Total Amount Of Carbon Emissions Research Articles

Model of Clean Energy Substitution Based on Energy Saving and Emission Reduction Targets

Under the situation of increasing air pollution and rapid development of clean energy, actively promoting energy substitution plays an important role in implementing energy strategy deployment and safeguarding energy security in China. This paper puts forward an energy substitution path considering the interaction between different energy sources, and establishes an energy alternative model based on energy saving and emission reduction targets. The proposed model takes the total amount of carbon emissions as the optimization target, and calculates and analyses the energy substitution path and the substitution space by considering the terminal energy consumption characteristics and the restriction of clean energy supply. Finally the paper makes instance calculations on the energy substitution space at the end of 13 th five-year plan and the 14 th five-year plan. The calculation result verifies the feasibility and superiority of the proposed model and solution method.

Estimation Method of Carbon Emissions in the Embodied Phase of Low Carbon Building

The carbon emission at the embodied phase is a complex combination, extending the life cycle of the building, defining the process of the embodied phase scientifically and finding out the direct and indirect carbon emission sources in the embodied phase. Building materials have the characteristics of “low carbon surface, hidden high carbon.” Emission factor calculation method is used to establish carbon emission model for building materials. Considering the effect of design optimization on the carbon emissions of the whole life cycle of the building, a low carbon level system is set up to optimize the target of low carbon design. In the construction phase, the carbon emission sources, emission boundary, and calculation model are determined according to the subdivisional engineering division method. Through a series of process decomposition, the total amount of carbon emissions at the embodied phase can be obtained, and the carbon emission quota list at the embodied phase can be compiled to provide technical support for the carbon trading mechanism of the building.

Carbon Foot Print Estimation of Education Building a drive towards Sustainable Development

Carbon footprint is the process by which the effect of carbon emission due to different activities likes using of building materials, vehicular movement, application of air conditioner etc. This kind of study plays important role in estimating the emissions happening in an institutional building. Nowadays due urbanization, Industrialization and improper development huge amount of emissions are happening in all the sector of the activity like real estate development, infrastructure development etc. This study was carried out in an educational institution to find out the amount of carbon emission happening in a particular building and due to different activities. Estimation was done using normal empirical formulas using the known constant value s and quantity of carbon emitted by different materials. It was estimated that huge amount of carbon emission is happening from the buildings, Electricity and vehicular emission in the educational institution building. The total amount of carbon emission for the entire educational campus was found to be 6772.538 tons / month. Study also carried out to access role of vegetation in absorbing the carbon emissions. Based on the study it was estimated that the vegetation plays an important role in reducing the carbon emission. Several other remedial measures like use of Rain water harvesting system, Solar panels, Vertical farming, Terrace gardening are some of the techniques can be adopted to reduce carbon emission effectively. The study helps us to know the effects of inventories that affect emission level and their action that cause changes in environment. Choice of this study is related in the present scenario of increasing CO2 levels in our very own ecological unit. By adopting several measures mentioned above, campus can be made to carbon negative. This kind of survey/estimation will help to achieve sustainable development and also it will create awareness among the public related to carbon emissions and its impact.

Designing a resilient-green closed loop supply chain network for perishable products by considering disruption in both supply chain and power networks

The effects of disruption in both supply chain and its infrastructures like power network have not been addressed in previous works, simultaneously. Besides, disruption risks have environmental effects besides their economic effects. For this purpose, this paper studies a resilient-green closed loop supply chain design problem considering the perishable nature of products and disruption risks in both supply chain and power networks. To cope with disruptions five different risk mitigation strategies are employed. We have developed an integrated bi-objective mixed-integer linear programming model to minimize the expected total network cost and the expected total amount of carbon emissions of both networks. The results demonstrate that applying strategy of integrating interdependent networks along with four other resilient strategies, especially “intermediate facility” and “lateral transshipment” strategies, will improve the performance of integrated network significantly. Also, with increasing the lifetime of products, the performance of the proposed model will be improved.

Carbon Emission Prediction of Civil Buildings in China based on Improved Grey Prediction Method

Civil construction is an important source of carbon emissions. The implementation of total carbon emission control for civil buildings is an important means to achieve energy conservation and emission reduction in China. The study divides civil buildings into urban residential buildings, rural residential buildings, public buildings, and northern urban heating. The study calculates and predicts the total carbon emissions of China’s civil buildings. Firstly, according to the statistical method of IPCC, the calculation model of carbon emissions of civil buildings is constructed, and the total amount of carbon emissions of civil buildings in China from 2005 to 2016 is calculated by using the energy balance table. Further, based on the improved grey prediction method, the national civil use from 2017 to 2025 is predicted. Total carbon emissions from construction. The forecast results show that in 2017-2025, the annual average carbon emission growth rate of buildings is about 4.65%, and by 2025, the total emission is expected to reach 298.176 million tons of CO2. In order to achieve the 2030 emission reduction target, it is necessary to further optimize the energy structure, improve the energy efficiency of the building, and increase the carbon emission reduction in civil construction.

Performance study of coal-fired power generation system combined with renewable solar energy source based on thermodynamic analysis

Abstract China’s coal resources are abundant, so the total amount of carbon emissions is large. In order to achieve ecologically sustainable development, clean energy such as solar energy is used to generate electricity. This study briefly introduced the composition and working process of solar energy and coal-fired power generation system, analyzed its working principle with thermodynamics, established the corresponding thermodynamic model to simulate and then analyzed the change of the photoelectric conversion efficiency and the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) with the change of collector area under different loads of solar energy and coal-fired power generation system. The results showed that the photoelectric conversion efficiency increased first and then decreased with the increase of the collector area under different loads, and the higher the load was, the higher the photoelectric conversion efficiency would be; the LCOE decreased first and then increased with the increase of the collector area under different loads, and the higher the load was, the lower the LCOE would be.

An integrated two-layer network model for designing a resilient green-closed loop supply chain of perishable products under disruption

Disruption in the electric power system network can have dramatic effects on supply chain performance in terms of economic and environmental objectives, especially for perishable products. This paper addresses the design of a resilient green-closed loop supply chain network for perishable products under the risk of electric power network disruption. The research has presented an integrated model for the interdependent two-layer network structure as a strategy to mitigate the power disruption risk in order to minimize the expected total network cost and the expected total amount of carbon emissions. Integration of two networks on both objectives along with the effect of products’ lifetime has been analyzed in a real case study of the dairy industry. The results designate that the integration of the two networks leads to improvements in both objective functions. The average total network cost and total carbon emissions have been reduced by 21% and 25% compared to the non-integrated layers, respectively. Furthermore, by increasing the products lifetime, the projected model enjoys higher performance being compared with the non-integrated layers model. This paper concludes that the integrated decision making about the infrastructure networks e.g. power network with the supply chain enjoys economic and environmental benefits for both networks layers under power network disruptions.

Operational Decision Model with Carbon Cap Allocation and Carbon Trading Price

This paper considers a carbon emission cap and trade market, where the carbon emission cap for each entity (either government or firm) is allocated first and then the carbon trading price is decided interdependently in the carbon trading market among the non-cooperative entities which make their production decision. We assume that there are n entities emitting carbon during the production process. After allocating the carbon (emission) cap for each participating entity in the carbon cap and trade market, each participant makes a production decision using the Newsvendor model given carbon trading price determined in the carbon trading market and trades some amount of its carbon emission, if its carbon emission is below or above its own carbon cap. Here, the carbon trading price depends on how carbon caps over the entities are allocated, since the carbon trading price is determined through the carbon (emission) trading market, which considers total amount of carbon emission being equal to total carbon caps over entities and some fraction of total carbon emission should be from each entity participating in the carbon cap and trade market. Thus, we can see the interdependency among the production decision, carbon cap and carbon trading price. We model this as a non-cooperative Stackelberg game in which carbon cap for each entity is allocated in the first stage and each entity’s production quantity is decided in the second stage considering the carbon trading price determined in the carbon trading market. First, we show the monotonic property of the carbon trading price and each entity’s production over the carbon cap allocation. In addition, we show that there exists an optimality condition for the carbon cap allocation. Using this optimality condition, we provide various results for carbon cap and trade market.

Temporal and spatial differences in carbon emissions in the Pearl River Delta based on multi-resolution emission inventory modeling

Carbon emissions research in rapidly urbanizing areas around the world has typically focused on numerical changes in regional carbon emissions, and less research has been conducted on the spatial and temporal characteristics of carbon emissions from different sources in the urban system. Here, based on Multi-Resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC) modeling data, carbon emissions from industrial, power generation, residential, and transportation sources were analyzed in the Pearl River Delta region from 2008 to 2012, and the corresponding spatiotemporal distributions and main influencing mechanisms were elucidated. The results were as follows. (1) From 2008 to 2012, the total amount of carbon emissions increased gradually, and carbon emissions per unit area increased from 6513.65 × 103 gC∙m−2∙a−1 to 7519.03 × 103 gC∙m−2∙a−1, where industrial carbon emissions were the highest, followed by power and transportation emissions; residential carbon emissions were the lowest. (2) The spatial characteristics of carbon emissions in the Pearl River Delta region showed a carbon emissions belt with a shape similar to that of the number seven and Shenzhen carbon emissions center. Industrial carbon emissions resembled a “one belt, one center” pattern. Power carbon emissions mainly showed a “seven shape” pertaining to a carbon emissions belt and secondary carbon emissions centers. Residential carbon emissions were mainly located in the Guangzhou–Foshan carbon emissions belt and Shenzhen secondary center. Lastly, transportation-related carbon emissions were mainly located in the Guangzhou–Foshan and Shenzhen–Dongguan carbon emissions belt. (3) From 2008 to 2012, carbon emissions from industrial, transportation, and residential sources all showed obvious spatial distribution characteristics related to the carbon belt of Guangzhou–Foshan, and the two carbon emissions centers displayed a centripetal agglomeration development trend, in which the emissions gradually expanded out from around this area. The reasons were attributed to the influences of the “Guangfo One City” policy, whereby joint development in Guangzhou and Foshan is being focused on in its entirety. (4) The future development direction of the Pearl River Delta region should be based on controlling the scale of urban development, construction of low-carbon industrial production areas, and low-carbon-oriented land use planning; the formulation of such reasonable measures would help to reduce future carbon emissions.

A carbon emission evaluation model for a container terminal

Abstract South Korea has focused on strategic economic growth for the last several decades, resulting in booming international trade. To accommodate this trade, activity in container terminals has been steadily increasing, with corresponding environmental impacts. This study proposed a model using a system dynamics approach to evaluate the total amount of carbon emissions produced in a container terminal, while calculating the required reduction amount of carbon emissions in the container terminal at a given carbon emission reduction goal from the year 2017 to the year 2030. The results of this study indicated that the container terminal will produce annually on average 108.18 million kg of CO2 equivalent emissions from the five types of processes – vessel maneuver, vessel at berth, container loading and unloading, container transportation, and container receiving and delivery – from the year 2017 to the year 2030. The total carbon emissions of the container terminal were comprised of 51.13% from the container vessel maneuver process, 0.57% from the vessel at berth process, 37.34% from the container loading and unloading process, 1.04% from the container transportation process, and 9.92% from the container receiving and delivery process. The results of this study indicated that the container terminal required the annual reduction of on average 0.53 million kg of CO2 equivalent emissions from the year 2023 to the year 2030 in order to comply with the South Korean government’s emission reduction targets.

主体功能区视角下的碳排放核算——以广东省为例

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 主体功能区视角下的碳排放核算——以广东省为例 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201710311950 作者: 作者单位: 中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院,中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院,中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院,中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院,中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金面上项目（71573249）；中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院重大咨询项目（Y02015003）；中国清洁发展机制基金赠款项目（2014091）；中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院院长青年基金（Y7X1091Q01）；国家自然科学基金项目（71741014） Carbon emission accounting from the perspective of main functional areas: a case study of Guangdong Province Author: Affiliation: Institute of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:区域碳排放核算是当前全球气候变化与碳排放研究的核心内容之一。中国于2010年出台《全国主体功能区规划》，主体功能区是以区域开发程度、资源环境基础和未来开发潜力为依据，县域为基本单位的区域规划方案，这为区域碳排放核算和配额分配提供了全新的视角。鉴于县域的能源数据不够完善，基于经济、人口、省级能耗量等数据构建了适用于主体功能区划分的碳排放核算方法，并确保各主体功能区的碳排放总量和分部门碳排放量都与该省的总碳排放量和分部门的一一对应相等。以中国广东省为案例，对其四类主体功能区在2005-2015年间的碳排放情况进行核算分析。研究发现：四类主体功能区的碳排放总量与经济总量呈现高度正相关性；四类地区中碳排放量从大到小依次为优化、重点、农产品、生态开发区。碳排放强度最大的为生态开发区，其次是重点开发区，农产品开发区和优化开发区。重点开发区和优化开发区的碳排放占全省比值达86%，都应作为未来节能减排措施的最主要的作用对象，需加快产业结构升级，扩大新能源技术的应用。农产品开发区和生态开发区应加快发展循环农业，有机低碳农业生态环境友好型产业。 Abstract:Regional carbon emission accounting is one of the core concepts of current global climate change and carbon emission research. The development of regional coordination which has always been the focus of attention, and the importance of both the ecological environment and policy fairness is the central study for all kinds of land use planning. In 2010, China published the national functional zoning plan, which is based on regional development, resource environment foundations, and future development potential. According to the plan, the county is the basic unit of the regional carbon emission planning programs, which provides a new perspective for regional carbon accounting and quota allocation. Because the energy data for counties was not sufficient, this study has developed a new carbon emission accounting method based on the economic, population, and provincial energy consumption data, which is suitable for the division of main functional areas. We used the carbon intensity of three industries and per capita carbon emission as the main indicators to calculate the emissions. This method ensure two conditions:the total amount of carbon emissions of main functional areas should be equal to the carbon emissions of the province, and the carbon emissions of main functional areas in four sectors should be equal to the carbon emissions of the province in the corresponding sector. By taking Guangdong Province as a case example, this paper accounted for and analyzed the carbon emission of the four main functional areas of Guangdong Province from 2005-2015.The analysis reveals that the total carbon emission of the four main functional areas is highly positively correlated with their total economic output, but the GDP growth rate will be slightly higher than the carbon emissions growth rate on the whole. There is a link between "economic growth-energy consumption-carbon emissions" in the research results. The largest carbon emissions in the four regions was the optimizing development zone, which accounted for 64.84% of all emissions in 2015. The second largest emissions was caused by the key development zone, which account for 21.04%. The largest carbon emission intensity was the ecological development zone, at about 1.89 t/10000 yuan. The second highest carbon emission intensity was found to be in the key development zone, and next was the agricultural development zone. The optimizing development zone has the lowest carbon intensity because of its advanced economic development. The optimizing development and key development zones should be served as the main targets for future energy conservation and emission reduction measures. The optimizing development zone should speed up the application of new energy technology and accelerate industrial upgrading. The agricultural development and ecological development zones should develop more environmentally friendly industries, such as organic food, low-carbon agriculture, and ecological tourism. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Dynamic Game on Carbon Emission Reduction in Intermodal Supply Chain

With the development of international trade, intermodal operations have become more and more important in goods transportation, in order to show the effect of carbon emission tax on a marine-land intermodal supply chain, this paper use dynamic game theory to get a sub-game Nash equilibrium, and the result of this paper show that the carbon emission tax will lead to sea transport and land transport to reduce the carbon emission of every goods, But the carbon tax is not necessarily guaranteed to reduce the total amount of carbon emissions. meanwhile, one part’s reduction of carbon emission may incentive the other part to reduce carbon emission.

Study on the spatial and temporal differentiation and influencing factors of carbon emissions in Shandong province

To reduce carbon emissions effectively in Shandong province in New Normal economy, this paper presents a new way to reflect the situation of carbon emissions accurately from both time-perspective and spatial perspective. The characteristics of carbon emissions in Shandong province are presented during 2005–2014, and this paper explores the spatial autocorrelation of carbon emissions branches in 17 cities. The results show that the total amount of carbon emissions in Shandong province presented a steady growth, whereas the growth rate was low, and the proportion of coal consumption in energy structure was significantly higher than the national average. In addition, the spatial pattern of the carbon emissions in 17 cities presented obvious regionally distinction. Furthermore, the affecting factors governing carbon emissions are decomposed based on the Kaya identity. The results reveal that economic scale was the key factor to increase the carbon emissions, whereas energy efficiency was the main factor of carbon emissions reduction. Therefore, this paper draws government should promote carbon emissions reduction given priority to some regions virtually, while encouraging emission reduction in others.

区域物流碳排放差异分析

物流行业近些年来发展迅猛，作为能源消耗和碳排放的大户，带来的环境问题日益加剧。对物流碳排放研究和约束，是降低物流碳排放、提升可持续发展能力的有效途径。本文在探讨物流碳排放现状的基础上，从能源消耗现状和碳排放总量出发，收集2005~2015年相关数据，借助极差、标准差等指标对区域物流碳排放差异性进行对比分析。研究结果显示以八大区域为基本单元的区域物流碳排放水平总体差异较大。造成总体差异的主要原因来源于区域间碳排放水平的不均衡。各区域要结合自身发展特点，建立长效的物流碳排放控制机制，降低物流碳排放，促进区域物流的可持续发展。 The logistics industry has been developing rapidly in recent years, as a high energy consumption and carbon emission industry, which brings the environmental problems which are increasing. Research and restriction on logistics carbon emission is an effective way to reduce the carbon emission of logistics and enhance the capability of sustainable development. On the basis of discussing the current status of logistics carbon emission, from the current state of energy consumption and the total amount of carbon emissions, collecting relevant data from 2005 to 2015, the difference is analyzed by means of extreme difference and standard. The results show that the regional logistics carbon emission level in the eight regions is relatively large. The main cause of the overall difference is the imbalance between regional carbon emission levels. Each region should combine its own development characteristics, establish long-term logistics carbon emission control mechanism, reduce the logistics carbon emission, and promote the sustainable development of regional logistics.

Impact of population and economic growth on carbon emissions in Taiwan using an analytic tool STIRPAT

Abstract Carbon emission has increasingly become an issue of global concern because of climate change. Unfortunately, Taiwan was listed as top 20 countries of carbon emission in 2014. In order to provide appropriate measures to control carbon emission, it appears that there is an urgent need to address how such factors as population and economic growth impact the emission of carbon dioxide in any developing countries. In addition to total population, both the percentages of population living in urban area (i.e., urbanization percentage), and non-dependent population may also serve as limiting factors. On the other hand, the total energy-driven gross domestic production (GDP) and the percentage of GDP generated by the manufacturing industries are assessed to see their respective degree of impact on carbon emission. Therefore, based on the past national data in the period 1990–2014 in Taiwan, an analytic tool of Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) was employed to see how well those aforementioned factors can describe their individual potential impact on global warming, which is measured by the total amount of carbon emission into the atmosphere. Seven scenarios of STIRPAT model were proposed and tested statistically for the significance of each proposed model. As a result, two models were suggested to predict the impact of carbon emission due to population and economic growth by the year 2025 in Taiwan.

Vehicles Assignment With Over-Emission Intensity Considerations: A Perspective on Integrating the Market Mechanism With Government Control

In this paper, we consider the effect of carbon emission regulations on the vehicles assignment optimization problem. We propose a mathematical model, in which the choice of vehicles (between the traditional and new environmental-friendly ones) and the proper assignments to customers are the decision variables. We introduce a new measure, called the over-emission intensity (OEI) factor, with which the government can control the amount of carbon emission of companies. Based on this proposal, we establish a new mechanism, known as the cap-and-trade program with OEI, and incorporate it into the optimization model. This novel model is then validated and used to study the impacts of OEI, carbon emission quota, emission price, and budget, on the operational performance and optimal decision of the company. We demonstrate the usefulness of the model by illustrating the effect of market regulation and government’s macrocontrol on the reduction of carbon emission. We also show how the OEI affects the company’s total cost, total amount of carbon emission, and the optimal vehicles assignment scheme. Finally, we argue that integrating the government macrocontrol scheme with the market mechanism is an effective measure.

Responsible production policies with substitution and carbon emissions trading

This paper considers a production model involving a manufacturer that uses two different technologies, the green technology and the standard technology. The green product produced by the green technology can be used as a substitute for the traditional product produced by the standard technology, but not vice versa. Three models are considered. The first model concerns with product substitution only and serves as a benchmark model for the next two models, the carbon emission allowance model and the carbon emission trading model. The second model extends the product substitution model by imposing an upper limit on the total carbon emission allowance for each firm. The third model extends the second model to cater for carbon emission trading. For the carbon emission allowance model, analytical result shows that the optimal production quantity of any product depends on both its total carbon emission allowance quota and its unit carbon emission profit, and the effect of substitution improves the service level, the expected profit of the manufacturer, and the green of product mix. For the carbon emission trading model, analytical result shows that whenever the production quantity of any product is optimal, the marginal profit of production (i.e. the additional profit obtained by producing an extra item) should be equal to the unit price of carbon emission trading within the market. Moreover, the optimal policy of either model reduces the total amount of carbon emission, thus producing less pollution to the environment. Lastly, the optimal profits obtained by using the carbon emission trading model are larger than the corresponding optimal profits obtained by using the carbon emission allowance model.

Evolution of Carbon Emission of Fossil Fuel Final Consumption in China: Industrial - Spatial Perspective

This paper uses Chinas statistical data by industry and by region in 1995-2010 to calculate the carbon emission caused by the fossil fuel consumption. The total amount of carbon emission in 2010 was about 1.9 billion tons and it shows an increase of 150% compared with that in 1995, which shows a rapid increase year by year.The differentiation of carbon emission by industry is significant, while the manufacturing and transportation are the major emitting sectors. The differentiation of carbon emissions by region is significant as well, while the developed region and resource-rich region are the high emission regions. Some areas like Inner Mongolia have a very high speed growth.

LCCO2 analysis of wood-containing printing paper by mixed ratio of de-inked pulp and BTMP

Recently, there are growing interests on carbon emissions related in climate change which is worldwide emerging important issue. Some research works are now carrying out in order to reduce the carbon emission in pulp and paper industries by the synthesis of precipitated calcium carbonate using the exhaust carbon dioxide from combustion furnace or incinerator. However, for solving the original problems on carbon emission, we need to consider the analysis of basic methodology on <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> through the process efficiencies. There are two general tools for carbon emissions; one is the greenhouse gas inventory and the other is <TEX>$LCCO_2$</TEX> method which is applied to particular items of raw materials and utilities in unit process. In this study, the carbon emissions in wood-containing printing paper production line were calculated by using <TEX>$LCCO_2$</TEX> method. The general materials and utilities for paper production, such as fibrous materials, chemical additives, electric power, steam, and industrial water were analyzed. As the results, <TEX>$Na_2SiO_3$</TEX> showed the highest loads in carbon emissions, and the total amount of carbon emissions was the highest in electricity. In the production line of printing paper using de-inked pulp and BTMP, as the mixing ratio of DIP was higher, the carbon emissions were decreased because of high use of electric power in TMP process.

The Dormant Commerce Clause and California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard

California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS), enacted as part of the State’s pioneering Global Warming Solutions Act (AB 32), purports to regulate the amount of carbon emissions associated with fuels consumed in the state. Part of this scheme involves assigning numeric scores to vehicle fuels reflecting the amount of carbon emissions associated with their production, transportation, and use. The scores are part of a “cap-and-trade” scheme to lower the state’s total amount of carbon emissions associated with fuel use. Out-of-state industry groups brought a challenge in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California, alleging that the LCFS violated the “dormant Commerce Clause” of the United States Constitution. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of California agreed with the Plaintiffs, and issued a preliminary injunction. On October 16, 2013, the Ninth Circuit reversed and remanded. This Note describes the background of the dormant Commerce Clause and its application in previous environmental regulations. It then analyzes the arguments on both sides of the challenge to California’s LCFS, and suggests a course of action for California and other states going forward to comply with the Constitution in this developing area of law. Finally, this Note discusses the application of dormant Commerce Clause doctrine to the scenario of global climate change, and the relevance of global warming as a critical issue that states can be allowed to regulate, especially when the federal government has not.