Tortricidae Research Articles

Developmental synchrony in multivoltine insects: generation separation versus smearing

AbstractMany insect species undergo multiple generations each year. They are found across biomes that vary in their strength of seasonality and, depending on location and species, can display a wide range of population dynamics. Some species exhibit cycles with distinct generations (developmental synchrony/generation separation), some exhibit overlapping generations with multiple life stages present simultaneously (generation smearing), while others have intermediate dynamics with early season separation followed by late season smearing. There are two main hypotheses to explain these dynamics. The first is the ‘seasonal disturbance’ hypothesis where winter synchronizes the developmental clock among individuals, which causes transient generation separation early in the season that erodes through the summer. The second is the ‘temperature destabilization’ hypothesis where warm temperatures during the summer cause population dynamics to become unstable giving rise to single generation cycles. Both hypotheses are supported by detailed mathematical theory incorporating mechanisms that are likely to drive dynamics in nature. In this review, we synthesize the theory and propose a conceptual framework—where each mechanism may be seen as an independent axis shaping the developmental (a)synchrony—that allows us to predict dynamic patterns from insect life‐history characteristics. High fecundity, short adult life‐span and strong seasonality enhance synchrony, while developmental plasticity and environmental heterogeneity erode synchrony. We further review current mathematical and statistical tools to study multi‐generational dynamics and illustrate using case studies of multivoltine tortrix moths. By integrating two disparate bodies of theory, we articulate a deep connection among temperature, stability, developmental synchrony and inter‐generational dynamics of multivoltine insects that is missing in current literature.

Monitoring infestations of oak forests by Tortrix viridana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) using remote sensing

We tested the suitability of Landsat images to track defoliation by insect herbivory with focus on the oak leaf roller, Tortrix viridana (Lep.: Tortricidae). Landsat images from the period before (2002) and after the T. viridana infestation (2007, 2014) were compared in oak forests of Zagros in western Iran. The Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated for the test area from Landsat 5, 7, and 8 images. Because the red and near-infrared spectral bands of Landsat 8 OLI sensors are different from the other two, a model for the calibration of Landsat OLI NDVI was developed. The proposed model with a correlation coefficient of 0.928 and root mean square error of 0.05 turned out to be applicable and the NDVI decreased significantly during the observation period. Taking into account the protection status of the area and small fluctuations in temperature, the decrease in NDVI could be attributed to T. viridana damage.

Comments on the morphology and biology of Pammene castanicola Trematerra & Clausi, 2009 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Grapholitini).

Many insects are reported to damage cultivated chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.; Fagaceae) in Italy, but the most important pests of chestnut fruits are weevils (Curculio elephas Gyll. and Curculio glandium Marsh.; Curculionidae) and tortricid moths (Pammene and Cydia; Tortricidae) (Pollini, 1998, Speranza, 1999). The larvae of the tortricid pests develop internally, tunnelling in the fruits and eating the endocarp (Rotundo et al. 1991), which significantly reduces nut quality and commercial value. The most damaging tortricid moths in the Italian chestnut industry are Pammene fasciana (Linnaeus) (the early chestnut moth), Cydia fagiglandana (Zeller) (the intermediate chestnut moth), and Cydia splendana (Hübner) (the late chestnut moth) (Pedrazzoli et al. 2012). Pammene castanicola Trematerra & Clausi, 2009 was recently described from chestnut woods near Etna Vulcan, Sicily (Trematerra and Clausi 2009), and it is known only from the vicinity of the type locality. It is similar to Pammene fasciana in morphological and biological features, and it was previously misidentified as P. fasciana. We provide observations on the biology and larval development and present detailed descriptions and illustrations of the mature larva of P. castanicola, with comments on the differences between P. castanicola and P. fasciana.

Morphology and distribution of antennal sensilla of two tortricid moths, Cydia pomonella and C. succedana (Lepidoptera).

Morphology of antennal sensilla and their distributions were investigated in male and female adults of two tortricid moths, Cydia pomonella and C. succedana using scanning electron microscopy. The antennae of both sexes of the two species were filiform, and the overall lengths of the antennae and the number of consisting segments were greater in males than in females. Six types of sensilla (s.) were identified from the antennae of both sexes in the two species: s. trichodea, s. basiconica, s. coeloconica, s. auricillica, s. chaetica, and s. styloconica, in varying numbers and distribution along the antennae. Among them, surface of four sensilla types (s. trichodea, s. basiconica, s. coeloconica, s. auricillica) were multiporous in the two species, indicating that the primary function of these sensilla is olfactory. The s. trichodea were the most numerous on the antennae in both sexes of the two species. Male C. pomonella has a greater number of s. trichodea than the female. The four sensilla types were further divided into different subtypes in the two species; s. trichodea into three subtypes, s. basiconica into two subtypes, s. coeloconica into two subtypes in C. pomonella and one subtype in C. succedana, and s. auricillica into two subtypes. Sexual dimorphism was observed in the subtypes of s. trichodea. The long subtype of s. trichodea occurs only on male antennae, whereas the short subtypes mainly on female antennae. These findings would be helpful for further studies on detailed chemo-receptive functions of each subtype of the antennal sensilla.

Early detection and identification of larval parasitoids in Lobesia botrana using PCR-RFLP method

Several larval parasitoid species are natural enemies of the tortricid moths of European vineyards, including the most damaging of these pests, Lobesia botrana. Over the last few years, DNA-based methods have been used for more rapid and accurate detection and identification of parasitoids. In this study, we developed a PCR-RFLP analysis method targeting a mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene fragment after digestion with the restriction enzyme ApoI, for discrimination between four parasitoid species of Lobesia botrana: Campoplex capitator, Exochus tibialis, Elachertus spp. (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) and Phytomyptera nigrina (Diptera, Tachinidae). We assessed the accuracy of this method using populations of L. botrana sampled from eight vineyards located in South-West of France. On a total of 547 L. botrana larvae collected, 252 were analyzed for parasitism using our molecular method whereas the remaining 295 were reared to assess parasitism rates based on emergence. Our PCR-RLFP method showed a mean parasitism rate of 25%, with values ranging from 3% to 50% across vineyards. The levels of parasitism estimated by this method were about three times those estimated after emergence and identification (7.3%). This difference suggests that mortality may occur during parasitoid development, possibly due to encapsulation. Our method revealed that the two dominating parasitoid species were Campoplex capitator (90%) and Phytomyptera nigrina (9%), whereas the emergence of parasitoids found only C. capitator after taxonomical identification. This study revealed that the PCR-RFLP analysis is an appropriate and reliable tool for estimating the biological control potential of a diverse community of parasitoids on the main tortricid moth of grapevine.

Study on Seasonal incidence of Leaf webber Diaphania pulverulentalis on mulberry

<div><p><em>Mulberry, the sole food plant of silkworm Bombyx mori L is prone to various pests and diseases which reduce the quality and quantity of leaf there by silk production. Among various defoliators Leaf webber (Leaf roller) Diaphania pulverulentalis is one of the major pest which causes extensive damage to the mulberry gardens. The incidence of this pest is mainly seen in the major sericulture districts of Andhra Pradesh especially in Ananatapuramu. Hence, the present study is carried out to know the seasonal incidence of the leaf webber on mulberry and its intensity level.</em></p></div>

Semiochemical Strategies for Tortricid Moth Control in Apple Orchards and Vineyards in Italy.

- This review summarizes work done in Italy in taking semiochemical-based management of orchard and vineyard pests from the research and development stage to successful commercial deployment. Mating disruption (MD) of codling moth Cydia pomonella (CM) was originally introduced into the Trentino-South Tyrol areas to address the development of CM resistance to insecticides, particularly insect growth regulators (IGRs), and to mitigate the conflict at the rural/urban interface related to the extensive use of insecticides. Although the mountainous terrain of the area was not optimal for the efficacy of MD, commitment and determination led to the rapid adoption of MD technology throughout the region. Grower cooperatives and their field consultants were strongly influential in convincing growers to accept MD technology. Public research institutions conducted extensive research and education, and provided credible assessments of various MD technologies. By 2016, the deployment of MD in effective area-wide strategies in apple (22,100 ha) and grapes (10,450ha), has resulted in better control of tortricid moth pests and a substantial decrease in insecticide use. Collaboration between the research community and the pheromone industry has resulted in the development of increasingly effective single-species dispensers, as well as multi-species dispensers for the control of both target and secondary pests. Over the last 20years, hand-applied reservoir dispensers have shown excellent efficacy in both apple and grapes. Recently, aerosol dispensing systems have been shown to be effective in apple orchards. Further research is needed on the efficacy of aerosols in vineyards before the technology can be widely adopted. The successful implementation of MD in apple and grape production in Trentino-South Tyrol is expediting adoption of the technology in other Italian fruit production regions.

Sequence variation determining stereochemistry of a Δ11 desaturase active in moth sex pheromone biosynthesis

A Δ11 desaturase from the oblique banded leaf roller moth Choristoneura rosaceana takes the saturated myristic acid and produces a mixture of (E)-11-tetradecenoate and (Z)-11-tetradecenoate with an excess of the Z isomer (35:65). A desaturase from the spotted fireworm moth Choristoneura parallela also operates on myristic acid substrate but produces almost pure (E)-11-tetradecenoate. The two desaturases share 92% amino acid identity and 97% amino acid similarity. There are 24 amino acids differing between these two desaturases. We constructed mutations at all of these positions to pinpoint the sites that determine the product stereochemistry. We demonstrated with a yeast functional assay that one amino acid at the cytosolic carboxyl terminus of the protein (258E) is critical for the Z activity of the C. rosaceana desaturase. Mutating the glutamic acid (E) into aspartic acid (D) transforms the C. rosaceana enzyme into a desaturase with C. parallela-like activity, whereas the reciprocal mutation of the C. parallela desaturase transformed it into an enzyme producing an intermediate 64:36 E/Z product ratio. We discuss the causal link between this amino acid change and the stereochemical properties of the desaturase and the role of desaturase mutations in pheromone evolution.

Diversity and density of tea pests in the tea gardens of Manipur

<p>Twenty one species of tea pests have been recorded for the first time from the tea gardens of Manipur which include twelve species of cutting and chewing pests, seven species of sucking pests, a stem borer and a leaf miner. Among them, red spider mite, (<em>Oligonychus coffeae</em>), leaf roller, (<em>Caloptilia theivora</em>), thrips (<em>Mycterothrips setiventris</em>) and aphid, (<em>Toxoptera aurantii</em>) were categorised as important pests and the rest as minor pests based on the observations carried out for one pruning cycle during 2010 to 2013. Field studies had shown that red spider mite (RSM) infested the tea plants all through the year with peak density of 16 mites per leaf per bush in April, whereas occurrence of thrips had been recorded with maximum abundance of 6 thrips per leaf per bush during October. On the other hand, tea aphids infested the plant from March to October with maximum of 200 individuals per 5 cm length of tea shoot in September. The stem borer, <em>Zeuzera coffeae </em>was noticed during March, April and September with an average density of 9.5 borers per 40 bushes. Among the foliage folders, leaf roller was predominant over flush worm and tea tortrix. Occurrence of leaf rolls was noticed from June to November with maximum incidence of 6 larvae per bush in October, but flushworms and tortrix were abundant even in April with the mean of 3 larvae per infested tea bush. Based on the above observation, a pest calendar was prepared for the tea pests of Manipur for planning pest control measures. Besides, 16 species of natural enemies attacking the tea pests are also reported in this article.</p>

Odorant Receptors of the New Zealand Endemic Leafroller Moth Species Planotortrix octo and P. excessana.

Moths use their sense of smell to find food sources, mating partners and oviposition sites. For this they possess a family of odorant receptors (ORs). Some ORs are used by both sexes whereas others have sex-specific roles. For example, male moths possess ORs specifically tuned to sex pheromones produced by conspecific females. Here we identify sets of ORs from the antennae of New Zealand endemic leafroller moths Planotortrix octo (48 ORs) and P. excessana (47 ORs) using an RNA-Seq approach. Two orthologous ORs show male-biased expression in the adult antennae of both species (OR7 and OR30) and one other OR in each species was female-biased in its expression (PoctOR25, PexcOR14) by qPCR. PAML analysis conducted on male-biased ORs indicated positive selection acting on the male-biased OR7. The fact that OR7 is likely under positive selection, that it is male-biased in its expression and that its orthologue in C. obliquana, CoblOR7, responds to sex pheromone components also utilised by Planotortrix species, suggests that this receptor may also be important in sex pheromone reception in Planotortrix species.

Lasiothyris luminosa (Razowski & Becker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): a New Grapevine Pest in Northeastern Brazil.

The little-known Neotropical tortricid moth Lasiothyris luminosa (Razowski & Becker) is reported for the first time as a grapevine pest in northeastern Brazil. A diagnosis based on morphological characters including the genitalia is provided for both sexes, together with a preliminary description of economic damage caused by the larval stage on flowers and fruits. In addition, we sequenced a partial region of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene from specimens from the region and reconstructed phylogenetic relationships using representative lineages of closely related tortricids as terminals.

Landscape changes have greater effects than climate changes on six insect pests in China.

In recent years, global changes are the major causes of frequent, widespread outbreaks of pests in mosaic landscapes, which have received substantial attention worldwide. We collected data on global changes (landscape and climate) and economic damage caused by six main insect pests during 1951-2010 in China. Landscape changes had significant effects on all six insect pests. Pest damage increased significantly with increasing arable land area in agricultural landscapes. However, climate changes had no effect on damage caused by pests, except for the rice leaf roller (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee) and armyworm (Mythimna separate (Walker)), which caused less damage to crops with increasing mean temperature. Our results indicate that there is slight evidence of possible offset effects of climate changes on the increasing damage from these two agricultural pests. Landscape changes have caused serious outbreaks of several species, which suggests the possibility of the use of landscape design for the control of pest populations through habitat rearrangement. Landscape manipulation may be used as a green method to achieve sustainable pest management with minimal use of insecticides and herbicides.

Assessment of indoxacarb for control of Fullers rose weevil (<i>Naupactus cervinus</i>) in New Zealand apple orchards

A field spray trial and laboratory bioassay on the residual activity of indoxacarb (Avaunt) against Fullers rose weevil (FRW Naupactus cervinus) were carried out Plots in a block of Coxs Orange Pippin apples with FRW were sprayed with indoxacarb by airblast sprayer in November or midDecember 2014 There were no significant differences between the indoxacarb treatments but both treatments significantly reduced feeding damage on leaves compared with damage in untreated plots In a bioassay to assess residual activity of indoxacarb FRW on treated apple leaves ceased feeding and became moribund or died up to 98 days after the spray application FRW exposed to treated leaves ceased feeding earlier and died sooner than on untreated leaves Indoxacarb is registered for use in pipfruit to control leafroller and codling moth but does not have a label claim in New Zealand for use against FRW These results indicate the potential effectiveness of indoxacarb against FRW

Studies on the Biology of Leaf Roller, Ancylis sativa (Liu) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) a Major Pest of Jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana)

Jujube, Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.is one of the most important fruit crops of Sindh, Pakistan, and isconsumed due to good flavour and high nutritional value. However, the occurrence of Jujube leaf roller Ancylis sativa (Liu) is a major threat to reduce the production of fruits, ultimately causing tremendous economic loss to the growers. The present study is the first comprehensive attempt on biology of Jujube leaf roller. There were five larval stages between egg and pupa. Adults were usually tan or brown, have mottled areas or dark bands. Average size of adult measured 9.53 mm long and 2.85 mm wide, wing span ranging from 16 to19 mm.

Field Screening of Sesame Accessions against Leaf Roller and Capsule Borer (Antigastra catalaunalisDup.)

One hundred accessions of sesame with susceptible (TC-25) and resistant check (SI-250) were screened under natural conditions during two consecutive seasons of 2013 and 2014 to identify sources of resistance against leaf roller and capsule borer (Antigastra catalaunalis Dup.) at AICRP (Sesame) centre of College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Tikamgarh (M.P.). The accessions were categorized based on 0 to 9 scoring methodology. In pooled analysis, flower damage ranged from 1.0 to 65.0 against 42.6 and 8.5% on susceptible and resistant checks, respectively, while capsules damage ranged from 0.25 to 15.0% against 9.0 and 2.0% on susceptible and resistant checks, respectively. In pooled analysis none of the accessions were found free from infestation of A. catalaunalis. Based on the cumulative scoring, thirteen accessions namely IS-355, IS-413-A, RJS-56-A, IS-58-2-A, NIC-16401-A, OLT-44, IS-425-C, SI-2670, SP-1162-B, IS-178-C, IC-14160-1, ES-110-C and resistant check SI-250 (RC) were rated as resistant. These could be a possible source of resistant and used in breeding programmes to develop resistant varieties.

中国主要农作物种植农药施用温室气体排放估算

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 中国主要农作物种植农药施用温室气体排放估算 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201405271084 作者: 作者单位: 中国科学院生态环境研究中心,中国科学院生态环境研究中心,中国科学院生态环境研究中心 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(71003092);科技部973专题(2010CB833504-2);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项子课题(XDA05050602,XDA05060102) Estimate of greenhouse gases emission from pesticides usage in China's major crops Author: Affiliation: Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:过去30年来我国农作物的播种面积并未产生太大变化,但病虫害的发生和防治次数却不断增加。根据6种中国主要农作物的病虫害发生情况,收集了相应的农药用量及其制造的温室气体排放量数据,估算了中国主要农作物在种植过程中,因对病虫害使用杀虫剂和杀菌剂而产生的温室气体排放量现状。结果表明,我国主要农作物小麦、水稻、玉米、马铃薯、油菜和棉花的每公顷病虫害防治时使用农药所产生的温室气体排放量分别是9.19(1.86-23.24)、20.54(2.03-50.95)、10.38(3.45-19.32)、5.91(2.15-18.34)、10.84(8.10-13.62)、19.51(5.11-49.01)kg CE hm-2 a-1,即水稻和棉花最高;但论单产农药温室气体排放量,则油菜和棉花远高于其余4种粮食作物。每年小麦、水稻、玉米、马铃薯、油菜和棉花的病虫害防治使用农药所产生的总温室气体排放量分别是220.8(44.7-558.4)、606.7(60.0-1505.1)、336.4(112.0-606.3)、30.9(11.2-96.0)、79.5(59.4-99.8)、96.4(25.2-242.2)Gg CE,总计1.37(0.31-3.13)Tg CE。将以上6种作物的病虫害防治情况外推到全国农作物,则我国一年因为农作物病虫害防治而产生的温室气体排放量为2.13(0.48-4.85)Tg CE。另外由于缺乏草害面次数据而没有包括除草剂本分,所以以上数字仍是低估。病虫害防治由于作物本身、防治对象、防治方法以及药剂用量的固有差异,导致农作物病虫害防治的温室气体排放量计算结果存在着较大的不确定性,目前基于自下而上农户调查的估算方法无法克服这些问题,更精确的估算需要自上而下的企业级调查数据。 Abstract:Over the past 30 years, China's total area sown with crops did not change significantly. Meanwhile, the occurrences of crop pests and diseases as well as the control (treatment) areas have increased drastically. China has become the world's largest pesticide manufacturer and consumer since 2005 and the up-trend is expected to continue. Correspondingly, the greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission resulting from pesticide usage may also increase fast and become an important part of indirect GHGs emission in agriculture. However, domestic GHGs emission parameters from pesticide usage were rarely reported in analysis of China's agricultural life-cycle, which leads to considerable uncertainty in studies related to agricultural indirect GHGs emission. In this study, GHGs emission from pesticides manufacture was estimated by summing up the global warming potential of GHGs emitted from four processes including manufacture of active ingredients, formulation of emulsifiable oils/wettable powders/granules, packaging, and transport. According to the occurrence of pests and diseases in six major crops (wheat, rice, maize, potato, oilseed rape, and cotton) in China, the amount of current GHGs emissions induced by usage of insecticides and fungicides specific for these crops was assessed based on the integration of available information on the use of relevant pesticides and GHGs emissions from their manufacturing. Our estimation indicated that the GHGs emission pertaining to pests and diseases control was the highest for rice and cotton (20.54 [2.03-50.95] and 19.51 [5.11-49.01], respectively) followed by oilseed rape (10.84 [8.10-13.62]), maize (10.38 [3.45-19.32]), wheat (9.19 [1.86-23.24]), and potato (5.91 [2.15-18.34] kg carbon equivalent [CE] per hectare each year). Different crop pests and diseases contributed differently to crop's GHGs emission from pesticides usage: for maize and cotton, pests were the main contributors (especially maize borer, maize earworm, and cotton plant-bug); for oilseed rape and potato, diseases were the main contributors (especially potato late blight and rape sclerotinia rot); and for wheat and rice, pests and diseases both contributed equally to the total emission (especially wheat aphid, wheat midge, wheat red spider, wheat powdery mildew, wheat scab, rice plant hopper, rice leaf roller, rice striped stem borer, rice blast, and rice sheath blight). Meanwhile, as to the pesticide GHGs emission per unit yield, all four grain crops contributed far less than cotton and oilseed rape. Correspondingly, the overall emission due to the insect pests and diseases control measures for each of the analyzed crops in China was: 220.8 (44.7-558.4), 606.7 (60.0-1505.1), 336.4 (112.0-606.3), 30.9 (11.2-96.0), 79.5 (59.4-99.8), and 96.4 (25.2-242.2) Gg CE/a for wheat, rice, maize, potato, oilseed rape, and cotton, respectively, with a total amount of 1.37 (0.31-3.13) Tg CE/a. It should be noted that these results are underestimation of China's actual pesticide GHGs emission since the herbicides were not considered because of the unavailability of weed treatment data. Owing to the variation in the characteristics of crop pests and diseases control measures (including various conditions of crops, pests, and diseases, wide range of pesticide and fungicide choices and their legal dosage), non-negligible uncertainties still exist in our current bottom-up estimates based on farmer surveys. More accurate estimation requires implementation of top-down methods and data based on enterprise-level surveys. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Effects of different fertilisers on rice resistance to pests and diseases

A field experiment was conducted in Shanghai in 2013, to study the effects of different fertiliser applications on the occurrence of rice pests and diseases. The experiment included four treatments: a non-fertilised control (CK); rapeseed cake manure (CM) at a low (CML) and a high (CMH) rate; and a synthetic chemical fertiliser (CF). No pesticides were applied within the rice-growing season. The rice plants treated with CF grew tallest, and had higher contents of NH4+-N, NO3–-N, chlorophyll and soluble proteins than those in the other fertiliser treatments and CK. However, the incidence of leaf rollers (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis), stem borers (Chilo suppressalis) and planthoppers on the rice plants treated with CF was significantly higher than in the other fertiliser treatments and CK (P < 0.05). In particular, the incidence of stem borers in the plants treated with CF was about 10 times higher than in the other treatments and CK, and the density of planthopper populations on the plants treated with CF was 1.73, 1.42 and 3.04 times that on plants treated with CMH, CML and CK, respectively. The application of fertilisers increased soil microorganisms, and the effects of rapeseed cake manure on the increase in microorganisms were most significant. Numbers of soil bacteria, fungi and Actinomyces were the highest in soils treated with CMH. Application of rapeseed cake manure also significantly raised the activity of soil dehydrogenase. The CF treatment inhibited dehydrogenase activity but raised urease activity significantly. Average theoretical grain yields in treatments CML, CMH, CF and CK were 7.45 × 103, 8.85 × 103, 7.41 × 103 and 3.70 × 103 kg ha–1, respectively. The application of CF stimulated rice vegetative growth more effectively but finally led to lower grain yield due to higher incidence of pests and diseases.

チャノホソガ（チョウ目：ホソガ科）の異なる発育ステージに対する各種薬剤の効果

The effects of 28 insecticides of 11 types on different life stages of the tea leaf roller, Caloptilia theivora（Walsingham）were investigated in our laboratory. The following life stages were examined: egg stage, early leaf-mining stage, late leaf-mining stage, and leaf edge rolling stage. We compared the effects of the different insecticides and examined which life stages were most sensitive to each agent. Insect growth regulators（IGR）were found to be highly effective from the egg stage to the early leaf-mining stage. Neonicotinoid was highly effective in inhibiting egg hatching. Pyrethroid•pyrethrin, avermectin, spinosyn, nereistoxin, and diamide were all highly effective against all of the life stages tested. Application of BT and some IGRs during leaf edge rolling allowed the creation of triangular-shaped leaves, however, it killed the larvae in these leaves, reducing the excretion of the larval feces that is responsible for discoloration of green tea extracts. Organophosphate and METI were comparatively less effective against all of the life stages tested. These results revealed the importance of considering life stage when selecting insecticides for control of the tea leaf roller.

Effects of various host plants on nutritional indices and some biochemical compounds in green oak leaf roller, Tortrix viridana L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The green oak leaf roller, <em>Tortrix viridana</em> L., is one of the most destructive pests, causing damages to various species of oak, feeding on different host plants including <em>Quercus infectoria</em> Oliv, <em>Q. branti</em> Lindl, and <em>Q. libani</em> Oliv. Nutritional indices, activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic compounds of <em>T. viridana</em> were studied under laboratory conditions. In addition, chemical components were analysed in the leaves of the three host plants. Fourth instar larvae reared on <em>Q. branti </em>showed the highest values of relative consumption rate (RCR), approximate digestibility, and consumption index (48.73±6.22; 90.45±1.06 and 97.45±12.44 respectively), while the lowest values were observed on <em>Q. libani</em>. Efficiency of conversion of ingested food in the fourth instar larvae was the highest (3.17±0.661) on <em>Q. libani</em> and the lowest (1.53±0.164) on <em>Q. branti</em>. The fifth instar larvae fed on <em>Q. libani</em> had the highest RCR (15.64±2.51). The highest amounts of triglycerides, uric acid, glucose, protein and the lowest activity of alkaline phosphatase were observed in the fifth instar larvae reared on <em>Q. libani</em>. The leaves of Q. libani highlighted the highest amounts of total nitrogen, total protein, water, potassium, magnesium and total carbohydrate. The present research suggested that the nutritional quality of the host plants have crucial effects on <em>T. viridana</em> larvae.

An Inventory of Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) from the Rostov-on-Don province of Russia.

Records of leafroller moths (Tortricidae) from the Rostov-on-Don province of southern Russia are presented based on 10 years of field work (2005-2014). The list includes 91 species from 43 collecting sites; 80 species are recorded from the region for the first time. Compared to other well-surveyed, adjacent areas, the tortricid fauna is considerably more depauperate, and this may be explained in part by the predominance of steppe vegetation.