Total Amount Of Fat Research Articles

Age-related obesity is a heritage of the evolutionary past.

In the process of human aging, an increase in the total amount of fat is observed mainly due to accumulation of lipids in non-adipose tissues. Insulin resistance, provoked by the intracellular accumulation of triglycerides, is often associated with development of such age-related diseases as atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis, and also with systemic inflammation and lipo- and glucose toxicity. Accumulation of lipids and lipophilic compounds is a biological phenomenon common for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Initially, it arose as an adaptation to starvation and shortage of nitrogen-containing nutrients, but later it converted into a depot of membrane material, needed on recommencement of cell division. In rodents and humans, the accumulation of non-metabolized fat in non-adipose tissues can be regarded as an adaptation to changes in the internal medium on a certain stage of ontogenesis as a result of age-related dysfunction of adipose tissue.

NORDIC WALKING FOR PATIENTS OF TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS: A CRITICAL REVIEW

Nordic walking (NW) is a particularly health-friendly type of physical activities. Sessions of NW are carried outdoors in “a natural sports hall”. (Upeniece I.2013) Adequate doses of physical activities are a compulsory part of treatment for patients of Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Several research have confirmed the positive effects of physical activities for this particular group of patients. Three of the included works of research (Fritz et al, 2013; Fritz et al, 2011; Gram et al, 2010) had a set research quality in the PEDro database, and it corresponded to high quality (6 points out of 10). All included works of research are randomised controlled works of research. NW activities for 4 months under the supervision an instructor substantially decrease the total amount of fat for patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus and this reduction also lasted for one year after the sessions. NW activities for 4 months have improved sleep quality and the overall increase of physical activities, which represents a significant element of treatment and preventive measures for patients of Type II Diabetes Mellitus. NW the course is offered RSU students of medicine, rehabilitation Faculties. The increasing interest about NW in the schools for all ages group. KEYWORDS: Nordic walking, patients, Type II Diabetes Mellitus. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.15181/atee.v1i0.668

Study on Kitchen Waste Characteristics of Different Catering Types in Shanghai

The increasing amount of kitchen waste (KW) has raised great concerns for the environmental risk and health issues. It is necessary that some technologies are utilized for managing and treating KW. For proper technology and operation of treating KW, the general composition characteristics of KW were investigated in accordance with different catering types. KW from different catering types (Restaurant, Noshery, Snack bar and Canteen) in Shanghai was sampled for each season in a year. All sampling was carried out 3 days repeatedly and performed after pre-treatment in order to obtain more homogeneous and representative samples. The moisture and VS/TS ratio of KW for different catering types is more than 70% and 89%, respectively. High VS/TS value indicates that KW is suitable for composting and biodegradation. The pH value of KW is lower than 7 for each catering type and drink shop gets the lowest pH (3.47). The total amount of fat, protein and carbonhydrate is over 90% for all the samples and high content of fat and protein indicates that KW can be used as the raw materials for feed process.

Clinical significance of visceral adiposity assessed by computed tomography: A Japanese perspective.

Abdominal obesity, rather than total amount of fat, is linked to obesity-related disorders. Visceral adiposity is an important component of obesity-related disorders in Japanese individuals with a mild degree of adiposity compared with Western subjects. In 1983, our group reported techniques for body fat analysis using computed tomography (CT) and established the concept of visceral fat obesity in which intra-abdominal fat accumulation is an important factor in the development of obesity-related complications, such as diabetes, lipid disorders, hypertension and atherosclerosis. Our group also established ideal imaging conditions for determining abdominal fat area at the umbilical level CT scan. Visceral fat area (VFA) measured in a single slice at L4 level correlated significantly with the total abdominal visceral fat volume measured on multislice CT scan. In a large-scale study of a Japanese population, the mean number of obesity-related cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia and/or hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperglycemia) was greater than 1.0 at 100 cm(2) of VFA, irrespective of gender, age and body mass index. Our group also demonstrated that reduction of visceral fat accumulation subsequent to voluntary lifestyle modification, "Hokenshido", correlated with a decrease in the number of obesity-related cardiovascular risk factors. It is important to select the most appropriate subjects from the general population (e.g., non-obese subjects with a cluster of risk factors for the metabolic syndrome) that are most suitable for body weight reduction, with the goal of preventing atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.

Trans fatty acid content in foods marketed in the community of Madrid(Spain)

As a consequence of the scientific evidence which show that the high consumption of trans fatty acids is a risk factor of certain illnesses, sanitary authorities recommend less than 1% intake of trans fatty acids of the total energy intake. Moreover, the European Commission must present, by December 2014, a report about the presence of trans fatty acids in the aliments as well as in the diet of the European Union population. Thus, this study can provide useful information to reach this objective. To determine trans fatty acid presence in some types of foods in the Community of Madrid. 170 samples of different foods commonly consumed by children and adolescents were selected and analized. All foods had been purchased in big shopping centers in the Community of Madrid during february of 2010. Results are shown as the percentage of each fatty acid compared to the total amount of fat in the aliment. Only 33 products (19.4%) showed the presence of trans fatty acids over the method detection limit (≥ 0.1g per 100g). The highest levels were found in dairy products, with an average content of 0,4%. DISCUSIÓN/CONCLUSIONES: The trans fatty acid content of the analyzed foods can be considered low, compared with the amount reported by other authors in food products marketed in Spain and other countries in the past few years. Further studies should be undertaken to control nutrition security and diet quality of fat intake in the Spanish population, particularly among children and adolescents.

MiR-103 controls milk fat accumulation in goat (Capra hircus) mammary gland during lactation.

Milk is the primary source of nutrition for young mammals including humans. The nutritional value of milk is mainly attributable to fats and proteins fractions. In comparison to cow milk, goat milk contains greater amounts of total fat, including much higher levels of the beneficial unsaturated fatty acids. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a well-defined group of small RNAs containing about 22 nucleotides (nt), participate in various metabolic processes across species. However, little is known regarding the role of miRNAs in regulating goat milk composition. In the present study, we performed high-throughput sequencing to identify mammary gland-enriched miRNAs in lactating goats. We identified 30 highly expressed miRNAs in the mammary gland, including miR-103. Further studies revealed that miR-103 expression correlates with the lactation. Further functional analysis showed that over-expression of miR-103 in mammary gland epithelial cells increases transcription of genes associated with milk fat synthesis, resulting in an up-regulation of fat droplet formation, triglyceride accumulation, and the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. This study provides new insight into the functions of miR-103, as well as the molecular mechanisms that regulate milk fat synthesis.

Changes in chemical composition of frozen coated fish products during deep-frying

This work evaluates the influence of deep-frying coated fish products on total fat, fatty acid (FA) and amino acid profile, and on the formation of volatile compounds, with special attention on furan and its derivatives due to their potential harmful characteristics. As expected, deep-frying in sunflower oil increased linoleic acid content, but total fat amount increased only by 2% on a dry basis. Eicosapentanoic and docosahexanoic acids were preserved while γ- and α-linoleic acids were oxidised. Deep-frying also induces proteolysis, releasing free AA, and the formation of volatile compounds, particularly aldehydes and ketones arising from polyunsaturated FA. In addition, high quantities of furanic compounds, particularly furan and furfuryl alcohol, are generated during deep-frying coated fish. The breaded crust formed could contribute simultaneously for the low uptake of fat, preservation of long chain n−3 FA, and for the high amounts of furanic compounds formed during the deep-frying process.

Fatty Acid Profiles, Chemical Content and Sensory Properties of Traditional Fermented Dry Kulen Sausages

In this paper, the comparative investigations on chemical content, fatty acid profiles and sensory properties of traditional fermented dry kulen sausages are presented. Five types of kulen sausages were made, which varied depending on the percentage of meat and fat derived from different pig breeds: autochthonous (Mangalitsa and Moravka) and commercial (Swedish Landrace). Kulen sausages made from Mangalitsa and Moravka pork meat had the lowest moisture and protein content and the highest total amount of fat. Sausages made from the combination of Mangalitsa and Moravka meat were superior in terms of odor, taste, aftertaste and overall acceptability. The highest cholesterol content was found in sausages made from meat of the autochthonous pig breeds. However, sausages made from the meat of Mangalitsa pigs contained higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acid, and lower saturated fatty acid levels. This research indicates that pig breed affects the chemical and sensory characteristics of traditional dry fermented sausages. Practical Applications In Europe, especially in Mediterranean countries, there is a growing interest in autochthonous meat products produced from local pig breeds from extensive, sustainable breeding programs. Meat and meat products from traditional breeds generally have a good public and media image, and they are often considered to be better, and of better quality, than the meat and meat products from modern pig breeds and crossbreeds. With the appropriate combination of meat and fat from autochthonous pig breeds, it is possible to produce the traditional dry fermented kulen sausage, with a respectable chemical content and sensory qualities. Provided market opportunities exist for kulen sausage, these results should contribute to encouraging the sustainable breeding of the Moravka and the endangered Mangalitsa pigs.

Comparison of Effects of Long-Term Low-Fat vs High-Fat Diets on Blood Lipid Levels in Overweight or Obese Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Dietary fat plays an important role in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, but long-term (≥12 months) effects of different percentages of fat in the diet on blood lipid levels remain to be established. Our systematic review and meta-analysis focused on randomized controlled trials assessing the long-term effects of low-fat diets compared with diets with high amounts of fat on blood lipid levels. Relevant randomized controlled trials were identified searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Trial Register until March 2013. Thirty-two studies were included in the meta-analysis. Decreases in total cholesterol (weighted mean difference –4.55 mg/dL [–0.12 mmol/L], 95% CI –8.03 to –1.07; P=0.01) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (weighted mean difference –3.11 mg/dL [–0.08 mmol/L], 95% CI –4.51 to –1.71; P<0.0001) were significantly more pronounced following low-fat diets, whereas rise in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (weighted mean difference 2.35 mg/dL [0.06 mmol/L], 95% CI 1.29 to 3.42; P<0.0001) and reduction in triglyceride levels (weighted mean difference –8.38 mg/dL [–0.095 mmol/L], 95% CI –13.50 to –3.25; P=0.001) were more distinct in the high-fat diet groups. Including only hypocaloric diets, the effects of low-fat vs high-fat diets on total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels were abolished. Meta-regression revealed that lower total cholesterol level was associated with lower intakes of saturated fat and higher intakes of polyunsaturated fat, and increases in HDL cholesterol levels were related to higher amounts of total fat largely derived from monounsaturated fat (of either plant or animal origin) in high-fat diets (composition of which was ∼17% of total energy content in the form of monounsaturated fatty acids, ∼8% of total energy content in the form of polyunsaturated fatty acids), whereas increases in triglyceride levels were associated with higher intakes of carbohydrates. In addition, lower LDL cholesterol level was marginally associated with lower saturated fat intake. The results of our meta-analysis do not allow for an unequivocal recommendation of either low-fat or high-fat diets in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.

The Relationship between Serum Leptin Level and Bone Mineral Denisty in Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by a progressive loss of bone tissue that begins after menopause and leads to fracture within 15-20 years from the cessation of the ovarian function.Human leptin is a protein of 167 amino acids. It is manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is proportional to the total amount of fat in the body.Leptin’s effects on bone are mediated via a central neuroendocrine signaling pathway, as well as directly on bone marrow stem cells to enhance their differentiation to osteoblasts and inhibit their differentiation to adipocytes. Aim of the Study: to detect the relation between serum leptin level, total lipid profile and bone mineral denisty in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Subjects and Methods: The study was carried on 40 postmenopausalfemales. According to Dual Emergy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), the subjects were divided into group A, Tt-score <-2.5, group B, t-score <-1, leptin and lipid profile were measured for all subjects. Conclusion:The current study has provided evidence that bone mineral density is influced by serum leptin level in postmenopausal osteoporotic women and positive correlation between serum leptin level and bone mineral density was found. Recommendation: Serum leptin level measurement could be used as a simple and non invasive method for screening programs for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women but the accuracy of this test still needs furtherer studies. Abbreviation: Ob gene : Obese gene; BMD : Bone Mineral Density; NOF: National Osteoporosis Foundation; M-CSF : Monocyte colony stimulating factor; BMI: Body mass index; DEXA: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF LIPIDURIA IN CLINICALLY NORMAL CATS

Echoes are frequently seen in the urinary bladder of cats during abdominal ultrasound. These have been attributed to hematuria, pyuria, crystalluria, and lipid. However, sonographic findings have not been previously correlated with urinalysis. We prospectively evaluated 40 clinically normal cats via ultrasound, serum chemistry, and urinalysis. Thin layer chromatography was performed on the urine to determine the amount (mg) of lipid subfractions including diacylglycerol, triglyceride, phospholipid, free fatty acid, cholesterol, and cholesterol ester. Ninety percent (36/40) of the cats in our population had sonographic echoes suspended in the urinary bladder, with most having a subjective score of mild echoes (n = 20). None of the sonographic echoes were gravity dependent or caused distal acoustic shadowing, reverberation, or twinkle artifact. Of the cats with sonographic echoes in the urine, 66% (24/36) had no significant findings on urinalysis other than the presence of lipid. The total amount of subjective sonographic echoes was not significantly related to the total amount of fat measured on thin layer chromatography or the number of lipid droplets seen on urinalysis. An increased amount of urine diacylglycerol was significantly associated with clumping of echoes (P = 0.02) and the amount of lipid droplets seen on urinalysis (P = 0.04). An association between increased amounts of urine diacylglycerol and the amount of echoes seen on ultrasound approached significance (P = 0.05). Findings from this study support previously published theories that sonographic echoes within the urinary bladder of clinically normal cats may be due to urine lipid.

A correlation between the weight of visceral adipose tissue and selected anthropometric indices: an autopsy study.

Several anthropometric indices are used as an estimation of the true amount of body fat, e.g. the body mass index (BMI). These indices correlate well with each other and with non-invasive measurements of total body fat and visceral adipose tissue. The indices generally show a strong correlation with cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Direct measurement of visceral adipose tissue by weight (VAW) from autopsy cases positively correlates with the anthropometric indices. VAW also positively correlates with fatty tissue thickness at separate locations, i.e. renal capsular and epicardial fatty tissue. VAW is positively correlated with the severity of cardiosclerosis and diabetes mellitus, but there is no significant difference in VAW between deaths from cardiovascular complications and other natural deaths. Different anthropometric indices and non-invasive methods have been used to estimate the total burden of body fat. Increased visceral adipose tissue is believed to involve elevated risk for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease and hypertension. At present, the optimal method to estimate the visceral and total amount of fat remains undecided. In the present study of 201 autopsy cases, direct measurement of visceral adipose tissue by weight (VAW) has been compared to common anthropometric indices, namely body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (W/Hip ratio), waist-to-height ratio (W/Height ratio), body adiposity index (BAI), waist circumference and abdominal wall thickness. The prevalence and severity of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and cause of death were also correlated with the anthropometric data. The outcome was that all anthropometric measurements showed a significant positive correlation with the weight of visceral adipose tissue, and the r-value of the comparison to waist circumference was the highest (r = 0.82). Thickness of fatty tissue enveloping the kidneys and heart, as well as heart weight, was also strongly correlated with VAW. VAW was significantly higher in men compared with women, and in diabetes mellitus compared with non-diabetic patients. VAW was also positively correlated with the severity of coronary artery sclerosis. On the contrary, there was no significant difference between high and low VAW comparing between deaths from cardiovascular complications and natural deaths from other causes. The conclusion is that the anthropometric measurements give a good approximation of the real amount of visceral fat, and that waist circumference and W/Height ratio show the best correlations.

Contribution of diet and other factors to the levels of selected polyfluorinated compounds: Data from NHANES 2003–2008

Contribution of diet and selected risk factors to the levels of four polyfluorinated compounds was evaluated. Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the years 2003-2008 were used. Dietary factors accounted for 10.4% to 21.2% of the explained variation. Amount of milk consumed was found to be positively associated (p<0.01) with perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) but negatively associated with perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (p<0.01). Amount of meat and fish consumed was positively associated (p<0.01) with PFNA and PFOS. Amount of non-alcoholic beverages consumed was positively associated (p<0.01) with PFNA and PFOA. Levels of PFOS increased (p<0.01) with increase in the amount of alcoholic beverages consumed. Total amount of alcohol consumed was positively associated (p<0.01) with PFNA. Levels of both PFOA and PFOS decreased with increase in total amount of caffeine consumed. Total amount of fat consumed was negatively associated with PFNA and positively associated with PFOS. Total calories consumed were negatively associated with perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and PFOS but positively associated with PFNA. New to this study, positive correlations (p<0.01) between serum cholesterol and PFNA, PFOA, and PFOS were found. Serum albumin levels were negatively correlated with PFHxS but positively correlated with PFOA and PFOS. Males had statistically significantly higher levels of all four PFCs as compared to females and Mexican Americans had the lowest levels of all four PFCs than other race/ethnic groups. Levels of all four PFCs increased with increase in family income. Body mass index was negatively correlated with PFNA but positively associated with PFOA. There was a statistically significant decrease in the levels of PFOS over survey years 2003-2008.

PERBEDAAN KADAR KOLESTEROL LDL DAN HDL ANTARA WANITA VEGETARIAN TIPE VEGAN DAN NON-VEGAN

ABSTRACTBackground: Studies which investigated different risk for cardiovascular disease in vegetarian reported that each vegetarian diet type had different lipid serum level. Elevated LDL cholesterol level and reduced HDL cholesterol level are independent risk factors for coronary heart disease. This study was aimed to compare levels on LDL and HDL cholesterol between vegetarian vegan and non-vegan.Methods: Two groups of vegetarian women, 23 people in each group of vegan and non-vegan, participated in this cross-sectional study. The data taken of each subject were nutrient intakes (total fat, PUFA, MUFA, SFA, cholesterol, and total fiber), physical activity, body weight, height, LDL and HDL cholesterol serum levels. Data were analyzed by Shapiro-Wilk test, independent-t test, Mann-Whitney test and ANACOVA test.Results: There were no significant differences on LDL and HDL cholesterol serum levels between vegetarian vegan and non-vegan, both before and after variables i.e age, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), amount of total fat, PUFA, MUFA, SFA, cholesterol, and total fiber adjusted (p &gt; 0,05). LDL cholesterol levels for vegetarian vegan and non-vegan were respectively: 97,8 ± 54,87 mg/dl and 112,6 ± 36,03 mg/dl, while for HDL cholesterol, those levels were 54,9 ± 11,15 mg/dl and 55,2 ± 10,82 mg/dl. In multivariant analysis, the most influential variables on LDL cholesterol serum level were age (p = 0,001) and physical activity (p = 0,010), while for HDL serum cholesterol were BMI (p = 0,010) and total fat (p = 0,012). This study also found the significant difference of BMI between vegetarian vegan and non-vegan (p = 0,011), whose for each of groups’ BMI, were respectively: 20,9 ± 3,08 kg/m2 and 23,5 ± 3,53 kg/m2. Conclusion: LDL and HDL cholesterol serum levels are not different between vegetarian vegan and non-vegan. BMI of both groups is different. Age and physical activity affect on LDL serum cholesterol level, while BMI and total fat affect on HDL serum cholesterol level. LDL cholesterol serum level and BMI in vegetarian vegan are lower than non-vegan. Key words: Vegetarian diet, vegan, non-vegan, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol

Fatty acids profiles of some Spanish wild vegetables

Polyunsaturated fatty acids play an important role in human nutrition, being associated with several health benefits. The analyzed vegetables, in spite of its low fat content, lower than 2%, present a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids of n-3, n-6 and n-9 series, such as α-linolenic, linoleic and oleic acids, respectively. Wild edible plants contain in general a good balance of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids. The present study tries to contribute to the preservation and valorization of traditional food resources, studying the fatty acids profile of 20 wild vegetables by gas-liquid chromatography with flame ionization detection. Results show that species in which leaves are predominant in their edible parts have in general the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratios: Rumex pulcher (5.44), Cichorium intybus (5.14) and Papaver rhoeas (5.00). Due to the low n-6/n-3 ratios of the majority of the samples, they can be considered interesting sources of n-3 fatty acids, especially those with higher total fat amount, such as Bryonia dioica, Chondrilla juncea or Montia fontana, with the highest contents of α-linolenic acid (67.78, 56.27 and 47.65%, respectively). The wild asparaguses of Asparagus acutifolius and Tamus communis stand out for their linoleic acid content (42.29 and 42.45%, respectively). All these features reinforce the interest of including wild plants in diet, as an alternative to the variety of vegetables normally used.

Brain lipids in rats fed a diet supplemented with hen eggs of modified lipid content

The aim of this study was to research the impact of a diet supplemented with egg yolks of modified content, having in mind the type of fat added to the laying hens diet, on the brain lipids and their fatty acid composition in rats. During four weeks of the experiment, 64 Wistar rats, divided into four groups of 16 animals each (eight animals of both sexes), were fed the commercial rat feed (group C), or the feed that contained 70% of the commercial rat feed and 30% of freshly boiled yolks from the eggs originating from laying hens fed with 3% fish oil (group F), 3% palm olein (group P) or 3% lard (group L). Concentration and content of total lipids and total cholesterol, as well as the fatty-acid composition of the total brain lipids were determined in the lipid extracts of the rats brains. Under unfavourable conditions, which in our case could be high dietary intake of the total fat due to egg yolk addition, the amount of total fat in the brain tissue or the mass of the organ itself can be changed. Applied dietary treatments could also influence the level of de novo synthesis of total cholesterol in the rat brain. High dietary fat intake, as well as the fat quality regarding its fatty acid composition, appear to be able to significantly influence the fatty acid profile of the total brain lipids in adult rats, whereas the level and quality of the changes also depend on sex.

Comparison of nutritional intake in US adolescent swimmers and non-athletes.

Swimming is a very popular sport among adolescents in the US. Little is known about the diet of competitive adolescent swimmers in the US but data from other countries indicate several inadequacies, including excessive intake of fat and lower than recommended intake of carbohydrate and several micronutrients that may affect athletic performance and bone accrual. We assessed usual diet, using a food frequency questionnaire and calcium checklist, among 191 adolescent males and females [91 swimmers (mean 13.7, s = 2.5 years) and 100 non-athletes (mean 14.4, s = 2.8 years)]. For both males and females, swimmers and non-athletes generally had similar average intakes of macro- and micro-nutrients, including higher than recommended amounts of total fat (36%) and saturated fat (12%), and inadequate amounts of calcium, vitamin D, and daily servings of fruits, vegetables, grains, and dairy products. This first study of nutritional intake among adolescent swimmers in the US suggests that dietary habits of adolescents who swim competitively may jeopardize optimal athletic performance and place them at risk for future chronic diseases, including osteoporosis.

Surgical site infections after post-bariatric abdominoplasty and flank liposuction: a case–control study focusing on the quantity of tissue removed

We evaluated whether the quantity of fat removed during abdominoplasty and liposuction correlated with the occurrence of surgical site infection (SSI). We selected patients of similar age, sex, smoking status, obesity, and post-bariatric weight loss, retrospectively, and classified them into groups according to the development of SSI. The total amount of fat removed and aspirated was compared. The size of the flap removed from the abdomen and the amount of fat aspirated with liposuction differed significantly between the SSI and no-SSI groups (1.6 ± 0.2 vs. 0.6 ± 0.3 kg and 2 ± 0.2 vs. 0.9 ± 0.3 l, respectively; p < 0.001). The four SSI patients with the most fat removed (1.4 ± 0.2 kg) or aspirated (2 ± 0.1 l kg) had the deepest infections. SSI was strongly correlated with the size of flap resection (ρ = 0.80; p < 0.001) and liposuction (ρ = 0.72; p < 0.001). The quantity of fat removed or aspirated can influence the occurrence of SSI. If confirmed, these data could be used to better stratify patients according to their risk.

Pattern of tissue deposition, gain and body composition of Nellore, F1 Simmental × Nellore and F1 Angus × Nellore steers fed at maintenance or ad libitum with two levels of concentrate in the diet

Sixty 18-month-old steers (20 Nellore, 20 F1 Simmental × Nellore and 20 F1 Angus × Nellore with average body weight of 265.6±6.4 kg; 325.3±4.7 kg and 324.6±6.0 kg, respectively) were used. The effects of feeding regime and genetic group on physical carcass composition, empty body composition, composition of the gain, as well as the pattern of tissue deposition were evaluated in this trial. The interaction between genetic group and feeding regime was not significant for any variable evaluated. Animals fed at the maintenance level produced carcass with larger proportions of bones and muscle than the animals fed ad libitum and Nellore animals had larger muscle portion and smaller adipose tissue portion on the carcass than the crossbred animals. Nellore animals and those fed at maintenance had smaller amount of total fat in the carcass than the crossbred animals and those fed ad libitum, respectively. Fat was deposited more pronouncedly in the intermuscular depot, followed by the visceral depot. The rate of deposition of the carcass tissues was smaller in the Nellore animals and in the animals fed the diet with concentrate allowance equivalent to 1% body weight (except for subcutaneous fat tissue), when compared with the crossbred animals and those fed the diet with 2% BW on concentrate, respectively. The rate of fat deposition on the visceral depot was larger in the F1 Angus × Nellore animals and on those fed the 2% of BW of concentrate diet when compared with F1 Simmental × Nellore animals and those fed the diet with the lowest concentrate allowance (1% BW).

Teneurs en acides gras polyinsaturés essentiels du lait maternel en France : évolution des teneurs en acides linoléique et alpha-linolénique

Background: Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) are nutritionally important constituents of breast milk to support normal growth, immune function and central nervous system development of newborn infants. Both linoleic acid (18:2 n-6; LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (18:3 n-3; ALA), the essential fatty acids, precursors of n-6 and n-3 LC-PUFA, are also present in breast milk. Although the total amount of fat in human milk is fairly constant, the fatty acid composition can vary substantially depending on the diet of the mother. Large variations in the LA, ALA and DHA (22:6 n-3) contents are observed among countries. As reported by previous studies, the ALA consumption of the French population was 2-3 times lower than the recommended value. Since this period, the food industry offers more food products enriched in n-3 fatty acids. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate whether nutritional recommendations and the improvement of the n-3 PUFA content of foodstuffs have contributed to an improvement of the PUFA composition of human milk. For this purpose, the PUFA content of a large number of human milk samples collected in 2007 in different French regions were compared with previous data obtained in studies conducted in the nineties years (1993-1998).Study design and methods: Mature (postpartum day ≥ 30) human milk samples (n = 145) were provided in 2007 by eight French regional human milk banks (Bordeaux: n = 20; Dijon: n = 21; Ile-de-France: n = 18; Lyon: n = 20 ; Montpellier: n = 18 ; Nantes: n = 21 ; St Etienne: n = 6 ; Tours: n = 21), from healthy women volunteers with no particular health history. The fatty acid composition of breast milk was analyzed by high-resolution gas-liquid chromatography. Statistical analysis was performed with Kruskall Wallis and Mann and Whitney U tests (p Fatty acid composition of human milk samples did not differ significantly among the eight French regions. The proportions of saturated fatty acids were similar (means ranging from 44.9% to 48.7% of total fatty acids). Monounsaturated fatty acids also varied little, from 36.9% to 39.7%. Total n-6 and n-3 PUFA accounted for 12.5%-15.2%, with the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio value close to 10, similar among the collect centers. Considering the overall results, LA ranged from 10.4% to 12.7%, and ALA from 0.72% to 0.95%. Comparison of previous data (1993-1998) to the present results showed opposite changes in both LA and ALA contents. Between the two periods, the LA level decreased by 17%, whereas the ALA level increased by 45%, and consequently the LA/ALA ratio value favorably decreased from 24 to 15. The LC-PUFA content remained unchanged.Conclusion: Basing on the PUFA composition of human milk, this large French study has showed favourable changes in consumption of both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid precursors.