Total Amount Of Energy Consumption Research Articles

Research on China’s Total Energy Consumption and Energy Structure

Energy and its structure play important roles in the development of economy. This paper built up GM(1,1) models for energy production and consumption in China. Then predicted and analyzed total amount of energy production and consumption in China as well as the structure of energy. The study showed that GM(1,1) model can simulate and predict the trend of the total amount of energy consumption and the structure well. In the future, the structure of energy consumption will be optimized. The proportion of coal and oil will decrease and the proportion of gas and renewable energy sources will increase in order to fill the gap. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n9p381

An empirical study of performance characteristics of BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaic) system for the realization of zero energy building

In this study, we analyze the performance characteristics of BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaic) system of Climate Change Research Building of National Environment Research Institution which was designed with the aim of zero carbon building. This building totaling 2449 m2 is consist of five laboratories, PR (Performance Ratio) department, conference room and others, and the area of conditioned space is 1668 m2. In addition, the remaining residual load was predicted to 99,200 kWh when load reducing system was applied such as insulation, exterior shading device and lighting control.BIPV system, which is consist of three modules; G to G (Glass to Glass), G to T (Glass to Tedlar/Crystal) and Amorphous, has 116.2 kWp of total capacity, and is applied to wall, window, atrium and pagora on roof.After the completion of building, the total amount of energy consumption and the gross generation of BIPV system were 104602.4 kWh and 105266.6 kWh through a year from April 2011 to March 2012, respectively. It was evaluated to achieve zero carbon building because the energy surplus was 664.2 kWh.

Comparison and Analysis of Macro Energy Scenarios in China and a Decomposition-Based Approach to Quantifying the Impacts of Economic and Social Development

China has been experiencing a rapid urbanization and industrialization progress with continuous increase in primary energy consumption. Meanwhile, China’s changing economic and society structure also introduces huge uncertainty to its future energy demand. Many energy research institutes periodically publish projections of macro energy scenarios of China up to 2030 and 2050, but these projections differ from one another in terms of total amount of energy consumption and energy flows amongst sectors. In this work, we firstly illustrate major differences between existing scenarios based on a literature survey. We then compare and analyze the different projection methods, key policy assumptions, and other boundary conditions adopted in obtaining these scenarios. Then an index decomposition method is introduced with the purpose of decoupling the impacts of economic growth and population growth on the projection to energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Our results illustrate that projections from domestic research institutes tend to be more optimistic regarding clean and sustainable utilization of coal in the future. Also, projections on energy consumption in China are exclusively linearly dependent on projections of economic and population growth in most scenarios, whilst in some other scenarios the impacts of oil price, international trade, and other drivers are also rather significant.

Evaluation of the Embodied Energy for Building Materials in Turkey

Building materials damage to the environment during each stage of their life cycle. An important part of these damages is due to the energy consumption during the process. Many building materials sector like cement, iron, steel, glass etc use high rates of fuel and electrical energy. Greenhouse gases resulting from the use of energy lead to global warming that cause climate change. And acid rain damages living and non- living beings on the earth. In addition, volatile organic compounds and granular particles as a result of combustion of fossil sources enter the human body through the respiratory or digestive systems which lead to serious illnesses. Therefore, responsible use of energy is important for both resource efficiency and reducing environmental impacts. An important part of life cycle energy of building materials is consumed during the production and transportation processes. In this study, it is aimed to investigate initial embodied energy of cement, marble, glass and aluminum sectors in Turkey. The current situation was stated by the method of literature review and inventory analysis of the energy flow to calculate the amount of the total energy consumption of the building materials during these processes was recommended. Thus, it will be possible to compare the amount of total energy consumption in different production plants.

Two-phase assessment for the environmental impacts from offset lithographic printing on color-box packaging

This study employed a two-phase methodology to assess the environmental impacts from offset lithographic printing on color-box packaging. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to prioritize improvement options and the life-cycle assessment (LCA) approach was used to assess environmental impacts quantitatively. This study quantified the total amount of energy consumption and CO2 emissions caused by the printing processes of color-box packaging and showed that the total reduction of GHG emissions of the system that omitted the laminating and varnishing process was approximately 239 kg. Moreover, incineration contributes 2905–3004 kg of CO2 to potential global warming in the case of color-box packaging. The study demonstrated the viability of the AHP for evaluating environmental impacts of printing processes, ranking them in order of pollution potential, and subsequently identifying those critical for reducing environmental pollution on the printing operation. This study also showed how the LCA approach may be used together with expert opinion to identify opportunity to alter printing processes in order to address environmental impacts and improve the environmental profile of offset lithographic printing.

Energy-aware preemptive scheduling algorithm for sporadic tasks on DVS platform

Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) is a key technique for embedded systems to exploit multiple voltage and frequency levels to reduce energy consumption and to extend battery life. There are many DVS-based algorithms proposed for periodic and aperiodic task models. However, there are few algorithms that support the sporadic task model. Moreover, existing algorithms that support the sporadic model lack of functionalities in terms of energy-saving. In this paper, we propose a novel energy-aware scheduling algorithm named Cycle Conserve Dynamic Voltage Scaling for Sporadic Tasks (CC-DVSST) algorithm which is an improvement to DVSST [1]. There is a large amount of time slack in the DVSST scheduling due to the significant difference between the actual execution time and the worst-case scenario. Introducing DVS with EDF, CC-DVSST scales down the voltage of a processor when tasks are completed earlier than they are expected, so that the slack time can be reused for other tasks, hence saving energy. Experimental results show that CC-DVSST can reduce the total amount of energy consumption up to 46% compared to DVSST while retaining the quality of service by meeting the deadlines.

Application of heuristic approaches to minimization of energy consumption in inner layer scrubbing process in PCB manufacturing

This research considers the problem of minimizing the total amount of energy consumption in inner layer scrubbing process in printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing. The degree of adhesion between interlayers in multilayer circuit board (MCB) manufacturing is the most critical factor in reliability of products. Generally, the inner layer scrubbing process is the process that removes certain debris such as oxide or fingerprints occurring on surface of tin core (inner materials or inner circuit board). Also, this process makes the surface of copper rough in order to stick liquid photo resist (LPR) and dry film well by enhancing the adhesion. In order to promote the adhesion, the formal way is to use brushes or oxide chemical by making the surface of copper rough. Through these ways, we can minimize the heat shock and defective adhesion. So, in this research, heuristic approaches are applied to inner layer scrubbing process in order to find the optimal operating conditions of the process which minimize the total amount of energy consumption while keeping the required quality, that is, roughness in a certain prespecified range. The model for describing the roughness behavior in inner layer scrubbing process is constructed by using categorical regression analysis. And then, the performance of the heuristic method is investigated and compared to that of a random search approach. Numerical results reveal that the genetic algorithm provides moderately good performance with respect to the measure of minimizing the total amount of energy consumption in inner layer scrubbing process as well as the computation time.

Theoretical Study on Eco-Driving Technique for an Electric Vehicle with Dynamic Programming

Eco-Driving Technique for Electric Vehicle(EV) is investigated in this paper. Many works on EV were reported, however they did not deal with the eco-driving from the viewpoint of theoretical study. The authors have developed the Eco-Driving technique based on the Dynamic Programming(DP). Optimal speed profile of an EV which minimizes amount of total energy consumption has been decided under fixed origin and destination, running time and track condition. DP algorithm can deal with such complicated condition and also can derive the optimal solution. Using the proposed method, simulations were implemented in some cases. Especially the author paid attention to the gradient road and simulated it. The optimization model was solved with MATLAB optimization toolbox.

Comparing energy flow of greenhouse and open-field cucumber production systems in Iran

The aim of this study was to compare the energy flow in greenhouse and open-field cucumber production systems in Iran. For this purpose, data were collected by using a face-to-face questionnaire performed with 100 cucumber farmers (50 farmers for greenhouse systems and 50 farmers for open-field cucumber systems) in summer 2010. Farmers were selected by random sampling method in Tehran and Kermanshah province of Iran. The results revealed that total energy consumption amount in greenhouse systems was 11709452.43 MJha-1 while in open-field systems it was 78476.33 MJha-1. The highest share of total input energy in greenhouse cucumber systems was recorded for diesel fuel with 99% while the highest share of input energy in open-field cucumber systems was observed for electricity power with 38%. Energy use efficiency in greenhouse systems (0.017) was lower than open-field systems (0.33). Energy productivity and specific energy in greenhouse production systems were 0.02 KgMJ-1 and 46.84 MJKg-1, respectively while that in open-field production systems were 0.41 KgMJ-1 and 2.38 MJKg-1, respectively. Accordingly, net energy in open-field cucumber production systems (-52171.93 MJha-1) was higher than greenhouse cucumber production systems (-11509452.43 MJha-1). Key words: Greenhouse, open-field, energy use efficiency.

An integral evaluation of dieselisation policies for households’ cars

Reducing energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the transport sector is a priority for Great Britain and other European countries as part of their agreements made in the Kyoto protocol and the Voluntary Agreement. To achieve these goals, it has been proposed to increase the market share of diesel vehicles which are more efficient than petrol ones. Based on partial approaches, previous research concluded that increasing the share of diesel vehicles will decrease CO2 emissions (see Al-Hinti et al., 2007; Jeong et al., 2009; Zervas, 2006). Unlike these approaches, I use an integral approach based on discrete choice models to analyse diesel vehicle penetration in a broader context of transport in Great Britain. I provide for the first time, empirical evidence which is in line with Bonilla's (2009) argument that only improvements in vehicle efficiency will not be enough to achieve their goals of mitigation of energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The model shows the technical limitations that the penetration of diesel vehicles faces and that a combination of improvements in public transportation and taxes on fuel prices is the most effective policy combination to reduce the total amount of energy consumption and CO2 emissions among the analysed dieselisation polices.

炭素繊維縫合ＣＦＲＰ積層板の層間強度特性に関する研究

Experimental investigations of CFRP laminates by using carbon fiber (CF) stitching were carried out for evaluating CF stitching effect. The used CF stitch thread is TR 40-1K (612d), in-plane fiber of the CFRP is T700 12K, and resin is TR-A31 for resin transfer molding. Various stitch densities of the CF stitched CFRP laminates for double cantilever beam (DCB) tests were employed here. An insert type of loading fixture which was developed by National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan (NAL) was employed in DCB tests. Pull-out tests of a single carbon stitch thread in the CFRP laminates were also carried out. It is clarified from the DCB test results that the relationship between the volume fraction of CF stitch thread (Vft) and Gl shows a mostly linear function. Moreover, this increase slope of Vft-Gl curve indicates higher one than CFRP stitched by Kevlar-29 1000d. Single CF stitch thread pull-out tests showed that there are two fracture modes of the CF stitch threads in the CFRP laminates, and that a difference in the shape of the load-displacement curve corresponds to these fracture modes. However, there is no big difference in the total energy consumption amount in these different fracture modes. Moreover, CF stitch thread pull-out test results indicate that the energy consumed per unit area of the CF stitch thread was larger than Kevlar-29 1000d stitch thread. This finding agrees with the fact that Interlaminar toughness improvement of CFRP laminate for mode I by CF stitching is more effective than that by Kevlar-29 1000d stitching shown in Vft-Gl relationships.

Numerical Study on Dynamic Programming Applied to Optimization of Running Profile of a Train

An algorithm optimizing train running profile with Bellman's Dynamic Programming (DP) is investigated in this paper. Optimal running trajectory of a train which minimizes amount of total energy consumption has been produced under fixed origin and destination, stipulated running time and various track profile. Many previous works on this area adopt the numerical techniques of calculus of variations, Pontryagin's maximum principle, and so on. But these methods often meet some difficulties accounting for complicated actual train running preconditions, e.g. complicated functions which describe electrical motive/brake torque, local constraints of the state variable as speed limitations, non-linear running resistance and variable grade profiles. Basic numerical DP algorithm can cope with such comlicated conditions and give the globally optimal solution. But this method consumes too large computation time for practical uses. We have made the improvements for shorter calculation time of whole optimization process and reducing the numerical error. The confined state space and irregular lattice play most important role for them. Dynamic meshing and effective utilization of system memory also realize shorter computation time. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated using various complicated running conditions.

全電化住宅を対象としたライフスタイルの変更による省エネルギー効果(環境工学)

Energy consumption of apparatuses and thermal environment were measured in an all-electrified house in Sendai, and energy consumption characteristics of some apparatuses was clarified. Numerical simulation with the programs "SCHEDULE" and "TRNSYS" was carried out. The accuracy of the numerical simulation model was verified by comparing with a measurement result. Furthermore, the energy saving effect by change of a life style was examined using the model. It was found that about 20% of the total amount of energy consumption could be cut down by change of a life style.

Integrating energy consciousness in the design process

The design process for an intelligent, energy conscious building which was built, along with the design tools that were applied, is presented. The building, situated in the hot–humid climate of Rehovot, Israel, houses the laboratories and offices of the Weizmann Institute's Environmental Science and Energy Research Department. Alternative bio-climatic design options were proposed and evaluated throughout the detailed design stage. A building energy performance index (BEPI) was established for each alternative. This index reflects the total amount of energy consumption for heating, cooling, ventilating and lighting used per square meter of floor area. Thermal modeling for the different design alternatives were carried out by means of an hourly dynamic simulation model. The model solves simultaneously the heat transfer equations through all exterior walls, taking into account the thermal mass of each external wall as well as internal partitions. The model was extended to include hourly calculations of daylighting and geometrical shading coefficient of the windows, as well as automated and `smart' control strategies.

Computer aided energy conscious building design

The design process for an energy conscious building, which was built, along with the computer aided design tools that were applied, is presented. The building, situated in the hot-humid climate of Rehovot - Israel, houses the laboratories and offices of the Weizmann Institute's Environmental Science and Energy Research Department. Alternative bio-climatic design options were proposed and evaluated throughout the detailed design stage. A building energy performance index (BEPI) was established for each alternative. This index reflects the total amount of energy consumption for heating, cooling, ventilating and lighting used, per square meter of floor area. Thermal modeling for the different design alternatives were carried out by means of an hourly dynamic simulation model ENERGY. The design strategies were determined by the model PASYS, the shading devices were designed and evaluated using SUNSHADES and SHADING design tools. The building is monitored for the last whole year, and the measured values are close to the predictions.

Estimation of life cycle energy consumption and CO 2 emission of office buildings in Japan

The purpose of this study is to quantify the total amount of energy consumption and CO 2 emission caused by the construction, operation, maintenance, and renovation of office buildings in Japan. In order to quantify the life cycle energy consumption and CO 2 emission of a building, it is necessary to obtain an estimate of the total quantity of domestic products and services used directly or indirectly (including the repercussion effect of the economy) during the life cycle of the building. The Input/Output (I/O) Table of Japan is used to calculate the total domestic product and then energy consumption and CO 2 emission are estimated by using energy consumption and CO 2 emission data for unit production of various categories of industries.

都市における下水廃熱の利用可能性に関する研究

The objectives of this study are to establish a computation method on the total amount of energy consumption in urban areas, to estimate the quantity of heat that is transferred into wastewater, ultimately going into wastewater treatment plants, and to examine possibility of waste heat recovery. As a result, waste heat transferred to wastewater is 1.9% of the total amount of energy consumption and 37.3% of the amount of energy consumption by electricity only for water heating in midnight, municipal gas, liquefied petroleum gas, liquefied natural gas in Fukuoka and 4.3% of the former and 63.3% of the latter in Kitakyusyu in 1988. The quantity of recoverable waste heat energy with more than 5°C temperature difference from that of ambient atmosphere corresponds to 10% of the total waste heat flux to the wastewater treatment plants. The availability factor of exergy is 1.7% in both cities. Waste heat is available in particular for air conditioning and snow melting on road in winter in Japan.

都市における下水廃熱の利用性に関する研究

The objectives of this study are to establish a computation method on the total amount of energy consumption in urban areas, to estimate the quantity of heat that is transferred into wastewater, ultimately going into wastewater treatment plants, and to examine possibility of waste heat recovery. As a result, waste heat transferred to wastewater is 1.9% of the total amount of energy consumption and 37.3% of the amount of energy consumption by electricity only for water heating in midnight, municipal gas, liquefied petroleum gas, liquefied natural gas in Fukuoka and 4.3% of the former and 63.3% of the latter in Kitakyusyu in 1988. The quantity of recoverable waste heat energy with more than 5°C temperature difference from that of ambient atmosphere corresponds to 10% of the total waste heat flux to the wastewater treatment plants. The availability factor of exergy is 1.7% in both cities. Waste heat is available in particular for air conditioning and snow melting on road in winter in Japan.