Total Adenosine Deaminase Activity Research Articles

Enzymes of purine metabolism — biomarkers for the diagnostics of tuberculous pleurisy in patients with HIV infection

The objective of the study was to evaluate the information content of determining the activity of adenosine deaminase and adenosine deaminase-2 in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy in patients with HIV infection.Materials and methods. A total of 378 patients with pleural effusion were retrospectively examined. In 215 cases, tuberculous pleurisy was detected (TP); and 163 patients had non-tuberculous pleural effusion (non-TP). As much as 27 patients in the TP group were HIV co-infected (TP/HIV+), the remaining 188 patients were HIV — negative (TP/HIV–). In all the patients, the activity of total adenosine deaminase (ADA) and its isoenzymes (ADA-1 and ADA-2) in the pleural fluid was determined.Results and discussion. In the TP group, the activity of total ADA (95.5 [67.7; 115.4] versus 82.0 [59.6; 100.0] U/L, p=0.1), ADA-1 (14.2 [5.8; 20.5] versus 12.1 [6.1; 23.7] U/L, p=0.9) and ADA-2 (78,1 [38.1; 93.1] versus 62.4 [35.4; 82.2] U/L, p=0,1) did not depend on HIV status. The activity of these indicators was determined above the threshold level — total ADA in 96.3% and 95.2%, ADA-1 in 25.9% and 30.8% and ADA-2 in 92.6% and 83.3% of cases in the «TP/HIV+» and «TP/HIV–» groups, respectively. A negative correlation between ADA-1 activity and HIV viral load in the group of patients with tuberculous pleurisy and HIV infection (r=–0.45; p=0.008), as well as in the subgroup of TP/HIV+ patients who received (r=–0.9; p=0.008) and in those who didn’t receive ART (r=–0.47; p=0.04) was obtained. Our results show that a total ADA activity increase in the patients with tuberculous pleurisy, regardless of patients’ HIV status, occur due to ADA-2. Thus, the increase in activity of total ADA and ADA-2 in our study was caused by active tuberculosis, not by the presence or absence of HIV co-infection. Also, the ADA-2 activity in HIV-infected patients is likely consistent with ADA-2 important role in cellular immune responses.Conclusion. Our data indicate the participation of purine metabolism enzymes in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. At the same time, adenosine deaminase activity is not a specific biomarker of individual changes characteristic of HIV infection. The study results suggest that the total adenosine deaminase and adenosine deaminase-2 activity increase is a valuable and diagnostically significant marker of tuberculous pleurisy in HIV-infected patients. The value of adenosine deaminase and adenosine deaminase-2 activity remains high even in the patients having severe immunosuppression, which allows them to be actively used for rapid diagnostics and hence, early TB therapy initiation.

Comparison of Adenosine Deaminase Activity in COPD with Healthy Subjects

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease condition characterised by non-reversible airflow restriction. Emphysema, which is the damage and inflammation of the lung alveoli, is a component of COPD. It has been demonstrated that adenosine levels rise in COPD leading to reduction in adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity. Aim: We determined the activity of ADA in COPD patients. Methods: Sixty subjects were included in this case-control study who had an acute exacerbation of COPD. The activity of the ADA was measured in 20 COPD, 20 non-smokers, and 20 smokers who served as controls. Results: Total ADA activity was significantly lower in the COPD and smoking control groups (17.87±6.73, 18.09±8.9, and 21.90±6.4 U/L, respectively) than in the non-smoker group. Conclusion: Reduction in ADA activity may play an important role in the development of lung damage in COPD patients. Keywords: Adenosine deaminase (ADA); Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Lung.

Characterization of total adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) and its isoenzymes in saliva and serum in health and inflammatory conditions in four different species: an analytical and clinical validation pilot study

BackgroundMeasurement of adenosine deaminase (ADA) can provide information about cell-mediated immunity. This report’s objective was to study the enzymatic activity of total ADA (tADA) and its isoenzymes ADA1 and ADA2 in canine, equine, porcine, and bovine serum and saliva and their changes in different inflammatory situations in each species. Besides, an automated method for ADA2 measurement was developed and validated.ResultstADA was present in serum and saliva of healthy animals of the four species. Erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA) concentration of 0.47 mM was needed for ADA1 inhibition in canine and porcine samples (serum and saliva) and bovine saliva, whereas for equine saliva 0.94 mM was needed. ADA2 activity was not detected in bovine serum and was very low or absent in equine serum and bovine saliva. An automated procedure to measure ADA2 consisting of adding EHNA to a commercial reagent for tADA measurement provided repetitive (coefficients of variation < 8.8% in serum and < 10% in saliva) and accurate (linearity of serial sample dilutions with R2 > 0.90) results, being equivalent to a manual incubation of the sample with EHNA at a similar concentration. Salivary tADA, as well as ADA1 and ADA2, were higher in dogs with leishmaniosis, horses with acute abdominal disease and pigs with lameness than in healthy animals. tADA and isoenzymes in saliva showed a positive significant correlation with serum ferritin in dogs (r = 0.602, P < 0.01; r = 0.555, P < 0.05; and r = 0.632, P < 0.01; respectively for tADA, ADA1 and ADA2) and serum C-reactive protein in pigs (r = 0.700, P < 0.01, for both tADA and ADA1; r = 0.770, P < 0.001, for ADA2), whereas salivary ADA2 significantly correlated with serum amyloid A in horses (r = 0.649, P < 0.01). In cows, salivary tADA and ADA1 significantly increased after calving, correlating with total white blood cell count (r = 0.487, P < 0.05, for both tADA and ADA1).ConclusionsThe activity of total ADA and its different isoenzymes, can be measured in serum and saliva of dogs, horses, pigs and cows by a simple and fast procedure described in this report. When measured in saliva, these analytes correlated with other biomarkers of inflammation and it could potentially be used as a biomarkers of inflammation and immune activation in the species of this study.

Influence of the electret electric field on osteoreparation and inflammation in surgical treatment of simulated tuberculous osteitis estimated by morphological and biochemical criteria

Introduction. Recent trends in orthopedic surgery target factors and conditions that affect the destructive process-es in bone tissue and the effectiveness of reconstructive surgery. Electrets based on anodic tantalum oxide with negative external surface charge (hereinafter, “electret”) create a quasi-static long-term electric field in the sur-rounding space. Their implantation in the surgical treat-ment of early stages of degenerative joint diseases is accompanied by pronounced analgesic effect and signi-ficant increase in the quality of life of patients. Objective.To identify the features of osteogenesis and regression of specific inflammation in the surgical treatment of ex-perimental tuberculous osteitis in a constant electric field created by electret. Materials and methods. We studied the processes of osteoreparation and dynamics of the bone tissue specific inflammation activity in 30 rabbits with simulated tuberculous osteitis of the distal (meta-diaphysis) femur. 3 animals were intact (group 1), 6 rab-bits did not receive any therapy after tuberculous oste-itis simulation (group 2), 9 rabbits (group 3) underwent necrectomy and osteoplasty with autograft, 9 rabbits (group 4) underwent necrectomy and electret implanta-tion (with further generation of quasi-static electric field), and 6 animals (group 5) underwent necrectomy, osteo-plasty with autograft and perifocal electret implantation. Animals in groups 3, 4 and 5 received antituberculous therapy. The observation period was 1, 2 and 4 months after the grafting procedure. Bone regeneration and in-flammation regression were assessed with morphologi-cal and biochemical methods (enzymes of the purinergic system — activity of total adenosine deaminase and its isoenzymes, elastase activity, level of acute phase reac-tants: ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, α1-acid glycoprotein, and albumin). Results. The evolution of tuberculous in-flammation of bone tissue was observed for the control periods in animals with simulated tuberculous osteitis. The analysis of bone tissue reparation and inflammation activity regression showed that only a combination of antituberculosis therapy, necrectomy, osteoplasty with autograft and electret perifocal implantation allowed in 2 months to achieve complete regression of active tuber-culosis and replacement of defect with mature trabec-ular bone. Conclusion. The electret electric field based on anodic tantalum oxide with negative external surface charge accelerates the processes of osteoreparation and reduces the activity of tuberculous inflammation in the surgical treatment of experimental tuberculous osteitis.

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity and isozymes in the serum of patients with hepatitis B compared with healthy people: a useful method in diagnosis clinical status

Background: Adenosine deaminase (ADA) specifications (EC3.5.4.4) is an enzyme is involved in purine metabolism that breaks adenosine and deoxy-adenosine and produce inosine and deoxy-inosine and ammonia. The highest levels are of adenosine deaminase activity in monocytes and lymphocytes. High serum ADA activity with increased serum levels of AST, ALT and immunoglobulins were reported in variety of diseases including hepatitis. We aimed to investigate the activity of total ADA in serum of patients with hepatitis B and were determined molecular weight ADA1 and ADA2 isozymes in serum and RBC of hepatitis patients. Materials and Methods: We were defining experiments by electrophoresis on SDS-PAGE, for isozymes of ADA; ADA1 and ADA2 in serum and red blood cells. ADA1 molecular weight was estimated at about 35 KDa and ADA2 about 110 KDa. The total ADA activity was measured by the modified Ellis method in 37 patients with hepatitis B and 40 healthy controls in the age range (20-60 years). Results: The normal values for serum ADA in humans have been studied by various workers and found in serum samples to be in the range of 0-15 U/L, whiles in our analysis total ADA (tADA) enzyme activity is in controls and patients with hepatitis B, respectively, 13.35 ± 1.62 and 27.05 ± 8.49. Our results indicated that tADA level was higher in patients with hepatitis B than those of corresponding controls (P < 0.05).Total ADA enzyme activity shows a significant increase compared to the control group in all age groups tested. Conclusion: Therefore, the serum ADA level could be used as an index along with other parameters in follow up of patients with hepatitis B.

Diagnostic Value of Adenosine Deaminase and Its Isoforms in Type II Diabetes Mellitus.

Background and Aims. In the present study, we have investigated the activity of adenosine deaminase (ADA) as a diagnostic marker in type 2 (or II) diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Design and Methods. The deaminase activity of ADA1 and ADA2 was determined in serum from 33 patients with type 2 (or II) diabetes mellitus and 35 healthy controls. We also determined the proportion of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Results. Our results showed significant differences between total serum ADA (tADA) and ADA2 activities in the diabetic groups with HbA1c < 8 (%) and HbA1c ≥ 8 (%) with respect to the values in healthy individuals (p < 0.001). ADA2 activity in patients with high HbA1c was found to be much higher than that in patients with low HbA1c (p = 0.0001). In addition, total ADA activity showed a significant correlation with HbA1c (r = 0.6, p < 0.0001). Conclusions. Total serum ADA activity, specially that due to ADA2, could be useful test for the diagnosis of type 2 (or II) diabetes mellitus.

Serum Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Activity: A Novel Screening Test to Differentiate HIV Monoinfection From HIV-HBV and HIV-HCV Coinfections.

CD4(+) cell count, the common HIV infection screening test, is costly and unable to differentiate HIV monoinfection from its concurrent infection with hepatitis B or C virus. We aimed to ascertain diagnostic value of serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity as a useful tool to differentiate HIV mono- and co-infection. Blood samples were collected from 30 HIV-HBV and 30 HIV-HCV coinfected patients, 33 HIV positive subjects, and 72 controls. CD4(+) cell count, serum total ADA (tADA), and ADA1, and ADA2 isoenzyme activities were determined and their sensitivity and specificity were computed. tADA and ADA2 activities were significantly higher and CD4(+) counts were markedly lower in all patients compared with controls. Strong inverse agreements between CD4(+) cell counts and both tADA and ADA2 activities were observed. Serum tADA and ADA1 activities showed the highest specificity and the highest sensitivity, respectively, for differentiating HIV monoinfection from HIV-HBV and HIV-HCV coinfections. We showed strong agreement and correlation between CD4(+) cell count and ADA enzyme activity. Based on high ADA sensitivity and specificity, it is concluded that determination of ADA activity might be a novel diagnostic tool to distinguish of HIV monoinfection from its coinfection with HBV or HCV.

Serum dipeptidyl peptidase-IV: A better screening test for early detection of mucopolysaccharidosis?

We aimed to investigate the diagnostic utility of serum DPP-IV enzyme activity, urinary GAG/Cre ratio, chitotriosidase activity, total adenosine deaminase (ADA) and ADA-1 isoenzyme activity in the diagnosis of MPS.31 MPS patients which were previously diagnosed by clinical and enzymatic analysis and 31 healthy controls matched with age and gender were included in this study.Serum DPP-IV enzyme activity, urinary GAG/Cre ratio, total ADA and ADA-1 isoenzyme activity were significantly higher in patients than in controls (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.038 and p=0.006, respectively). There were significant correlations between serum DPP-IV enzyme activity and urinary GAG/Cre ratios, ADA-1 activity, ADA-1/total ADA (r=0.498, p<0.001; r=0.348, p=0.006; r=0.270, p=0.034, respectively). Area under ROC curve for DPP-IV enzyme activity was 0.988, p<0.001 and for urinary GAG/Cre ratio was 0.986, p<0.001. DPP-IV enzyme activity and urinary GAG/Cre ratio were the most significant parameters according to the univariate logistic regression analysis (p=0.001 and p<0.001, respectively).The measurement of serum DPP-IV enzyme activity can be used complementary to the urinary GAG/Cre ratio for first-line MPS screening, since it is more less prone to age and hydration related interferences.

Role of adenosine deaminase in alteration of cortisol and tumor necrosis factor α concentration following exhaustive exercise sessions

Context: Cortisol and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) has a significant role on the immune system. Previous studies have shown a significant increase in cortisol and TNF-α in athlete; however, the alteration of adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in athletes has not been previously reported. Aims: This study was aimed to investigate the effect of exhaustive exercise on cortisol, TNF-α and serum ADA activity in endurance runners. Settings and Design: All endurance male athletes were enrolled in this case control study. Subjects and Methods: The participants were submitted to the same experimental protocol used in the exercise trials, they run on a treadmill until exhausting state. Saliva and blood sample were collected in resting and immediately after exercise; serums were separated and stored at −70°C pending assays. Serum was analyzed for ADA activity and TNF-α. Salivary cortisol measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Statistical Analysis Used: Data was analyzed using the statistical package for the social sciences 16 (SPSS Inc., Chicago) and one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Results were presented as mean ± standard deviation and independent samples t-test used to compare mean differences. In addition, linear regression analysis was performed and means of the Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) were determined to show the correlation between variables. Results: Cortisol and TNF-α elevated following intensified training compared with the resting state. There was a significant increase in serum ADA activity between athletes and non-athletes groups. In addition, our results showed a strong direct correlation between serum total ADA activity and TNF-α. Conclusions: Based on the obtained data, an acute period of intensified training can induce an increase of ADA activity accompanies with the increase of cortisol and TNF-α. ADA is involved in the immune system development. Our results hypothesized that ADA can be associated with an increase in fatigue which lends to reduced physical activity. We showed that excessive exercise can induce an inflammatory response resulting in elevated levels of cortisol and TNF-α and perhaps by increasing activity of adenosin deaminase.

Serum total adenosine deaminase activity in Nepalese patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objective: Several studies indicate that serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity could be a potential marker for the diagnosis of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, there has been no such study that could independently verify this finding in Nepali population. The present study therefore aims to measure the total ADA activity in the sera of Nepalese RA patients and verify its diagnostic potential. Materials and Methods: A total of 69 RA patients who visited Universal College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital (UCMSTH), Bhairahawa, Nepal for their medical treatment were enrolled for this study. An equal number of age and sex-matched healthy controls were also included in the study. Blood samples were collected from each study subjects and analyzed for serum total ADA, Creactive protein (CRP) and rheumatoid factor (RF). Results: Serum total ADA activity was found to be significantly (p&lt;0.0001) higher (30.0 }10.1 U/L) in all RA patients compared to healthy controls (13.5 } 3.6 U/L). However, no significant difference (p&gt;0.05) in the ADA activity was found between the smokers and non-smoker RA patients. Out of total 69 RA patients, only 16 (23.1%) were positive for CRP and 11 (15.9%) were positive for RF. Conclusion: Measurement of serum total ADA activity could be a reliable marker for the diagnosis of RA in Nepali population with relevant clinical scenarios when there is absence of CRP and RF in the serum. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v4i2.6208 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 4(2013) 30-35

Diagnostic Utility of Adenosine Deaminase in Serum and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid for Screening Lung Cancer in Western Iran

Summary Background: This study aimed to determine adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity as a possible screening tool in lung cancer patients. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 30 subjects with positive pathological tests and 62 patients with negative pathological tests as a control group. The enzymatic activity of total ADA and its isoenzymes was determined. Results: tADA and ADA2 isoenzyme activity was significantly higher in cancerous patients compared to benign controls in serum and BAL fluid. Using a cut-off level of respectively 35.22 U/L and 31.80 U/L for BAL total ADA and ADA2, sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 81% for total ADA and 95% and 98% for ADA2. Conclusions: Adenosine deaminase may play important roles in the pathophysiology of lung cancer and because of its might be considered as a useful screening tool among the other markers in lung cancer diagnosis.

Diagnostic Value of Serum Adenosine Deaminase Activity in HIV Infected Patients of Kurdish Population

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a hydrolytic enzyme involved in the deamination of adenosine to inosine. ADA is involved in T-lymphocyte differentiation and development. This study was aimed to determine the diagnostic value of the adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity test for the diagnosis of HIV positive patients in the Kurdish population. This descriptive analytical case-control study was performed on 30 healthy and 60 HIV positive subjects. Blood CD4+ cell count was recorded and serum total ADA, and ADA1 and ADA2 isoenzyme activities were determined. Serum total ADA and ADA2 isoenzyme activity was significantly higher in HIV positive patients than in healthy subjects. CD4+ cell counts markedly decreased in all patients and showed a significant inverse correlation with ADA activities. Using a cut-off level of 36.52 U/L and 30.98 U/L for serum total ADA and ADA2, respectively, sensitivity and specificity were 90.9% and 90.27% for total ADA and 93% and 90% for ADA2, respectively. Serum ADA was significantly increased in HIV infected patients. Therefore, because of its low cost and simplicity to perform, ADA activity might be considered a useful diagnostic tool among the other markers in this disease.

Serum adenosine deaminase activity as a predictor of disease severity in ulcerative colitis

Background and aim Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent inflammation and ulcerations of colonic mucosa and an inappropriate and delayed healing. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a cytoplasmic enzyme involved in the catabolism of purine bases, capable of catalyzing the deamination of adenosine, forming inosine in the result process. Although ADA has been shown to increase in several inflammatory conditions, there are no literature data indicating an alteration in UC. Methods This study evaluated the activity of total ADA in serum of 43 patients with UC and 18 healthy controls. Patients’ age, disease duration, drug intake, and other medical history were all noted for each subject. Complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined for both patients and controls. Correlation analysis was also performed between ADA and other inflammation markers of UC. Results Serum mean ADA levels were 11.12 ± 2.03 and 7.99 ± 2.04 U/l for patients with UC in active state and in remission and 8.55 ± 2.26 U/l in the healthy control group. Mean serum ADA levels were significantly elevated in active UC patients compared with patients with UC in remission and control groups. Overall accuracy of ADA in determination of active UC was 83.7 with sensitivity 83.3%, specificity 84.2%. Conclusions Serum ADA levels were found to be elevated in UC patients in active state suggesting a partial role of activated T-cell response in the disease pathophysiology. Further randomized controlled studies are warranted to demonstrate the role of ADA in UC patients, with a special interest in specifically targeted therapies against ADA for achieving disease remission.

Adenosine deaminase activity in patients with Crohnʼs disease

Crohn's disease (CD) is a common chronic inflammatory bowel disease. During the disease a cascade of immunologic events occur including mucosal influx of inflammatory cells like neutrophils. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is important in inflammatory responses and serves as a marker of activated leukocytes. In this study, we investigated the activity of total ADA (tADA) and its isoenzymes, ADA1 and ADA2, in serum and neutrophils derived from 20 active patients with CD, 20 patients in remission, as well as in 15 healthy controls. Patients with active disease had significantly (P<0.001) higher levels of tADA in serum (22.9±4.9 U/l) than patients in remission or healthy controls (14.0±3.4 U/l and 13.2±2.4 U/l respectively). ADA2, the main isoenzyme in the serum was higher in active patients by 60% as compared with patients in remission and healthy controls (19.7±1.9 U/l, 12.3±1.2 U/l, and 12.2±0.9 U/l respectively). We did not find a significant difference in these parameters between healthy controls and stable patients. There was a positive correlation (R=0.516) between tADA activity and C-reactive protein levels in patients with CD. Enhanced activity in tADA was also detected in neutrophils that were obtained from all patients with CD as compared with healthy controls (15.3±2.9 U/g, 14.1±2.3 U/g, and 9.4±2.9 U/g protein, respectively). This is mainly due to a significant increment (up to 51%) in ADA1 activity, the main isoenzyme in the neutrophils (84% out of the tADA). The cause of this increment remains to be elucidated. The results obtained in this study demonstrated elevated levels of tADA and ADA2 in patients with active disease. As the patient improves and becomes clinically stable these levels decrease, approaching normal values. tADA and ADA2 can be used as markers of inflammation, and provide a supportive indicator of CD activity.

Analysis of serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) and ADA1 and ADA2 isoenzyme activities in HIV positive and HIV–HBV co-infected patients

Objectives To determine adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity as a possible diagnostic marker in HIV and HIV–HBV co-infected patients. Design and methods Blood samples were collected from 72 healthy, 33 HIV positive and 30 HIV–HBV co-infected subjects. Blood CD4+ cell count was recorded and serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total ADA, and ADA1 and ADA2 isoenzyme activities were determined. Results Serum ALT, AST, total ADA and ADA2 isoenzyme activities were significantly higher in HIV positive and HIV–HBV co-infected groups compare to the control ( p < 0.05), whereas serum ALP showed no differences between groups. CD4+ cell counts markedly decreased in all patients and showed a significant inverse correlation with ADA activities (R 2 = 0.589, p < 0.001). Conclusions Serum ADA was significantly increased in HIV and HIV–HBV co-infections. Therefore, because of its low cost and simplicity to perform, ADA activity might be considered as a useful diagnostic tool among the other markers in these diseases.

Serum adenosine deaminase activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a study based on ADA1 and ADA2 isoenzymes pattern

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of normal immune system. So, any immunological imbalances could associate with its altered activity in serum. This study evaluated the activity of total ADA and its isoenzymes in serum of 45 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Included were 23 patients with active SLE, 22 during the inactive phase of the disease, and 45 healthy subjects. Our results provided evidence that the significantly elevated total ADA activity in serum of SLE patients is correlated mainly with the increased ADA2 level. The highest mean ADA2 activity during the relapse phase of the disease could be an indication to the macrophages, the main source of ADA2. It might be concluded that ADA and its isoenzymes analysis in serum of patients could be used as a useful and non-invasive diagnostic tool in evaluation of SLE active phase and the disease severity.

Diagnostic Value of Adenosine Deaminase Activity in Benign and Malignant Breast Tumors

The present study was carried out to evaluate the activity of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and its isoenzymes ADA1 and ADA2 activities as a diagnostic tool in patients with benign and malignant breast disease. Total ADA, ADA1, and ADA2 activities of serum and tumor were analyzed using 58 subjects including 20 patients with benign breast disease (BBD), 34 patients with primary breast cancer, and 20 patients as normal control subjects. The mean values for total ADA and ADA2 activities in the serum and tumor of BBD were significantly higher than those of healthy controls (p <0.01). Furthermore, the mean values for total ADA and ADA2 activities of patients with breast cancer were significantly higher than those of the benign group (p <0.005) and healthy subjects (p <0.0001). Based on the present results, it is concluded that the assessment of total ADA and ADA2 activities may be used as a reliable test for differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast disease.

Syzygium cumini inhibits adenosine deaminase activity and reduces glucose levels in hyperglycemic patients

Syzigium cumini (L.) Skeels from the Myrtaceae family is among the most common medicinal plants used to treat diabetes in Brazil. Leaves, fruits, and barks of S. cumini have been used for their hypoglycemic activity. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an important enzyme that plays a relevant role in purine and DNA metabolism, immune responses, and peptidase activity. ADA is suggested to be an important enzyme for modulating the bioactivity of insulin, but its clinical significance in diabetes mellitus (DM) has not yet been proven. In this study, we examined the effect of aqueous leaf extracts of S. cumini (L.) (ASC) on ADA activity of hyperglycemic subjects and the activity of total ADA, and its isoenzymes in serum and erythrocytes. The present study indicates that: (i) the ADA activity in hyperglycemic serum was higher than normoglycemic serum and ADA activity was higher when the blood glucose level was more elevated; (ii) ASC (60-1000 microg/mL) in vitro caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of total ADA activity and a decrease in the blood glucose level in serum; (iii) ADA1 and 2 were reduced both in erythrocytes and in hyperglycemic serum. These results suggest that the decrease of ADA activity provoked by ASC may contribute to control adenosine levels and the antioxidant defense system of red cells and could be related to the complex ADA/DPP-IV-CD26 and the properties of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors which serve as important regulators of blood glucose.

Serum Adenosine Deaminase Activity in Domestic Animals: Reference Values

This study was aimed to determine normal serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in domestic animals in both sexes and that were considered healthy on the basis of clinical and laboratory examinations. In this study, 262 non-pregnant animals of both sexes, belonging to 5 species [cattle (n = 50), sheep (n = 65), goat (n = 52), dog (n = 55), and cat (n = 40)] were used. Serum total ADA and ADA1 isoenzyme activities were found to be 6.34 ± 0.31 IU/l and 6.34 ± 0.31 IU/l in cattle, 7.57 ± 0.30 IU/l and 7.31 ± 0.47 IU/l in sheep, 7.52 ± 0.36 IU/l and 6.44 ± 0.72 IU/l in goat, 2.56 ± 0.13 IU/l and 2.03 ± 0.30 IU/l in dogs, 23.36 ± 1.59 IU/l and 21.71 ± 2.13 IU/l in cats, respectively. The serum levels of ADA2 were low in sheep, goats, dogs, and cats, whereas in these species ADA1 was high. Furthermore, there was no serum ADA2 activity in cattle. Additionally, there were no significant differences between genders in ADA activities in all species. As a result, determination of serum normal ADA and its isoenzyme activities in domestic animals will be useful for scientists who want to investigate ADA activity in future in different diseases.

Adenosine Deaminase Activity in Tuberculous and Malignant Pleural Effusions

Measurement of pleural adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) is a useful diagnostic tool for tuberculous pleurisy, but false-positive findings from non-tuberculous effusions have been reported. In order to improve diagnostic value of ADA it is recommended to estimate activity of both ADA1 and ADA2 izoenzymes or 2'-deoxyadenosine/adenosine activity ratio. In order to evaluate ADA as a diagnostic parameter total ADA, with adenosine as a substrate, and 2'-deoxyadenosine/adenosine activity ratio were measured in tuberculous and malignant pleural effusions. Altogether, 26 pleural exudates (11 tuberculous and 15 malignant) were selected. ADA either with adenosine or 2'-deoxyadenosine was determined by colorimetric method of Giusti. Each pleural fluid sample was diluted prior to the assay (1:8) to avoid enzyme inhibition which was observed in nondiluted pleural effusions. The ADA level reached the diagnostic cut-off set for tuberculous effusions (40 U/L) in every 11 tuberculous exudates with the mean value of 85,3+/-47,1 U/L; in 9 of these the 2'-deoxyadenosine/adenosine ratio was less than 0,45. In the malignant group of patients, no one ADA level exceed 40 U/L, being estimated at 10,6+/-7,7 U/L (p<0,001). In 10 of these 15 exudates the 2'-deoxyadenosine/adenosine ratio was undetectable, in four it was less than 0,45 and only in one it was over 0,45. We concluded that ADA measured by the Giusti method proceeded by the dilution 1:8 of the pleural effusion samples very good differentiates tuberculous from malignant pleurisy, without the necessity to determine the 2'-deoxyadenosine/adenosine ratio. The investigation needs to be continued on the more numerous groups of patients.