Total Amino Acid Levels Research Articles

Determination of amino acids and nutritional aspects in transgenic soybean exposed to glyphosate/ Determinação de aminoácidos e aspectos nutricionais na soja transgênica exposta ao glifosato

With the increase of glyphosate tolerant transgenic soybean cultivation areas, this substance has become the main herbicide for this crop, its use may interfere in the metabolism and nutritional aspects of transgenic plants. In this scenario, the objective of this work was to verify the oil, protein, phytate and amino acid concentrations in glyphosate tolerant soybean cultivar. Comparing the averages between oil, protein and total amino acid levels in transgenic soybean exposed and not exposed to glyphosate, it was found that there was no significant difference by Tukey test at 5% probability. In conclusion, the data indicate that although the transgenic event affects some routes, amino acid synthesis was not affected nor in nutritional terms at the glyphosate doses studied.

English

BACKGROUND Hyperglycemia, observed in type 2 diabetus mellites (T2DM) patients, is the primary root cause for the development of life threatening - diabetes induced micro- & macrovascular complications. Generally, in fasting state, gluconeogenesis accounts for about 30 % of overall hepatic glucose output and the increase in type 2 diabetic subjects may be much more than this level. The majority of gluconeogenic precursors may originate from muscle glycolysis and in the form of glucogenic amino acids including alanine. We wanted to assess fasting plasma total amino acid levels in T2DM patients and correlate the levels with the glycaemic status of T2DM patients in this study. METHODS The observational comparative study was undertaken at Research and Development department, from October 2019 to November 2020 and it consisted of 157 subjects, including 75 normal control subjects, and 82 T2DM patients. The T2 diabetic patients attending medical OPD of Subbaiah Institute of Medical Sciences, Purle, Shivamogga (SUIMS) were randomly selected and were sub-grouped in to 3 groups depending on their fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels. The group 1 patients were having FPG level in the range of 150 – 200 mg / dl, group 2 patients having in the range of 201 - 250 mg / dl and the group 3 patients were having FPG above 251 mg / dl. RESULTS It is evident from the present study that FPG levels as well as AAN levels are significantly (P > 0.001) elevated in T2DM patients as compared to normal control subjects and there is a proportional rise in AAN levels in relation to FPG Levels in T2dm patients. CONCLUSIONS The rise in plasma AN levels is proportional to glycemic status in T2DM patients and can be employed to assess the glycemic status in these patients. KEY WORDS Amino Acids, Gluconeogenesis, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Free and Total Amino Acids in Human Milk in Relation to Maternal and Infant Characteristics and Infant Health Outcomes: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study.

Free amino acids (FAAs) are important regulators of key pathways necessary for growth, development, and immunity. Data on FAAs in human milk (HM) and their roles in infant development are limited. We investigated the levels of FAAs and total amino acids (TAA, i.e., the sum of conjugated amino acids and FAAs) in HM in relation to infant and maternal characteristics and immunological conditions. FAA and TAA levels in HM sampled at 6 weeks (n = 671) and 6 months (n = 441) of lactation were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Child growth was ascertained at 4–5 weeks and at 6–7 months of age. Child allergy and lower respiratory tract infections were assessed in the first years of life. Associations of amino acid (AA) levels in HM with child growth and health outcomes were determined by Spearman correlation and modified Poisson regression, respectively. Free glutamine, glutamate, and serine in 6-week HM positively correlated with infant weight gain in the first 4–5 weeks of age. Maternal pre-pregnancy weight and body mass index (BMI) were negatively correlated with free glutamine and asparagine in 6-week and 6-month HM and positively correlated with the sum of TAAs in 6-month HM, but significance was lost following confounder adjustment. Free glutamine was lower in 6-month HM of mothers with an allergy (either active or non-active). No consistent associations were found between FAAs in HM and child health outcomes. However, potential negative associations were observed between specific FAAs and the risk of food allergy. These results suggest that specific FAAs play a role in infant growth. Moreover, these findings warrant further investigations into the relation of FAAs in HM with infant health outcomes and maternal allergy.

Application of enriched Cyclops abyssorum divergens with mixed algal diet compared to Artemia franciscana for improving larval growth and body composition of Dicentrarchus labrax

Larval rearing techniques with suitable nursery feed should be prioritized for better survival and growth. We evaluate the potential use of Cyclops abyssorum divergens as a natural live food candidate instead of the costly traditional Artemia franciscana in the feeding strategy for Dicentrarchus labrax larvae. C. abyssorum divergens and A. franciscana were enriched with mixed valuable algae strains (Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis chuii, Chlorella marina and Nannochloropsis oculata) that were used in equal biomass proportions (1:1:1:1) on dry weight basis. Amino acids and fatty acid profiles were found to be highly significantly different in enriched C. abyssorum divergens (EC) compared to enriched A. franciscana (EA). The findings also revealed compensated deficiency in some amino acids such as histidine, isoleucine, and methionine in EC and also increased levels of total essential amino acids (EAA) in EC by 8.2 % more than that of EA. Further metabolizing of palmitic acid (C16:0) and bio-conversion of α- linolenic acid, ALA (C18:3 n-3) to high accumulation of DHA fatty acid lead to higher PUFAs contents in EC and lower levels in EA. Specific growth rates (SGR) and survival percentages (S %) of D. labrax were higher in larvae fed with EC compared to the lower values in EA. Moreover, analyzing final carcass composition revealed increased levels of DHA fatty acid attaining DHA/EPA ratio in fish-fed EC of 2.95 % (>1) compared to 0.90 % (<1) in larvae-fed EA. The elevated levels of the amino acids in the larvae-fed EC were a yardstick to the surged growth and survival rate of the examined species. The present study concluded that C. abyssorum divergens is the best promising candidate for Sea bass larvae-culture.

Comparative evaluation of nutritional value and flavor quality of muscle in triploid and diploid common carp: Application of genetic improvement in fish quality

Hybridization can combine the advantages of different strains to produce new varieties, which may also improve the quality of fish. Triploid common carp (3n = 150) were derived from the female diploid common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) (2n = 100) crossing with the male allotetraploid (4n = 200). Nutritional value and flavor quality were investigated in triploid and diploid common carps fed with the same diet for 13 weeks. Results indicated that the triploid common carp exhibited significantly higher levels of crude protein, essential and total amino acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3), total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and the ratio of n-3 to n-6 PUFAs in muscle than the diploid common carps (P < 0.05). Additionally, the concentration of sour and bitter amino acid in the muscle of triploid common carp significantly decreased than that in diploid (P < 0.05). Triploid common carp had significantly higher concentration of salt amino acid (P < 0.05) and kept unchanged the content of sweet and umami amino acid than diploid (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the characteristic volatile compounds which including styrene, ethylbenzene, butylated hydroxytoluene, 1-octen-3-ol and (Z)-β-ocimene were screened in the muscle of diploid and triploid common carps, of which styrene and 1-octen-3-ol were the odor-active compounds. Triploid common carp had significantly higher concentration of styrene and 1-octen-3-ol than diploid (P < 0.05), of which 1-octen-3-ol was the highest odor-active compound in triploid. These findings demonstrated that the triploid common carp had improved nutritional and flavor quality, which provided a novel insight for the application of hybridization in fish quality improvement.

Dissolved free, total and particulate enantiomeric amino acid levels in eutrophic and oligotrophic parts of a semi-enclosed bay (İzmir, Aegean Sea)

Seasonal variations of dissolved free, total and particulate enantiomeric amino acids were investigated in eutrophic (middle–inner) to oligotrophic (outer) parts of the İzmir Bay. Mean dissolved free, dissolved combined, total dissolved hydrolysable and particulate hydrolysable amino acid levels in middle–inner parts were higher than that of outer part, and found as 232.5, 757.3, 989.8 and 20.9 nM, respectively. Among all amino acid forms, highest mol percentages were found for glycine and L-glutamate. Total D-enantiomers in all forms were only present at trace amounts (≤10%). While dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen enriched with freshly produced dissolved amino acids especially in spring, degradation processes were dominant in summer and autumn. According to degradation index of DFAA, seasonal production and degradation were balanced in eutrophic middle–inner bays. On the other hand, seasonally constant fresh production was observed in oligotrophic outer bay. Seasonal and spatial variations of amino acids and organic matter pools in eutrophic and oligotrophic waters of İzmir Bay were under the influences of autochthonous and allochthonous processes.

Effects of Biostimulants on Primary and Secondary Substance Contents in Lettuce Plants

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is not only easy to grow, but it is also common in diets around the world. This study was conducted to determine the impact of Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum Rottler), soybean (Glycine max L.) leaf, and soybean stem extracts on lettuce plants’ secondary substances, minerals, amino acids, and free sugars. This study was carried out in order to better understand which types of plant extract applications are most effective in increasing lettuce plants’ nutritional value. While not all applications produced an increased nutritional value in the lettuce plants, we found that soybean leaf extract treatments increased the Mg and Ca contents and Chinese chive treatments increased the Fe contents in the lettuce plants. Additionally, glucose and maltose contents in lettuce plants were higher after treatments of Chinese chive and soybean leaf extracts. Finally, all selected extracts increased the total and free amino acid levels in our test plants.

Profiling of amino acids in traditional and improved rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties of Sri Lanka and their health promoting aspects

Investigation made on the variation in amino acid compositions among selected traditional and newly improved rice varieties cultivated in Sri Lanka is presented. The free amino acid (FAA) composition including gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) and protein bound total amino acids (TAAs) of eleven traditional and seven improved rice cultivars grown at Batalagoda across the two major cultivating seasons in the country were evaluated. Significant variations (p < 0.05) in GABA levels, individual and total amino acids in free and protein bound form were observed among the studied varieties. Both traditional and improved varieties reported comparable mean total FAAs and TAA levels. However, significantly higher levels of GABA, which has health promoting functional properties, were found in newly improved rice varieties in comparison to the traditional varieties. Significant impact of seasonal variation on total amino acid levels was observed in majority of the varieties with most of the varieties reporting higher amino acid levels when cultivated during the “Maha”, which is the major cultivation season in the country. The Behethheenati rice out of the traditional, while Bg 300 rice out of the newly improved, was found the most beneficial among the investigated varieties. The potential significant contribution obtainable with several local traditional and improved varieties in fulfilling the majority of the recommended essential amino acid nutrient requirement in the daily diet by the world health organization is highlighted.

BINARY ACTION OF CHLORPYRIFOS-METHYL AND METHOPRENE ON THE LARVAL BIOCHEMISTRY OF ALMOND MOTH, EPHESTIA CAUTELLA WALKER (LEPIDOPTERA:PYRALIDAE)

Sub-lethal concentrations i.e. 1, 2 and 4 ppm mixture of chlorpyrifos-methyl and methoprene in the ratio of 9:1 caused a significantly dose-dependent reduction in the levels of total protein, DNA, RNA and RNA/ DNA ratio and a significantly dose-dependent enhancement in the total free amino acid levels in haemolymph and fat body tissues of the larva of almond moth, Ephestia cautella Walker, a serious pest of stored cereals. The highest concentration ( 4ppm ) of this mixture caused abrupt changes in the metabolic framework of the larva that impairs its physiological fitness, which ultimately leads to death, if exposed to 8ppm concentration of this binary mixture. The present study states that methoprene enhances the toxicodynamic property of chlorpyrifos-methyl in a synergistic way.

Traditional Tomato Varieties Improve Fruit Quality Without Affecting Fruit Yield Under Moderate Salt Stress.

Identification of tomato varieties able to exhibit higher accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites in their fruits is currently a main objective in tomato breeding. One tool to improve fruit quality is to cultivate the plants under salt stress, although improvement of fruit quality is generally accompanied by productivity losses. However, it is very interesting to implement strategies aiming at enhancing fruit quality of tomato by means of growing plants in moderate salt stress that allows for a sustainable fruit yield. The traditional tomato varieties adapted to the Mediterranean environmental constraints may be very attractive plant materials to achieve this goal, given the wide range of fruit quality traits because of their genetic diversity. Here, agronomic responses and fruit quality traits, including primary and secondary metabolites, were analyzed in fruits of two Mediterranean traditional tomato varieties named “Tomate Pimiento” (“TP”) and “Muchamiel Aperado” (“MA”) because of the pepper and pear shape of their fruits, using as reference the commercial cultivar “Moneymaker” (“MM”). Plants were grown without salt (control) and with moderate salt stress (50 mM NaCl), which did not affect fruit yield in any variety. “TP” is of great interest because of its high soluble solids content (SSC) in control, which is even higher in salt, whereas “MA” is very attractive because of its high Brix yield index (SSC × fruit yield), used as overall fruit quality measure. Similitude between both traditional varieties were found for primary metabolism, as they significantly increased sucrose contents compared with “MM” in red ripe fruits from plants in control and, especially, salt stress conditions. The most remarkable difference was the high constitutive levels of total amino acids in “TP” fruits, including the three major free amino acids found in tomato fruit, GABA, glutamate, and glutamine, which even increased under salinity. Regarding secondary metabolites, the most interesting change induced by salinity was the increase in α-tocopherol found in red ripe fruits of both “TP” and “MA.” These results reveal the interest of traditional varieties as sources of genetic variation in breeding because of their improvement of tomato fruit quality without production losses under moderate salt stress.

Amino Acids Whose Intracellular Levels Change Most During Aging Alter Chronological Life Span of Fission Yeast.

Amino acid deprivation or supplementation can affect cellular and organismal life span, but we know little about the role of concentration changes in free, intracellular amino acids during aging. Here, we determine free amino acid levels during chronological aging of nondividing fission yeast cells. We compare wild-type with long-lived mutant cells that lack the Pka1 protein of the protein kinase A signalling pathway. In wild-type cells, total amino acid levels decrease during aging, but much less so in pka1 mutants. Two amino acids strongly change as a function of age: glutamine decreases, especially in wild-type cells, while aspartate increases, especially in pka1 mutants. Supplementation of glutamine is sufficient to extend the chronological life span of wild-type but not of pka1Δ cells. Supplementation of aspartate, on the other hand, shortens the life span of pka1Δ but not of wild-type cells. Our results raise the possibility that certain amino acids are biomarkers of aging, and their concentrations during aging can promote or limit cellular life span.

Incorporation of Rapa Whelk (Rapana venosa) meal in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of partial fishmeal replacement with Rapana venosa meal in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry. In the trial, fish (1.03 ± 0.01 g) were fed diets replacing fishmeal with Rapa whelk meal at the following levels: 0 g/kg (CD), 50 g/kg (D-5), 100 g/kg (D-10) or 150 g/kg (D-15) for 67 days. At the end of the experiment, fish fed diet with 50 g/kg Rapa whelk meal inclusion showed similar growth performance to those fed the control diet. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and growth performance of fish were inversely affected with increasing levels of dietary inclusion of Rapa whelk meal, excluding the 50 g/kg fish meal replacement treatment. Survival rates, hepatosomatic indices and total essential amino acid levels were similar in all experimental groups. The viscerosomatic index, crude fat and dry matter decreased in fish fed the Rapa whelk meal-incorporated diets. A decreasing presence of PUFA was observed as Rapa whelk meal inclusion increased in diets. Rapa whelk meal enhanced trypsin activity when used at 50 g/kg in diet, however decreased the activity at 100 g/kg and above ratios. To conclude, Rapa whelk meal can replace fishmeal at 50 g/kg in rainbow trout diets without causing a negative impact on growth, survival, chemical composition and digestive enzyme activities.

Physiochemical properties and nutritional profile of Mediterranean oak acorn

Oaks cover a vast area of Jordanian forests, and their fruit (named acorns) have good nutritional value. In this study, we investigated the physical, chemical, and nutritional characteristics of the acorns produced by three Jordanian oak species, Quercus aegilops (QA), Quercus infectoria (QI), and Quercus calliprinus (QC). The physicochemical (acorn length, weight; cupule weight, coat weight, cotyledon weight, coat weight percent, cotyledon weight percent and acorn volume) and nutritional quality (protein, fat, fiber, ash, carbohydrate, amino acid, fatty acid and mineral compostions) of the acorns from the three oak species were determined using standard procedures. The acorn of QA showed significantly greater values compared to QC for all physical characteristics assessed while QC exhibited the lowest values; QI presented intermediate values.The chemical composition of the three species showed that fat content varied from 8.18% to 8.99% and the crude fiber and the total carbohydrate content ranged from 3.27% to 3.86% and 76.20% to 81.43%, respectively According to obtained results, oak acorn can be considered a significant source of protein (9.54% for QC to 10.9% for QA). Oak acorncontained 18 known amino acids (AAs); with total essential amino acids (TEAA) levels in these oak species as 2307.9, 1699.1, and 2262.8 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively. The most abundant essential amino acid found varied between species: in QA it was leucine (446 mg/100 g dry weight), in QC it was arginine (526 mg/100 g dry weight), and in QI it was phenylalanine (395 mg/100 g dry weight). The ratio of TEAA to total amino acids (TAA) was 0.90: 0.50 and 0.79 for QA, QC and QI, respectively, which indicates that QA is the best species in terms of essential amino acid (EAA) proportion. The EAA scores showed that (phenylalanine + tyrosine) and (methionine + cysteine) were the most abundant AAs in oak acorns, while lysine and leucine were the most limited. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids in the acorn oil ranged from 3.45:1.00 to 3.93:1.00. Therefore, oak acorn oil may be considered healthy for a human diet. The most abundant minerals in decreasing order were K, P, Ca, Cl, S, Fe, and Mn. These results demonstrate that oak acorns from Jordan have great potential to be included in human feeding. Key words: Amino acids, Fatty acids, Nutritional value, Oak acorn, Quercus L

Effect of dietary sulphur amino acid levels and guanidinoacetic acid supplementation on performance, carcase yield and energetic molecular metabolites in broiler chickens fed wheat-soy diets

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary total sulphur amino acids (TSAA) levels and guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) supplementation on performance, carcase yield and energetic molecular metabolites in heart and breast muscle of broiler chickens fed wheat-soy diet. A total of 450, male one-day-old Ross-308 broiler chicks were assigned in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of nine treatments, five replicates and 10 birds each. Dietary treatments included three graded levels of supplementary TSAA (+0.4 g/kg per level) resulting in a deficient, adequate and plus level of recommended by strain, with three levels of GAA (0, 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg) and were fed for 35 days. Dietary TSAA levels only enhanced performance during the starter period (p < .05). At adequate TSAA level, weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the grower phase were positively affected by supplementing GAA at 1.2 g/kg (p < .05). The FCR during the overall experimental period was significantly lower when feeding GAA at 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg compared to non-supplemented (p < .05). Heart and breast muscle ATP/AMP ratio and breast muscle ADP and PCr concentration and PCr/CrN ratio in the birds fed 1.2 g/kg GAA diet were significantly higher than non-supplemented (p < .05). It is concluded, effects of dietary GAA supplementation were influenced by dietary TSAA level, this indicates to need for proper dietary sulphur amino acid formulation by GAA supplementation. Dietary GAA supplementation could improve broiler chicken’s growth performance via regulating some aspects of energy metabolism. HIGHLIGHTS Guanidinoacetic acid plays a critical role in energy homeostasis. The effect of dietary Guanidinoacetic acid supplementation may influenced by the dietary sulphur amino acids.

Effects of air drying and freezing and long-term storage on phytochemical composition of brown seaweeds

The effect of air drying and freezing at − 25 °C on the total phenolic content, fucoidan, alginate, and amino acids of brown algae Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus distichus, and Ascophyllum nodosum was studied over 365 days of storage every 90 days. The levels of total phenols and polysaccharides in frozen algae samples at 365 days of storage were 75–95% of fresh algae and were higher than in air-dried samples by more than 5–15%. The greatest differences between the fresh and dried samples were in the total phenolic contents. A strong correlation was found between the content of total phenolics and polysaccharides and the water content in frozen samples of F. vesiculosus and A. nodosum. The influence of air drying and freezing processing and storage on the total amino acid content is discussed using F. vesiculosus as an example. The total amino acid content in the air-dried samples increased during storage, but on the 365th day, 99% of the initial content in fresh algae remained. In contrast, the content in the frozen samples had decreased to 82% after the same storage duration. The ratio of the sums of the essential to the total amino acids during storage in the dry and frozen samples increased compared with that in fresh algae from 0.43 to 0.51 after 365 days of storage. Air drying and freezing are suitable procedures in terms of the levels of total phenols, polysaccharides, and amino acids, allowing a shelf life of at least 365 days.

Strategies to reduce reliance on soya bean meal and palm kernel meal in livestock nutrition

Greenhouse gas emissions and loss of wildlife habitats have stimulated growing global concern over the continued expansion of soya bean and palm oilseed production on land recently converted from forest and natural grasslands. This paper reviews the roles of soya bean meal and palm kernel meal in livestock nutrition, drawing on research data to explore the potential for their replacement in nutritionally balanced diets. Soya bean meal is a widely used livestock feed due to relatively high levels of total protein and essential amino acids. Palm kernel meal has been used for many years in compound feeds for ruminant livestock and as a supplement to grazed pasture in periods of drought. A range of alternative sources of protein is available to replace soya bean and palm kernel meals, e.g. protected rapeseed meal can replace soya bean meal in diets for productive dairy cows, but constraints to widespread adoption include insufficient supply, anti-nutritional factors which require feeds to be processed or supplemented with enzymes, and imbalances in essential amino acids. Soya ‘milk’ made directly from soya beans is a less efficient process than producing milk from dairy cows, especially when they are grazed on pastures or given diets that do not contain soya bean meal.

The effect of total sulfur amino acid levels on growth performance and bone metabolism in pullets under heat stress

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) levels on performance and bone metabolism in pullets under heat stress (HS). Hy-Line W36 day-old pullets (n = 216) were randomly distributed in 3 dietary treatments (70, 85, and 100% of TSAA), with 6 replicates of 12 birds. The treatments were defined as percentages of the TSAA level recommendation (100, 85, and 70%), and 85 and 100% of TSAA were obtained by adding L-Methionine to the basal deficient diet (70% of TSAA). The birds were raised under HS (35°C/7 h/D) from 1 to 18 wk. At 6, 12, and 18 wk, growth performance was measured. At 12 and 18 wk, bone weight, ash, collagenous (ColP), and noncollagenous proteins (NColP), tissue volume (TV), bone mineral content (BMC), and mineral density from total, cortical, and trabecular bones were evaluated. The means were subjected to ANOVA and, when significant (P ≤ 0.05), were compared by Dunnett's test. Regression analyses were performed to evaluate trends of TSAA dose response. Overall, birds fed 70% of TSAA showed poor growth and feed efficiency compared with other groups. Additionally, in at least 1 phase, birds fed 70% of TSAA showed lower bone ash, NColP, total BMC, and TV and higher ColP than the other treatments, whereas the cortical and trabecular TV and BMC were lower than 100% of TSAA (P < 0.04). Quadratic effects of TSAA levels on body weight gain (BWG) were found, and the level for maximum BWG was 95% of the TSAA recommendation (P < 0.03, R2 > 0.83). In conclusion, the use of a TSAA-deficient diet resulted in poor performance and delayed bone development. Additionally, the use of 100% of TSAA led to better initial structural bone development than 85% of TSAA. Therefore, the TSAA level recommended by the primary breeder guideline was enough to support growth and bone quality under HS, suggesting that HS does not alter TSAA requirement in pullets.

Comparative Variations of Extractive Nitrogenous Components and Quality in Fresh Muscle and Dried Product of Rabbitfish (Siganus fuscescens) in Taiwan

ABSTRACT Variations in the level of quality and extractive nitrogenous components were investigated in the fresh muscle and commercial dried products of rabbitfish Siganus fuscescens collected from Penghu, Taiwan. The respective freshness quality for fresh muscle is as follows: trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), 29.50 mg N/100 g; trimethylamine (TMA), 2.30 mg N/100 g; NH3, 6.61 mg/100 g; total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), 13.32 mg/100 g; aerobic plate count, 1.53 log CFU/g; and K-value, 28.80%. The respective freshness quality for dried products is as follows: TMAO, 43.44 mg N/100 g; TMA, 25.56 mg N/100 g wet wt.; NH3, 52.00 mg/100 g wet wt.; TVBN, 149.98 mg/100 g; aerobic plate count, 4.16 log CFU/g; and K-value, 89.73%. The major fatty acids in the fresh muscle and dried products are C16:0, C18:1 n-9, C18:0, C16:1 C22:6 n-3, and C22:5 n-3. The major nucleotide compound is inosine 5ʹ-monophosphate (IMP) in the fresh muscle (68%) and hypoxanthine (Hx) in the dried products (79%). The level of total free amino acids in the dried products shows significant variation depending on the processing method of the plants.

In vitro digestion of spermidine and amino acids in fresh and processed Agaricus bisporus mushroom

Mushrooms are significant sources of amino acids and bioactive amines; however, their bioaccessibility can be affected by processing and during in vitro digestion. Fresh Agaricus bisporus mushroom was submitted to cooking and canning and samples were submitted to in vitro gastric and gastric-intestinal digestions. An UHPLC method was used for the simultaneous determination of 18 free amino acids, 10 biogenic amines and ammonia in the samples. Fresh mushroom contained 14 free amino acids, with predominance of alanine and glutamic acid; spermidine was the only amine detected; and ammonia was also detected. Spermidine levels were not affected by cooking, but there was a significant loss (14%) after canning. Spermidine levels were not affected by the in vitro gastric and intestinal digestion, suggesting full bioaccessibility. There was a significant decrease on total amino acids levels after cooking and canning, with higher losses for aspartic and glutamic acids in cooked and for aspartic acid and valine in canned mushrooms. After the in vitro gastric and intestinal digestions, the total levels of amino acids increased and two additional amino acids (arginine and methionine) were detected. During in vitro digestion many of the amino acids were released mainly in the intestinal phase. After in vitro digestion, amino acids per gram of protein of mushrooms are adequate for most FAO amino acid pattern for adults. Multivariate analysis confirmed that protein hydrolysis in processed mushrooms is higher in intestinal phase. Bioaccessibility data for spermidine in A. bisporus is a novelty and increase the value of this food.

The effects of total sulfur amino acids on the intestinal health status of broilers challenged with Eimeria spp.

This study evaluated the effects of total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) levels on the performance and intestinal health of broilers challenged with Eimeria spp. A total of 432 one-day-old off-sex Cobb 500 male chicks were randomly assigned to a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (6 replicates/12 birds), with diets and Eimeria challenge as the main factors. The diets were as follows: 70% (no methionine [Met] supplementation), 85, and 100% TSAA, supplemented with L-Met. At day 14, the challenged birds (n = 216) were orally gavaged with a pool of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts, and the unchallenged birds (n = 216) received water. At 6 and 12 D post inoculation (dpi), performance and intestinal health were evaluated. The challenge, regardless of diets, significantly impaired the performance, intestinal villi height, villus-to-crypt ratio, and ileal digestibility of dry matter, energy, and crude protein (CP) and modulated the tight junction protein (TJP) expression throughout the experiment. Moreover, the superoxide dismutase activity was increased, whereas the reduced glutathione (GSH)-to-oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio was decreased by the challenge at 6 dpi. Regardless of the challenge, the 70% TSAA diet reduced the body weight and feed intake in all phases, whereas the ileal digestibility of CP was higher in birds fed with the 70% TSAA diet than in those fed with the 100% TSAA diet at 6 dpi. No major differences were observed among the diets with regard to the intestinal histomorphology and TJP expression, and birds fed with the 100% TSAA diet had the highest GSH concentration at 12 dpi. Few interactions were observed, and the Met supplementation counteracted the negative effects of the Eimeria challenge on GSH concentration when 85 and 100% of TSAA levels were reached. Overall, the Eimeria challenge had a negative impact on growth and intestinal health. Moreover, the supplementation of L-Met until either 85 or 100% of TSAA levels were reached was enough to assure good performance and intestinal health in birds challenged or not challenged with Eimeria spp.