Total Amount Of Fruits Research Articles

Diversity of capsaicin content, quantitative, and yield components in chili (Capsicum annuum) genotypes and their F1 hybrid

Abstract. Sahid ZD, Syukur M, Maharijaya A. 2020. Genetic diversity of capsaicin content, quantitative, and yield component in chili (Capsicum annuum) and their F1 hybrid. Biodiversitas 21: 2251-2257. Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the horticultural plants that have many benefits. The benefit of chili was determined by pungency level of its fruit. Pungency level of the chili is due to the capsaicin content in fruit. Information about the genetic diversity of capsaicin is still rarely available. The aims of this study were to obtain diversity information on quantitative, yield component, and capsaicin content, and to analyze the correlation among chili genotypes based on their morphological characters. This study used Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The genetic material used in this study consisted of 21 genotypes consisting of 6 genotypes of chili elders and 15 hybrid F1 genotypes resulting from their crossing. Six genotypes of the chili parents are C5, F6074, F9160291, Yuni, Bara, and Giant. 15 hybrid F1 genotypes used in this study are C5 x Bara, C5 x F6074, C5 x Yuni, C5 x Giant, C5 x F9160291, Bara x F6074, Bara x Yuni, Bara x Giant, Bara x F9160291, F6074 x Yuni, F6074 x Giant, F6074 x F9160291, Yuni x Giant, Yuni x F9160291, and Giant x F9160291. The observation was made on the variables of quantitative, yield, and capsaicin components on chili. The results showed that the highest capsaicin content only was found in Bara x F9160291. The results of scatterplot analysis showed that the highest capsaicin and yield component was found in BaraxF6074 and C5 x Yuni genotype. The results of cluster analysis showed that chili was clustered into three color groups. The character of capsaicin content is negatively correlated and very different from fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit length, thick fruit flesh, total amount of fruit per plant, and fruit weight per plant.

Monitoring of Fruit and Vegetable Waste Composting Process: Relationship between Microorganisms and Physico-Chemical Parameters

The aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate the composting potential of fruit and vegetable waste with sawdust in different combinations and to establish the relationship between microorganisms and physico-chemical parameters. Three samples were made with the C/N ratios of 50 (sample 1), 45 (sample 2), and 30 (sample 3) by adding fruit waste (apple, banana, orange, and kiwi peels) and vegetable waste (cabbage leaves, potato and carrot peels). The total amount of fruit and vegetable waste was approximately 2 kg in each sample to which different quantities of sawdust were added (1.23, 0.14, and 0.203 kg) in order to obtain the C/N ratios proposed and to limit the odor. Composting process was monitored over 70 days, while physico-chemical and microbiological analyses were performed. Results showed that in the first week pH is acidic and electrical conductivity values are high for all three samples, and then the pH values increase during the composting process, while electrical conductivity values decrease. The nitrogen content is low in all samples and will decrease during the first five weeks of the composting process, then begin to increase slightly. Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn values in the all three compost samples are below threshold values. During the composing process the microbial communities are constantly changing. The compost was successfully obtained and meets the requirement standards for agricultural use. It can be concluded that there is statistically significant association between the microorganisms and physico-chemical indicators.

RESPONSE OF 2 VARIETY OF Solanum melongena L. ON THE GRANTING OF COW’SBIO URINE

Treatment A: combination of green eggplant varieties with urine dose 80 cc 2. Treatment B: combination of green eggplant variety with urine dose 120 cc 3. Treatment C: combination of eggplant varieties green with a urine dose of 160 cc 4. Treatment D: combination of green eggplant varieties with urine dose 200 cc 5. Treatment E: combination of violet eggplant varieties with urine dose 80 cc 6. Treatment F: combination of violet eggplant varieties with urine dose 120 cc 7. Treatment G: combination of violet eggplant varieties with urine dose 160 cc 8. Treatment H: combination of violet eggplant varieties with urine dose 200 cc, treatment repeated 3 times so obtained 24 unit experiment, each experiment plot consist of 15 plants. Parameters observed include plant height, number of leaves, total fruit weight, fruit length and total amount of fruit per plant. Giving of cow urine has a significant effect on the parameters of plant height, number of leaves, fruit weight, fruit length, number of fruit per plant. The best treatment is a combination of violet eggplant and 160cc bio urine / plant which is no different from 200 cc / plant.
 Keywords: Eggplant, Bio Urine
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 Received: 2 February, 2017; Accepter: 15 March, 2017

RESPONSE OF 2 VARIETY OF Solanum melongena L. ON THE GRANTING OF COW’S BIO URINE

Treatment A: combination of green eggplant varieties with urine dose 80 cc 2. Treatment B: combination of green eggplant variety with urine dose 120 cc 3. Treatment C: combination of eggplant varieties green with a urine dose of 160 cc 4. Treatment D: combination of green eggplant varieties with urine dose 200 cc 5. Treatment E: combination of violet eggplant varieties with urine dose 80 cc 6. Treatment F: combination of violet eggplant varieties with urine dose 120 cc 7. Treatment G: combination of violet eggplant varieties with urine dose 160 cc 8. Treatment H: combination of violet eggplant varieties with urine dose 200 cc, treatment repeated 3 times so obtained 24 unit experiment, each experiment plot consist of 15 plants. Parameters observed include plant height, number of leaves, total fruit weight, fruit length and total amount of fruit per plant. Giving of cow urine has a significant effect on the parameters of plant height, number of leaves, fruit weight, fruit length, number of fruit per plant. The best treatment is a combination of violet eggplant and 160cc bio urine / plant which is no different from 200 cc / plant.Keywords: Eggplant, Bio Urine Received: 2 February, 2017; Accepter: 15 March, 2017

Efecto de Pyraclostrobin+Epoxiconazole en la producción de fresa (Fragaria sp.)

<p>Cundinamarca ha sido un gran productor de fresa(Fragaria sp),en comparación con los demás departamentos de Colombia; pero uno de sus mayores limitantes es la pérdida de fruta causada por el moho gris, enfermedad desarrollada por el agente Botritis cinerea; por esta razón, se aplicó Pyraclostrobin+Epoxiconazole® a los cultivos, en tres dosis, y se compararon con un testigo regional, Carbendazim®, teniendo como variables de estudio: producción, calidad, grados Brix, pH, acidez titulable y la incidencia de la enfermedad sobre el cultivo. Los resultados obtenidos y analizados por medio del software SAS y aplicando las pruebas de comparación de Tukey demostraron que la dosis de Pyraclostrobin+Epoxiconazole® de 80cc/200L presentó la mayor producción de fruta de segunda, tercera y total, y la menor cantidad de fruta dañada, junto con la dosis de 120cc/200L. La menor producción total y por calidad se obtuvo con la dosis de Carbendazim® (250cc/200L). En cuanto a los grados Brix, no se encontraron diferencias significativas, pero sí un aumento durante las cuatro semanas de cosecha. Los valores más altos de pH y ATT se obtuvieron con las dosis de Pyraclostrobin+Epoxiconazole®, y los menores valores, con las aplicaciones de Carbendazim® (250cc/200L).Se recomienda hacer aplicaciones de estos ingredientes en el manejo de la enfermedad moho gris.</p>

Tamanho ótimo de amostra para avaliação de caracteres de frutos de abacaxizeiro em experimentos com adubação usando parcelas grandes

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o tamanho ótimo de amostra para avaliar a massa, o comprimento e o diâmetro de frutos de abacaxieiro, usando parcelas grandes submetidas a diferentes adubações. No experimento com abacaxizeiro (cultivar Pérola), foram avaliadas duas fontes de nitrogênio (ureia e sulfato de amônio) e cinco doses de cloreto de potássio (zero;350; 700; 1.050 e 1.400 kg ha-1). Cada parcela continha cinco fileiras duplas de quatro metros de comprimento, sendo que as três fileiras centrais foram consideradas como área útil. O espaçamento de plantio foi 1,2 x 0,4 x 0,4 m, correspondente a 60 plantas por parcela útil. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foi calculado o tamanho de amostra ( η ) para as semiamplitudes do intervalo de confiança (SA) iguais a 2; 4; 6;8 e 10% da estimativa da média, com grau de confiança (1-α) de 95%, usando a distribuição t de Student. Posteriormente, fixou-se η como o total de frutos colhidos por parcela para o cálculo da SA em percentagem da estimativa da média para cada um dos caracteres. Com um erro de estimação de 4% da média, devem ser amostrados, respectivamente, 83; 35 e 10 frutos em cada uma das parcelas experimentais, para a avaliação da massa, do comprimento e do diâmetro de frutos de abacaxizeiro, cultivar Pérola, em experimentos com adubação.

Frugivory and seed dispersal of Miconia theaezans (Bonpl.) Cogniaux (Melastomataceae) by birds in a transition palm swamp: gallery forest in Central Brazil

The objective of this study was to evaluate potential avian dispersers of Miconia theaezans by dietary habits in the Cerrado of Central Brazil. Forty-two hours and 40 minutes of focal tree observation were conducted between 7:00 AM and 5:00 PM. For each bird species that consumed the fruit, we registered: the time they remained on the plant, the total amount of fruit they consumed, foraging tactics and strategies to consume the fruit. Five-hundred and fifty-nine units of fruit were consumed in 47 visits by seven bird species. Thraupidae was the most frequent and representative family and Tangara cayana was the main consumer. The Tachyphonus rufus had the highest rate of intake of the entire fruit, however the rates were not significantly different among the visitors. The most-used foraging tactic by all species was to consume the fruit while "perched" (95.74% of the visits). The most commonly-used consumption strategy was to mandibulate the fruit and swallow all the contents (65.12%). Omnivores were the predominant visitors (71.43%) and made most of the visits (89.36%). All visiting species could act as potential dispersers of M. theaezans, which demonstrates the low selectiveness of this pioneer plant towards its frugivorous.

Urinary C-peptide tracks seasonal and individual variation in energy balance in wild chimpanzees

C-peptide of insulin presents a promising new tool for behavioral ecologists that allows for regular, non-invasive assessment of energetic condition in wild animals. C-peptide is produced on an equimolar basis with insulin, thus is indicative of the body's response to available glucose and, with repeated measurement, provides a biomarker of energy balance. As yet, few studies have validated the efficacy of C-peptide for monitoring energy balance in wild animals. Here, we assess seasonal and interindividual variation in urinary C-peptide concentrations of East African chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). We assayed 519 urine samples from 13 adult male chimpanzees in the Kanyawara community of Kibale National Park, Uganda. C-peptide levels were significantly predicted by the total amount of fruit and the amount of preferred fruit in the diet. However, chimpanzees had very low C-peptide titers during an epidemic of severe respiratory illness, despite highly favorable feeding conditions. Kanyawara males had significantly lower C-peptide levels than males at Ngogo, a nearby chimpanzee community occupying a more productive habitat. Among Kanyawara males, low-ranking males had consistently higher C-peptide levels than dominant males. While counterintuitive, this result supports previous findings of costs associated with dominance in male chimpanzees. Our preliminary investigations demonstrate that C-peptide has wide applications in field research, providing an accessible tool for evaluating seasonal and individual variation in energetic condition, as well as the costs of processes such as immune function and reproduction.

Is 'five-a-day' an effective way of increasing fruit and vegetable intakes?

To assess whether the amount of fruits and vegetables consumed depends on the serving size or on how often fruits and vegetables are eaten. Estimation of the weight of serving sizes and the number of fruits and vegetables eaten daily, using a validated food diary method. Free-living men and women participating in the Norfolk arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Two hundred and sixty-nine men and women sampled from EPIC-Norfolk to participate in a study of simple methods of assessing fruit and vegetable intakes. The average portion of all fruits and vegetables measured was 87 g, close to the standard portion size of 80 g used as the basis of '5-a-day' recommendations. There was a wide variation; the average portion size for baked beans was 147 g while for lettuce it was 26 g. The 20th and 80th percentiles also showed a large range, e.g. 39-72 g for carrots and 60-150 g for strawberries. Women ate more fruit than did men but fewer vegetables, so the total amount of fruit and vegetables eaten by men and women was the same. High consumers of fruits and vegetables (> or =400 g day(-1)) ate them approximately 5 times a day whilst low consumers (<400 g day(-1)) ate them less often (approximately 3 servings per day, P<0.01). Portion size differed little between high and low consumers. Frequency of intake is more important than portion size when distinguishing between high and low consumption of fruits and vegetables. Therefore, to increase intakes, low consumers should eat fruits and vegetables more often. This endorses the '5-a-day' healthy eating message.

Fruit Discolouration of Norwegian Grown Sweet Cherries

Abstract Fruit discolouration of light coloured sweet cherries grown in Norway was investigated during the seasons 1984 and 1985. Fruits were dropped onto a smooth, hard surface and then stored before discolouration was measured by sensory evaluation. High correlation was found between drop heights and fruit discolouration. The fruits were significantly more injured at 0°C than at any other temperature tested. Six cultivars were tested. ‘Merton Glory' and ‘Sue’ were least affected by discolouration. Fruits that were “slightly unripe” became significantly more injured than “medium ripe” and “ripe” fruits. The discolouration of fruits at the bottom layer of the picking bucket increased with increasing total amount of fruits in the bucket.

THE EFFECT OF STAKING AND PRUNING ON TOMATO PLANTS

The fact that these trials were established under irrigation by the furrow system must be clearly emphasized. In this way it seems that the possibilities of increasing the amount of unmarketable fruit in the unstaked plants are greatly favored because a large percentage of the fruit clusters lie in direct contact with the water soaked soil when irrigation is practiced. The main argument offered, by vegetable growers' who stake and prune their tomatoes is that such cultural methods tend to increase marketable yields because the fruit clusters develop high above the soil, free from dirt. Nevertheless, the two trials conducted at the Isabela Substation show conclusively that pruning and staking tomato plants reduce considerably yields of marketable and total amount of fruit as long as the same number of plants are kept constant in the different practices compared. These results are in accord with the abundant evidence presented by Thompson (7) on these practices with trials he conducted in New York State and with the profuse, literature he has reviewed on this subject. In the trials conducted in Australia Strickland (6) concluded that staking and pruning of unstaked plants were of doubtful value, except on limited areas.

Fresh Fruit Supplies in Great Britain for 1932

FRESH fruit from the various parts of the British Empire formed a larger proportion of the total imports into Great Britain than ever before, according to the report issued by the Empire Marketing Board on ‘Fruit Supplies in 1932’ (H.M. Stationery Office, Is. net). Nearly 10,600,000 cwt. came from Empire sources, a record total, whilst new high levels were reached in a variety of individual fruits, among them being apples, bananas, oranges, peaches and plums. Certain others—principally those imported from foreign countries—as cherries, gooseberries, raw currants and strawberries, showed greatly decreased imports, the lowest, in fact, since the War. Home fruit showed a slight increase in production, especially dessert and cooking apples, but cider apples reached a new low level. Strawberries, of which the output was heaviest in 1931, were plentiful, although there was a general decline in soft fruits. The total amount of fruit, grown at home or brought from outside, was sufficient for approximately l lb. per head per week. Bananas, peaches and pineapples have grown in favour, but for the first time since the War there was a slight falling off in the imports of grape-fruit, although the principal sources of supply of the latter, namely South Africa, the British West Indies and Palestine, have each shown a remarkable expansion in the production of this fruit. A companion volume dealing with ‘Canned and Dried Fruit Supplies in 1932’ is also available at the same price.