011) was 0.78, the correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.89; the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency of the validation period (2012-2013) was 0.68, and the correlation coefficient was 0.85. It indicates that the HSPF hydrological model has good applicability in the Taizi River basin which will provide useful reference for future modeling research.

Evaluation of blue and green water resources in the upper Yellow River basin of China

Abstract. The total amount of water resources severely affects socioeconomic development of a region or watershed, which means that accurate quantification of the total amount of water resources is vital for the area, especially for the arid and semi-arid regions. Traditional evaluation of water resources only focused on the qualification of blue water, while the importance of green water was not fully considered. As the second largest river in China, the Yellow River plays an important role in socioeconomic development of the Yellow River basin. Therefore, the blue and green water resources in the upper Yellow River basin (UYRB) were evaluated by the SWAT model in this study. The results show that the average annual total amount of water resources in the UYRB was 140.5 billion m3, in which the blue water resources is 37.8 billion m3, and green water resources is 107.7 billion m3. The intra-annual variability of the blue water and green water is relatively similar during the same period. The higher temperature, the greater difference between the blue and green water. The inter-annual variability of the blue and green water shows that the trends in precipitation, blue and green water have a relatively similar characteristic. The spatial distribution of the blue and green water is characteristic with gradually decreasing from the northwest to the southeast, and the blue water around the main stream is greater than that in the other areas.

Study on characteristics of water resources in Beijing in recent 15 years

In order to understand the characteristics of water supply and water usage in Beijing in recent 15 years, a variety of statistical datasets were collected and field investigations were carried out, to analyze the total water resource, the characteristics and trends of water resource supply, utilization and distribution during 2000-2014. The results showed that the total amount of water resources in Beijing is maintained at 1.61~3.95 billion m3, and the surface water accounts for about 1/3, and the groundwater accounts for 2/3. Agricultural water and living water were the dominated consumption in the past 15 years in Beijing, accounted for 35.3% and 38.9% of the total amount, followed by industrial water, which accounting for 17.9% of total water consumption, and water used in environment is relatively small, only accounting for 7.8% of the total amount. This study can provide theoretical support for the establishment and management of water conservation policies and the rational utilization of water resources in Beijing.

Spatial econometric analysis on influencing factors of water consumption efficiency in urbanizing China

Due to the limitation of total amount of water resources, it is necessary to enhance water consumption efficiency to meet the increasing water demand of urbanizing China. Based on the panel data of 31 provinces in China in 1997–2013, we analyze the influencing factors of water consumption efficiency by spatial econometric models. Results show that, 1) Due to the notable spatial autocorrelation characteristics of water consumption efficiency among different provinces in China, general panel data regression model which previous studies often used may be improper to reveal its influencing factors. However, spatial Durbin model may best estimate their relationship. 2) Water consumption efficiency of a certain province may be influenced not only by its socio-economic and eco-environmental indicators, but also by water consumption efficiency in its neighboring provinces. Moreover, it may be influenced by the neighboring provinces’ socio-economic and eco-environmental indicators. 3) For the macro average case of the 31 provinces in China, if water consumption efficiency in neighboring provinces increased 1%, water consumption efficiency of the local province would increase 0.34%. 4) Among the ten specific indicators we selected, per capita GDP and urbanization level of itself and its neighboring provinces have the most prominent positive effects on water consumption efficiency, and the indirect effects of neighboring provinces are much larger. Therefore, the spatial spillover effects of the economic development level and urbanization level are the primary influencing factors for improving China’s water consumption efficiency. 5) Policy implications indicate that, to improve water consumption efficiency, each province should properly consider potential influences caused by its neighboring provinces, especially needs to enhance the economic cooperation and urbanization interaction with neighboring provinces.

유출특성을 고려한 산지지역의 물수지 평가 - 제주도 표선유역을 중심으로 -

Abstract The grid-based water balance of watershed scale was assessed in the mountainous area of Pyosun catchment in Jeju Island after analyzing precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff from January 2008 to December 2013. The existing results of direct runoff, evapotranspirtion, and groundwater recharge comparing to precipitation were presented 22.0%, 25.6%, and 52.4%, respectively, in Pyosun catchment. However, this study indicated each component shows 14.5%, 24.2%, and 61.0%, respectively, in the mountainous area of Pyosun catchment. Therefore, groundwater recharge rate in the mountainous area appears higher than 10% comparing to the overall catchment. It would be analyzed that the amount of direct runoff is relatively small. Moreover, this difference could be generated because of the spatial discontinuities in the process of estimating the total amount of precipitation in the mountainous area. Therefore, the grid-based spatial analysis to maximize the spatial continuity would be useful for providing a more reasonable result when the total amount of water resources are evaluated in mountainous areas in the future.

A desalination plant with solar and wind energy

The shortage of freshwater resources has become a worldwide problem. China has a water shortage, although the total amount of water resources is the sixth in the world, the per capita water capacity is the 121th (a quarter of the world's per capita water capacity), and the United Nations considers China one of the poorest 13 countries in the world in terms of water. In order to increase the supply of fresh water, a realistic way is to make full use of China's long and narrow coastline for seawater desalination. This paper discusses a sea water desalination device, the device adopts distillation, uses the greenhouse effect principle and wind power heating principle, and the two-type start is used to solve the problem of vertical axis wind turbine self-starting. Thrust bearings are used to ensure the stability of the device, and to ensure absorbtion of wind energy and solar energy, and to collect evaporation of water to achieve desalination. The device can absorb solar and wind energy instead of input energy, so it can be used in ship, island and many kinds of environment. Due to the comprehensive utilization of wind power and solar power, the efficiency of the device is more than other passive sea water desalting plants, the initial investment and maintenance cost is lower than active sea water desalting plant. The main part of the device cannot only be used in offshore work, but can also be used in deep sea floating work, so the device can utilise deep sea energy. In order to prove the practicability of the device, the author has carried out theory of water production calculations. According to the principle of conservation of energy, the device ais bsorbing solar and wind power, except loose lost part which is used for water temperature rise and phase transition. Assume the inflow water temperature is 20 °C, outflow water temperature is 70 °C, the energy utilization is 60%, we can know that the water production quantity is 8 kg/ m2 per hour. Comparing with the disk solar distillation apparatus, of which water production quantity is only 3-4kg/m2 per hour only in sunny day, but can't be used at night, the water production quantity is highly increased. So the device should have a good application prospect.

A simple approach to assess water scarcity integrating water quantity and quality

Water scarcity has become widespread all over the world. Current methods for water scarcity assessment are mainly based on water quantity and seldom consider water quality. Here, we develop a simple approach for assessing water scarcity considering both water quantity and quality. In this approach, a new water scarcity index is used to describe the severity of water scarcity in the form of a water scarcity meter, which may help to communicate water scarcity to a wider audience. To illustrate the approach, we analyzed the historical trend of water scarcity for Beijing city in China during 1995–2009. The results show that Beijing made a huge progress in mitigating water scarcity, and that from 1999 to 2009 the blue and grey water scarcity index decreased by 59% and 62%, respectively. These achievements were made through great efforts of water-saving measures and wastewater treatment. Despite this progress, we demonstrate that Beijing is still characterized by serious water scarcity due to both water quantity and quality. The water scarcity index remained at a high value of 3.5 with a blue and grey water scarcity index of 1.2 and 2.3 in 2009 (exceeding the thresholds of 0.4 and 1, respectively). As a result of unsustainable water use and pollution, groundwater levels continue to decline, and water quality shows a continuously deteriorating trend. To curb this trend, future water policies should further decrease water withdrawal from local sources (in particular groundwater) within Beijing, and should limit the grey water footprint below the total amount of water resources.

Groundwater in the Central Sector of the Ebro Basin

This article describes the groundwater situation in the Aragon zone of the hydrographic basin of the Ebro River. It provides a historical overview, the main geological characteristics of Aragon, the volume limits of groundwater currently available and the total amount of water resources. With respect to water quality, it includes a description of its natural content and the problems caused by nitrates and industrial pollutants. Finally it indicates the main groundwater concerns that are currently being looked at and the principal challenges.

Climatic trend indicated by variations of glaciers and lakes in the Tianshan Mountains

Under the control of geographical environment and the influence of modified west air mass, the mass balance of glaciers in the Tianshan Mountains has continously decreased since the 1970s. However, the lake level has increased gradually duo to the increase of precipitation. The interaction between temperature and precipitation resulted in a normal and slightly more total amount of water resources in the areas of the Tianshan Mountains. It is estimated that this climatic trend will last to the early stage of the next century.