Total Amount Control Research Articles

How to control China's total amount of carbon emissions? An analysis of provincial allowance demands

Establishing a total amount control system for carbon emissions is crucial for China to achieve its carbon peak and neutrality targets. Given the heterogeneity among provinces, it is essential to consider provincial demands for carbon emission allowances (CEA) when allocating China's total amount target of carbon emissions. By identifying provincial preferences for different allocation criteria (equality, responsibility, capability, and efficiency), this study proposed a CEA allocation scheme that contributes to achieving China's 2030 carbon emission target with the least compromise among provinces. The results show that emission reduction efforts vary widely across provinces under any single-criterion scheme. Preferences for allocation criteria diverge among provinces, with a notable preference towards responsibility and equality. However, adhering to provincial expectations for CEA could jeopardize the attainment of national emission reduction target. The least-compromise allocation scheme integrates various criteria while weighting them differently: equality (0.42), responsibility (0.28), efficiency (0.16), and capability (0.14). Considering the varying pressure for emission reduction among provinces, it is vital to formulate differentiated policies and measures.

A processing-type active real-time traceable certification system

In addition to substituting low-price and low-quality materials for high-quality materials at the food processing stage, many dishonest businesses risk adulterating chemical materials in products to reduce production costs or increase product flavor with chemical synthesis spices. As a result, the risks to food safety are increased. Most safety management and certification regulations proceed with on-site examination or sampling inspection. As current certification systems lack complete tracking and real-time certification processes, they cannot comprehensively check foods’ processing and production processes and contents. Hence, food safety problems sway consumers’ trust and confidence in certification systems. This study intends to improve the agricultural processing end’s current food traceability certification system. Adding the design of raw material total quantity control provides a complete and sound real-time certification mechanism for citizens and businesses to assure consumer rights.

PEAKS PREDICTION OF BUILDING CARBON EMISSION BASED ON BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION MONITORING: A CASE STUDY OF NINGBO CITY

ABSTRACT The premise of implementing the total amount control plan of building carbon emission should be based on the prediction of the future change trend of building carbon emission. This paper investigates and analyzes peaks of building carbon emission in Ningbo city of China through the Ningbo’s building energy monitoring platform and uses the STIRPAT model to predict the medium and long-term carbon emissions in Ningbo. The peak time and peak value of carbon in the construction field at the city level under the dynamic scenario are simulated based on the Monte Carlo method. The results show that under the benchmark scenario, the carbon emission in the construction field of Ningbo will peak around 2037, with a peak of 22.68 million tons. Through the improvement of building energy-saving laws and regulations, the popularization of green energy-saving buildings, and the establishment of a building energy-saving system, the Ningbo construction department will achieve its carbon emission peak time in 2031 (±2), with a peak of about 15.45 (±1.07) million tons of CO2.

Competitive firms’ low-carbon technology diffusion under pollution regulations: A network-based evolutionary analysis

To investigate the diffusion degree of low-carbon technology in competitive firms and the influence of different pollution regulations, we constructed an evolutionary game model representing three environmental mechanisms: total amount control and trading, carbon tax, and subsidy, within a complex firm network. By analyzing the effects of carbon quotas, tax rates, and subsidy rates, we comprehensively assessed the performance of these mechanisms in terms of diffusion degree, firm profits, consumer surplus, environmental damage, and social welfare. The study results demonstrated distinct outcomes for each environmental mechanism. Under the subsidy mechanism, low-carbon technology exhibited the highest diffusion degree, suggesting its efficacy in promoting widespread adoption. However, it is worth noting that the higher the subsidy, the more environmental pollution it led to, which presents a trade-off between environmental benefits and financial incentives. On the other hand, the carbon tax mechanism resulted in minimal pollution, reflecting its potential as an effective tool for environmental regulation. Finally, the cap-and-trade mechanism emerged as the most favorable option, as it maximized social welfare while effectively addressing environmental concerns.

Regional allocation of carbon emission quotas in China under the total control target

The allocation of provincial carbon emission quotas under total amount control is an effective way for China to achieve its carbon peak and neutrality targets. Firstly, in order to study the factors influencing China's carbon emissions, the expanded STIRPAT model was constructed; and combined with the scenario analysis method, the total of national carbon emission quota under the peak scenario was predicted. Then, the index system of regional carbon quota allocation is constructed based on the principles of equity, efficiency, feasibility, and sustainability; and the allocation weight is determined by the grey correlation analysis method. Finally, the total carbon emission quota under the peak scenario is distributed in 30 provinces of China, and the future carbon emission space is also analyzed. The results show that: (1) only under the low-carbon development scenario, can China reach the peak target by 2030, with a peak carbon of about 14,080.31 million tons; (2) under the comprehensive allocation principle, China's provincial carbon quota allocation is characterized by high levels in the west and low in the east. Among them, Shanghai and Jiangsu receive fewer quotas, while Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guizhou receive more; and (3) the future carbon emission space for the entire country is modestly surplus, with regional variations. Whereas Hainan, Yunnan, and Guangxi have surpluses, Shandong, Inner Mongolia, and Liaoning have significant deficits.

Simulation and Estimation of the Inter-Source Category and/or Inter-Pollutant Emission Offset Ratios for a Heavy Industry City

Kao-Ping Air Basin (KPAB) is a heavy industrial area, and also the first and only air quality total quantity control district in Taiwan. Pollutant emission offsetting is an important tool to reduce pollution source emissions and improve air quality in the total quantity control district. In this study, an air quality model was employed to evaluate the sensitivity of SOX, NOX, and primary PM2.5 emissions from point, mobile, and fugitive sources on PM2.5 concentrations in KPAB. The findings show that the emission offset ratios of mobile PM2.5-to-point PM2.5 and fugitive PM2.5-to-point PM2.5 were both greater than one in urban areas (1.3 and 2.0, respectively) and both less than one in non-urban areas. The offset ratios of point SOX-to-point PM2.5 and point NOX-to-point PM2.5 were significantly greater than one, especially those in urban areas (20 and 60, respectively) were higher than those in non-urban areas by more than 2–4 times. No matter whether in urban or non-urban areas, the offset ratio of mobile NOX-to-point NOX was close to one, and the offset ratios of point NOX-to-point PM2.5 and mobile NOX-to-point PM2.5 were similar. The above findings were closely related to the proximity of point sources to densely populated urban areas in KPAB.

Interactive Allocation of Water Pollutant Initial Emission Rights in a Basin under Total Amount Control: A Leader-Follower Hierarchical Decision Model.

The initial emission rights allocation is the key measure to achieve the goal of total amount control and deepen the emission trading system. Although many studies have focused on the modeling of initial emission rights allocation, such as using game theory and multi-objective optimization methods, few studies have observed the hierarchical relationship of mutual interference and restriction between watershed management agency and local governments in each subarea during allocation. This relationship directly affects the rationality of the results of regional emission rights allocation. In this study, a leader-follower hierarchical decision model (LFHDM) for allocating initial emission rights in a basin is developed. Based on the bilevel programming approach, the model simulates the interactive decision-making process between the watershed management agency of the upper-level model (LFHDM-U) and the local government of the lower-level model (LFHDM-L) in the allocation under total amount control. A case study of China's Yellow River Basin is conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and practicality of the model. Findings reveal that, compared with the single-level model, the developed LFHDM has higher satisfaction with the allocation scheme. Under different scenarios, the overall satisfaction of the configuration schemes of COD and NH3-N in each province and autonomous region remains above 0.9. In addition, the allocation volumes of COD and NH3-N in each province of the Yellow River Basin in planning year increase with the enhancement of allowable assimilative capacity of water bodies, but the interval gap of satisfaction with allocation schemes gradually narrows. It shows that when the allowable assimilation capacity of a water body is low, the decision-making of the allocation scheme needs to be more cautious. Moreover, for the Yellow River Basin, apart from Qinghai and Sichuan, the task of reducing water pollutants in other provinces in the next few years is very arduous. The average reduction of total COD and NH3-N in the basin is about 48% and 46%, respectively.

Initial water rights allocation of Industry in the Yellow River basin driven by high-quality development

In September 2019, the Chinese government elevated ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River basin to a major national strategy. However, the scarcity and inequitable distribution of water resources in the basin remain a tough and urgent problem. Therefore, this study probed into the initial water rights allocation (IWRA) of Industry in the Yellow River basin driven by high-quality development. First, based on the status quo of water resources in the basin, this study proposed principles of IWRA of Industry were total quantity control, safeguard, fairness, and efficiency. Next, the paper set the Industry water priority based on the configuration rules, constructed a goal programming model for IWRA of Industry, anticipated the ideal value via the gray model(1,1)(GM (1,1)), and suggested IWRA for end-users through both quota method and water-demand proportion. Last, this study calculated that the initial water rights (IWR) for Hetao Irrigation District in Bayannur city of Inner Mongolia should be 4.38 billion m3. Theories and methods put forward in this paper helps enhance water resources management and improve the high-quality development of the Yellow River basin.

Study on Total Control of Tomato 2 + X Nitrogen Fertilizer in Luanzhou City

Tomato is the main planting variety of facility cultivated vegetables in Luanzhou City. In order to continuously optimize the appropriate amount of tomato nitrogen fertilizer, different total amount control tests of nitrogen fertilizer are set on tomato crops to explore the optimal amount of tomato nitrogen fertilizer in this region and provide a theoretical basis for greenhouse tomato production in the future.

Refined Allocation of Water Resources in Pishihang Irrigation Area by Joint Utilization of Multiple Water Sources

Refined allocation of water resources is an important means of sustainable water resources utilization. Based on General Water Allocation and Simulation (GWAS), this study uses a Geographic Information System (GIS) to construct spatial topological relationships. A fairness optimal minimum was set as the objective function. Total quantity control, water supply potential, and quality-divided water supply were set as constraint conditions. Considering the dynamic mutual-feedback relationship between the middle-lower-reaches reservoir and the upstream reservoir, this study refines the allocation of water resources combined with the characteristics of “long cane knots melons” in the Pishihang irrigation area. Results showed that at 50%, 80%, and 90% frequencies in the base year, 2025, and 2035, respectively, the water deficient ratio is 0. For continuous drought years at 90% frequency, all water users are faced with different degrees of water shortage. In water source structures, water diversion in the irrigated area is the largest, followed by local surface water; reclaimed water and shallow groundwater are used as supplements. In the case of consecutive drought years, the water shortage degree can be reduced through rational development of local water and additional external water transfer. The model has thus been well applied. This study provides a more accurate method for optimizing water resources allocation.

Temporal trends of heavy metals in the sediments of Bohai Bay in China.

The status and trend of mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), and arsenic (As) in the sediment of Bohai Bay from 1978 to 2017 were evaluated. The results indicated that the sediment status in 2017 was good. The contents of Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn, and As in all the monitoring stations were lower than category I. But, it is worth noting that the contents of Cu, Cr, and As in some stations were between threshold effects levels (TEL) and probable effects levels (PEL) guidelines, which were occasionally correlated to negative ecological effects. Since the reform and opening up of China, only the average content of Cd in 1996 was between category II and category III, but that in other years did not exceed category I. The average contents of Hg, Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn, and As were lower than category I. The Chinese Government should continue to pay high attention to the total quantity control measures of major risk factors Cd, Cu, Cr, and As.

Research on energy consumption quota of metrology laboratory

The research on energy consumption quota of metrology laboratory is an important part of building energy conservation from the perspective of total amount control. Through the research on the investigation method of basic energy consumption data, the type of quota index and the determination method of quota level. The analysis shows that the metrology laboratory adopts the method of unequal proportion classified sampling survey to obtain the basic data of energy consumption, adopts the energy consumption per unit area, considers the correction of energy consumption time and the proportion of auxiliary room area as the quota index, and uses the quota level method to determine the limit value, reference value and advanced value of energy consumption quota, which is fair, scientific and feasible.

Carbon emission reduction of coal-fired power supply chain enterprises under the revenue sharing contract: Perspective of coordination game

Implementing the overall goal of carbon emission reduction and allocating it to specific enterprises under the premise of coordination of interests is not only an important step and link of the development of carbon trading market but also a necessary guarantee for implementing China's overall goal of carbon emission reduction. In this paper, total quantity control of and trading conditions for carbon quota for coal-fired power supply chain enterprises were introduced based on the framework of the Stackelberg model and with the carbon quota constraints being taken into account, a coordination game model of carbon emission reduction of coal-fired power supply chain enterprises was constructed, and a revenue sharing coordination mechanism among supply chain enterprises were designed. In this coordination mechanism, the revenue sharing contract coordination game mechanism in coal-fired power supply chain was designed first on the basis of analyzing the coal production quantity and coal ordering quantity of the coal and electric power enterprises in their decentralized and centralized decision-making and their respective carbon emission reduction and profit situations without contract. And then, the implementation conditions for this revenue sharing contract coordination game was further analyzed, in other words, under the condition that the decision-making level of the coal and electric power enterprises should be equivalent to the centralized decision-making level without contract, it was guaranteed that the profits and carbon emission reduction levels of the coal and electric power enterprises under the revenue sharing contract were greater than under decentralized decision-making without contract, and the global coordination of coal-fired power supply chain was realized. The data calculation examples and parameter sensitivity analysis further verified the results of the theoretical analysis.

Energy quota trading can achieve energy savings and emission reduction: evidence from China's pilots.

Climate change mitigation and adaptation are common global challenges, and how to accelerate carbon neutrality and green recovery is a major global issue. Market-oriented emission reduction policy has been widely concerned for its unique advantages, but most of the current market-oriented emission reduction policies are based on the consideration of end-of-pipe governance and lack of effective control of source reduction. Energy quota trading (EQT) is an innovation of an energy-saving and emission reduction system, which is based on the idea of source reduction. However, it is unknown about the evaluation of the effect of the EQT policy from the macro perspective. Based on the related statistical data of energy consumption, combined with the ARIMA model, STIRPAT model, and the synthetic control method (SCM), this paper analyzes the energy consumption distribution in China from 2001 to 2020 and comprehensively evaluates the effect of EQT in the pilots. The results show that: (1) The overall energy consumption in China shows a steady upward trend, and its distribution is unbalanced. (2) In absolute perspective, EQT can realize the "double control" of the total amount and intensity in energy saving and emission reduction, and the intensity control effect is better than the total amount control effect. (3) In relative perspective, EQT can enhance the potential of energy saving and emission reduction in the pilots, in which it needs to take the regional characteristics into account. The policy effect is still significant when eliminating some unobservable factors, which indicate that the policy is effective and can be replicated nationwide. The study comprehensively evaluates the effect of ETS from multiple perspectives, which can effectively avoid the misjudgment of the policy effectiveness caused by the single dimension evaluation, while it can also be used as a reference for the government to perfect the policies of energy management system and emission control system. Furthermore, the development of EQT is an important catalyst for policymakers to coordinate policies to accelerate the achievement of carbon-neutral targets and a more resilient low-carbon development model.

Coordinated development of urban economy and total amount control of water environmental pollutants in the Yellow River basin

In order to improve the water environment of the Yellow River basin and increase the economic level of the city, a model for the coupling of total control of pollutants in the water environment of the Yellow River basin and urban economic development was established. Analyze the geographical environment and urban economy of the Yellow River basin, the total control strategy of pollutants in the water environment, and the development of urban economy. On this basis, it analyzes the coupling relationship between total pollutant control and urban economy in terms of water pollution load, economic industrial structure, and coupling coordination and realizes the coupled development between the two. The experimental results show that after applying the constructed model, the total amount of water pollution has been reduced by 77.6%, and the urban per capita income has increased by about 12%, indicating that a good development relationship can be maintained between the two under the application of the model.

Research on Application of Big Data Technology in Cost Control of Medical Insurance For China

With the increasing aging of the population, medical insurance cost control has become a worldwide problem. In order to control the medical insurance fee, since 2009, China's medical insurance payment system has changed from the post payment system mainly based on projects to the prepayment system based on total amount control, but not only failed to control the growth of medical insurance expenditure, but also resulted in the phenomenon that the insured's right to medical treatment has been damaged. Using big data technology and other information-based means to fine manage medical insurance expenditure has become an urgent matter. The paper is divided into four parts. The first part introduces the characteristics of big data and the concept of big data technology; the second part, under the background of the reform of China's medical insurance payment system, analyzes the necessity and possibility of using big data technology to control medical insurance expenses; the third part, puts forward some measures of using big data technology to control medical insurance expenses; finally, the conclusion is drawn that the use of big data technology can realize the fine management of medical insurance control fee.

Research on Regional Difference of Energy Consumption in Production Stage of Civil Building Materials based on Theil Index

Total quantity control is an important means to achieve the goal of building energy conservation in China, but the statistical method of energy consumption data in the production stage of civil building materials has not been established yet. This paper firstly constructs the calculation method of energy consumption in the production stage of civil building materials according to the usage amount of building materials, and then obtains the data of energy consumption in the production stage of civil building materials from 2008 to 2017 according to the statistical yearbook. Then, 30 provinces and cities in China are divided into 3 regions. According to Theil index analysis method, the regional differences of the production energy of China's civil building materials from 2008 to 2017 are calculated. According to the calculation results, China's energy consumption in the production stage of civil building materials shows an overall trend of convergence growth, but the intra-regional difference is greater than the inter-regional difference. The Theil index is the highest in the western region, but the contribution rate of the Theil index is the largest in the eastern region.

新疆农业水资源总量控制及承载评估

新疆农业水资源总量控制及承载评估

Study on Total Amount Accounting of Pollutants Entering Qinghe River Basin

The calculation of the total amount of pollutants entering the river is the key to the total amount control system. Since non-point source pollution has not been monitored normally and effectively, based on the principle of the balance of input and output of pollutants, the 2009-2013 Qinghe water quality monitoring data, pollution source survey data and monitoring data were used to establish a binary statistics of the total amount of pollutants model. MATLAB software is used to solve the model. The results show that the model has strong data assimilation ability, can accurately calculate the monthly COD inflow into the river, can divide the point source and non-point source pollution load, and can meet the needs of actual research.

Evaluation on Total Amount Control of Marine Water Pollution based on ANN and Genetic Algorithm

Evaluation on Total Amount Control of Marine Water Pollution based on ANN and Genetic Algorithm